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Zhenying Shi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An AT-hook protein DEPRESSED Palea1 physically interacts with the TCP Family transcription factor RETARDED Palea1 in rice.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2017Co-Authors: Dedong Yin, Xue Liu, Zhenying Shi, Lihuang ZhuAbstract:Abstract The cereal crops (such as rice and maize) which belong to the grass family, are the most important grain crops for human beings, and the development of their flower and inflorescence architecture has attracted extensive attention. Although multiple genes involved in the regulation of floral and inflorescence organogenesis have been identified, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Previously, we identified rice depressed Palea1 (dp1) mutants with defects in main structure of Palea and its enhancer RETARDED Palea1 (REP1). DP1 is an AT-hook protein while REP1 is a TCP transcription factor, both of which are important regulators of Palea development. However, the relationship of these two proteins has not been elucidated yet. Here, we demonstrated that DP1 interacts physically with REP1 both in yeast and in rice protoplasts. Considering the close phylogenetic relationship between maize and rice, we further hypothesize that their orthologs in maize, BARREN STALK FASTIGIATE (BAF1) and BRANCH ANGLE DEFECTIVE 1 (BAD1), may interact physically. Subsequently, we verified their physical interaction, indicating that the interaction between AT-hook proteins and TCP proteins is conserved in rice and maize. Our findings may reveal a novel molecular mechanism of floral and inflorescence development in grasses.
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OsMADS1 Represses microRNA172 in Elongation of Palea/Lemma Development in Rice.
Frontiers in plant science, 2016Co-Authors: Zhengyan Dai, Jiang Wang, Mulan Zhu, Xuexia Miao, Zhenying ShiAbstract:Specification of floral organ identity is critical for the establishment of floral morphology and inflorescence architecture. Although multiple genes are involved in the regulation of floral organogenesis, our understanding of the underlying regulating network is still fragmentary. MADs-box genes are principle members in the ABC model that characterized floral organs. OsMADS1 specifies the determinacy of spikelet meristem and lemma/Palea identity in rice. However, the pathway through which OsMADS1 regulates floral organs remains elusive; here, we identified the miR172 family as possible regulators downstream of OsMADS1. Genetic study revealed that overexpression of each miR172 gene resulted in elongated lemma/Palea and indeterminacy of the floret, which resemble the phenotype of osmads1 mutant. On the contrary, overexpression of each target APETALA2 (AP2) genes resulted in shortened Palea/lemma. Expression level and specificity of miR172 was greatly influenced by OsMADS1, as revealed by Northern blot analysis and In situ hybridization. Genetically, AP2-3 and AP2-2 over expression complemented the elongation and inconsistent development of the lemma/Palea in OsMADS1RNAi transgenic plants. Our results suggested that in rice, OsMADS1 and miR172s/AP2s formed a regulatory network involved in floral organ development, particularly the elongation of the lemma and the Palea.
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osmads1 represses microrna172 in elongation of Palea lemma development in rice
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016Co-Authors: Zhengyan Dai, Jiang Wang, Mulan Zhu, Xuexia Miao, Zhenying ShiAbstract:Specification of floral organ identity is critical for the establishment of floral morphology and inflorescence architecture. Although multiple genes are involved in the regulation of floral organogenesis, our understanding of the underlying regulating network is still fragmentary. MADs-box genes are principle members in the ABC model that characterized floral organs. OsMADS1 specifies the determinacy of spikelet meristem and lemma/Palea identity in rice. However, the pathway through which OsMADS1 regulates floral organs remains elusive; here, we identified the miR172 family as possible regulators downstream of OsMADS1. Genetic study revealed that overexpression of each miR172 gene resulted in elongated lemma/Palea and indeterminacy of the floret, which resemble the phenotype of osmads1 mutant. On the contrary, overexpression of each target APETALA2 (AP2) genes resulted in shortened Palea/lemma. Expression level and specificity of miR172 was greatly influenced by OsMADS1, as revealed by Northern blot analysis and In situ hybridization. Genetically, AP2-3 and AP2-2 over expression complemented the elongation and inconsistent development of the lemma/Palea in OsMADS1RNAi transgenic plants. Our results suggested that in rice, OsMADS1 and miR172s/AP2s formed a regulatory network involved in floral organ development, particularly the elongation of the lemma and the Palea.
Lihuang Zhu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An AT-hook protein DEPRESSED Palea1 physically interacts with the TCP Family transcription factor RETARDED Palea1 in rice.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 2017Co-Authors: Dedong Yin, Xue Liu, Zhenying Shi, Lihuang ZhuAbstract:Abstract The cereal crops (such as rice and maize) which belong to the grass family, are the most important grain crops for human beings, and the development of their flower and inflorescence architecture has attracted extensive attention. Although multiple genes involved in the regulation of floral and inflorescence organogenesis have been identified, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Previously, we identified rice depressed Palea1 (dp1) mutants with defects in main structure of Palea and its enhancer RETARDED Palea1 (REP1). DP1 is an AT-hook protein while REP1 is a TCP transcription factor, both of which are important regulators of Palea development. However, the relationship of these two proteins has not been elucidated yet. Here, we demonstrated that DP1 interacts physically with REP1 both in yeast and in rice protoplasts. Considering the close phylogenetic relationship between maize and rice, we further hypothesize that their orthologs in maize, BARREN STALK FASTIGIATE (BAF1) and BRANCH ANGLE DEFECTIVE 1 (BAD1), may interact physically. Subsequently, we verified their physical interaction, indicating that the interaction between AT-hook proteins and TCP proteins is conserved in rice and maize. Our findings may reveal a novel molecular mechanism of floral and inflorescence development in grasses.
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Identification and fine mapping of a mutant gene for Palealess spikelet in rice.
Planta, 2004Co-Authors: Qiong Luo, Xianfeng Zhao, Kai-da Zhou, Qianchun Zeng, Hongai Xia, Wenxue Zhai, Hongsong Yang, Lihuang ZhuAbstract:In grass, the evolutionary relationship between lemma and Palea, and their relationship to the flower organs in dicots have been variously interpreted and wildely debated. In the present study, we carried out morphological and genetic analysis of a Palealess mutant (pal) from rice (Oryza sativa L.), and fine mapping the gene responsible for the mutated trait. Together, our findings indicate that the Palea is replaced by two leaf-like structures in the pal flowers, and this trait is controlled by one recessive gene, termed Palealess1 (pal1). With a large F2 segregating population, the pal1 gene was finally mapped into a physical region of 35 kb. Our results also suggest that the lemma and Palea of rice are not homologous organs, Palea is likely evolutionarily equivalent to the eudicot sepal, and the pal1 should be an A function gene for rice floral organ identity.
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Genetic analysis and molecular tagging of a gene for non-Palea in rice
Yi chuan xue bao = Acta genetica Sinica, 2002Co-Authors: Qiong Luo, Kai-da Zhou, Guo-qing Liu, Han Xiao, Lihuang ZhuAbstract:The mutants involved in the development of floral organ are good material for understanding the molecular genetic mechanisms of floral development. A rice mutant, that lacks Palea in its florets, was derived from a spontaneous mutation in an indica line, SAR III-93-369. Genetic analyses in three F2 populations from the mutant crossed with three rice varieties, Sheng 47, N625 and CDR22, respectively, showed that the mutant trait is controlled by a single recessive gene. In the F2 population from npa-1/Sheng47 the gene for the non-Palea trait was mapped between two restriction fragment length polymorphism markers, C498 and RZ450, with distances of 7.5 cM and 2.4 cM, respectively. The tagged recessive non-Palea gene is temporarily designated npa-1.
Ronald W. Skadsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative Transcriptional Profiling Established the Awn as the Major Photosynthetic Organ of the Barley Spike While the Lemma and the Palea Primarily Protect the Seed
The Plant Genome, 2009Co-Authors: Tilahun Abebe, Roger P Wise, Ronald W. SkadsenAbstract:The lemma, Palea, and awn of a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) spike are photosynthetic organs that supply the developing seed with carbohydrates. The lemma and Palea also enclose the seed and protect it from pathogens and insects. Despite the important roles they play, little information exists on gene expression in these organs that identifi es their function. In this study, we compared gene expression among the lemma, Palea, awn, and developing seed of barley during grain fi lling using the Barley1 Genome Array to identify highly expressed genes involved in the primary function of these organs. Hierarchical clustering and mixed model analysis revealed that the lemma and Palea have closely related gene expression patterns. In addition, the lemma and Palea overexpressed defense-related genes compared with the awn. The awn preferentially expressed genes for photosynthesis, the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and carotenoids, and reactive oxygen species scavenging. This suggests the lemma and Palea are mainly protective organs whereas the awn is primarily a photosynthetic structure. The seed was enriched with genes for the biosynthesis of starch, storage proteins, enzyme inhibitors, and cell proliferation. GRAIN FILLING IN CEREALS is characterized by rapid synthesis, transport, and storage of carbohydrates, fatty acids, and proteins in the endosperm (Vicente-Carbajosa and Carbonero, 2005). Carbohydrates for grain fi lling come from three sources: spike (infl orescence) photosynthates, fl ag leaf photosynthates, and reserve mobilization from the stem (Tambussi et al., 2007). Th e contribution of each to the fi nal seed dry weight varies between species, genotypes, and growth conditions. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), reserve mobilization accounts for 15 to 30% of seed dry weight (Gebbing and Schnyder, 1999), while in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) its contribution is less than 8% (Bidinger and Musgrave, 1977; Langer and Hill, 1991). In barley, the major source of carbohydrate for grain fi lling is spike photosynthesis, which accounts for as much as 76% of the seed dry weight (Frey-Wyssling and Buttrose, 1959; Duff us and Cochrane, 1993). Cereal spikes are composed of numerous spikelets, each consisting of multiple fl orets (fl owers). In barley, each fl oret contains a pair of glumes, a lemma, a Palea, a pair of lodicules, three stamens and a pistil (Briggs, 1978). Th e Palea (on the inside) and the lemma (on the outside, partially enclosing the Palea) cover the seed and become a husk when the seed is matured (Fig. 1). Th e lemma has a long slender extension, the awn. Th e lemma, Palea and awn are photosynthetic organs and supply the developing seed with carbohydrates (Duff us and Cochrane, 1993). In addition, since the lemma and Palea Published in The Plant Genome 2:247–259. Published 5 Nov. 2009. doi: 10.3835/plantgenome2009.07.0019 © Crop Science Society of America 677 S. Segoe Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA An open-access publication All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. T. Abebe, Dep. of Biology, Univ. of Northern Iowa, 191 McCollum Science Hall, Cedar Falls, IA 50614; R.P. Wise, USDA-ARS Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research, and Dep. of Plant Pathology, Iowa State Univ., 411 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011; R.W. Skadsen, USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, 502 Walnut St., Madison, WI 53726. Received 16 July 2009. *Corresponding author (Tilahun.
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A proximal upstream sequence controls tissue-specific expression of Lem2, a salicylate-inducible barley lectin-like gene
Planta, 2005Co-Authors: Tilahun Abebe, Ronald W. Skadsen, Heidi F. KaepplerAbstract:The lemma and Palea (lemma/Palea), which form the husk of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds, constitutively express high levels of defense-related genes, relative to leaves [Abebe et al. (2004) Crop Sci 44:942–950]. One of these genes, Lem2 , is expressed mainly in the lemma/Palea and coleoptile and is strongly upregulated by salicylic acid (SA) and its functional analog 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid . Induction by SA was rapid, occurring within 4 h of treatment. However, Lem2 is not responsive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or wounding and is downregulated by drought, dehydration, and abscisic acid. These results suggest that Lem2 is involved in systemic acquired resistance. Sequence analysis showed that LEM2 is a jacalin-related lectin (JRL)-like protein with two domains. Consistent with northern and western blot data, transient expression analyses using Lem2::gfp constructs showed strong expression in lemmas and a trace expression in leaves. Successive 5′ deletions of the 1,414 bp upstream region gradually weakened promoter strength, as measured by real-time PCR. Promoter deletion studies also revealed that the −75/+70 region (containing the TATA box, 5′ UTR, and a SA-response element) determines tissue specificity and that the distal promoter region simply enhances expression. Southern analysis indicated that Morex barley has at least three copies of the Lem2 gene arranged in tandem on chromosome 5(1H) Bin 02, near the short arm telomere. Lem2 is not present in the barley cultivars Steptoe, Harrington, Golden Promise, and Q21861.
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Cloning and identification of highly expressed genes in barley lemma and Palea
Crop Science, 2004Co-Authors: Tilahun Abebe, Ronald W. Skadsen, Heidi F. KaepplerAbstract:The lemma and Palea (lemma/Palea) of cereals are photosynthetic organs that supply the developing kernel with carbon and nitrogen. Because of their rigid structure, the lemma/Palea can also protect the kernel from pathogens and herbivory. However, very little is known about specific gene expression that enabled the lemma/Palea carry out their functions. We have constructed three subtracted cDNA libraries from lemma/Palea of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Morex) at the elongation (between pollination and milky stages) through dough stages of kernel development. Differential screening and northern hybridization showed that the cloned genes were highly expressed in the lemma/Palea, compared with the flag leaf. Thus, they contained unique sequences not found in the flag leaf or were expressed in the lemma/Palea at much higher levels, appearing as if they were induced. Sequence analysis of 226 clones identified a high proportion of genes for defense, structure, amino acid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. High expression levels of defense-related genes strongly suggest that lemma/Palea constitutively accumulate defensive molecules to inhibit invasion of florets and kernels by pathogens. Increased expression of genes involved in cell wall synthesis and structural repair can improve physical barriers to herbivores and pathogens. High expression of genes for amino acid biosynthesis and photosynthesis indicates that the lemma/Palea are major sources of nitrogen and carbon for the growing kernel.
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Cloning of the promoter for a novel barley gene, Lem1, and its organ-specific promotion of Gfp expression in lemma and Palea
Plant molecular biology, 2002Co-Authors: Ronald W. Skadsen, Puthigae Sathish, Maria L. Federico, Tillahun Abebe, Heidi F. KaepplerAbstract:The differential display method was used to identify a novel barley gene, Lem1, expressed primarily in the outer organs (lemma and Palea) that enclose developing florets and seeds. The promoter was isolated from a BAC genomic clone and used in a translational fusion with a green fluorescent protein gene (Gfp) to produce a transient expression vector. After particle bombardment, Gfp was expressed only in lemmas, Paleas and awns of developing spikelets. Lem1 did not promote Gfp expression in vegetative leaves or in mature spikes, although expression of co-bombarded uidA (GUS) occurred under the regulation of a ubiquitin promoter. This reproduced the developmentally regulated pattern of mRNA accumulation. Deletion studies showed that the promoter activity is confined to a cis element within 80 bp of the transcription start site. Upstream from this, the promoter contains putative auxin-, ethylene- and gibberellin-responsive elements or homologues. Lem1 was found to be a single intronless gene encoding an acidic 102 amino acid protein, possibly associated with membranes. In a two-rowed barley, Lem1 mRNA was absent in the lateral spikelets, which fail to develop, and present only in the developing median spikelets. This suggests that Lem1 may play a role in organ development.
Zhengyan Dai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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OsMADS1 Represses microRNA172 in Elongation of Palea/Lemma Development in Rice.
Frontiers in plant science, 2016Co-Authors: Zhengyan Dai, Jiang Wang, Mulan Zhu, Xuexia Miao, Zhenying ShiAbstract:Specification of floral organ identity is critical for the establishment of floral morphology and inflorescence architecture. Although multiple genes are involved in the regulation of floral organogenesis, our understanding of the underlying regulating network is still fragmentary. MADs-box genes are principle members in the ABC model that characterized floral organs. OsMADS1 specifies the determinacy of spikelet meristem and lemma/Palea identity in rice. However, the pathway through which OsMADS1 regulates floral organs remains elusive; here, we identified the miR172 family as possible regulators downstream of OsMADS1. Genetic study revealed that overexpression of each miR172 gene resulted in elongated lemma/Palea and indeterminacy of the floret, which resemble the phenotype of osmads1 mutant. On the contrary, overexpression of each target APETALA2 (AP2) genes resulted in shortened Palea/lemma. Expression level and specificity of miR172 was greatly influenced by OsMADS1, as revealed by Northern blot analysis and In situ hybridization. Genetically, AP2-3 and AP2-2 over expression complemented the elongation and inconsistent development of the lemma/Palea in OsMADS1RNAi transgenic plants. Our results suggested that in rice, OsMADS1 and miR172s/AP2s formed a regulatory network involved in floral organ development, particularly the elongation of the lemma and the Palea.
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osmads1 represses microrna172 in elongation of Palea lemma development in rice
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2016Co-Authors: Zhengyan Dai, Jiang Wang, Mulan Zhu, Xuexia Miao, Zhenying ShiAbstract:Specification of floral organ identity is critical for the establishment of floral morphology and inflorescence architecture. Although multiple genes are involved in the regulation of floral organogenesis, our understanding of the underlying regulating network is still fragmentary. MADs-box genes are principle members in the ABC model that characterized floral organs. OsMADS1 specifies the determinacy of spikelet meristem and lemma/Palea identity in rice. However, the pathway through which OsMADS1 regulates floral organs remains elusive; here, we identified the miR172 family as possible regulators downstream of OsMADS1. Genetic study revealed that overexpression of each miR172 gene resulted in elongated lemma/Palea and indeterminacy of the floret, which resemble the phenotype of osmads1 mutant. On the contrary, overexpression of each target APETALA2 (AP2) genes resulted in shortened Palea/lemma. Expression level and specificity of miR172 was greatly influenced by OsMADS1, as revealed by Northern blot analysis and In situ hybridization. Genetically, AP2-3 and AP2-2 over expression complemented the elongation and inconsistent development of the lemma/Palea in OsMADS1RNAi transgenic plants. Our results suggested that in rice, OsMADS1 and miR172s/AP2s formed a regulatory network involved in floral organ development, particularly the elongation of the lemma and the Palea.
Heidi F. Kaeppler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A proximal upstream sequence controls tissue-specific expression of Lem2, a salicylate-inducible barley lectin-like gene
Planta, 2005Co-Authors: Tilahun Abebe, Ronald W. Skadsen, Heidi F. KaepplerAbstract:The lemma and Palea (lemma/Palea), which form the husk of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds, constitutively express high levels of defense-related genes, relative to leaves [Abebe et al. (2004) Crop Sci 44:942–950]. One of these genes, Lem2 , is expressed mainly in the lemma/Palea and coleoptile and is strongly upregulated by salicylic acid (SA) and its functional analog 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid . Induction by SA was rapid, occurring within 4 h of treatment. However, Lem2 is not responsive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or wounding and is downregulated by drought, dehydration, and abscisic acid. These results suggest that Lem2 is involved in systemic acquired resistance. Sequence analysis showed that LEM2 is a jacalin-related lectin (JRL)-like protein with two domains. Consistent with northern and western blot data, transient expression analyses using Lem2::gfp constructs showed strong expression in lemmas and a trace expression in leaves. Successive 5′ deletions of the 1,414 bp upstream region gradually weakened promoter strength, as measured by real-time PCR. Promoter deletion studies also revealed that the −75/+70 region (containing the TATA box, 5′ UTR, and a SA-response element) determines tissue specificity and that the distal promoter region simply enhances expression. Southern analysis indicated that Morex barley has at least three copies of the Lem2 gene arranged in tandem on chromosome 5(1H) Bin 02, near the short arm telomere. Lem2 is not present in the barley cultivars Steptoe, Harrington, Golden Promise, and Q21861.
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Cloning and identification of highly expressed genes in barley lemma and Palea
Crop Science, 2004Co-Authors: Tilahun Abebe, Ronald W. Skadsen, Heidi F. KaepplerAbstract:The lemma and Palea (lemma/Palea) of cereals are photosynthetic organs that supply the developing kernel with carbon and nitrogen. Because of their rigid structure, the lemma/Palea can also protect the kernel from pathogens and herbivory. However, very little is known about specific gene expression that enabled the lemma/Palea carry out their functions. We have constructed three subtracted cDNA libraries from lemma/Palea of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Morex) at the elongation (between pollination and milky stages) through dough stages of kernel development. Differential screening and northern hybridization showed that the cloned genes were highly expressed in the lemma/Palea, compared with the flag leaf. Thus, they contained unique sequences not found in the flag leaf or were expressed in the lemma/Palea at much higher levels, appearing as if they were induced. Sequence analysis of 226 clones identified a high proportion of genes for defense, structure, amino acid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. High expression levels of defense-related genes strongly suggest that lemma/Palea constitutively accumulate defensive molecules to inhibit invasion of florets and kernels by pathogens. Increased expression of genes involved in cell wall synthesis and structural repair can improve physical barriers to herbivores and pathogens. High expression of genes for amino acid biosynthesis and photosynthesis indicates that the lemma/Palea are major sources of nitrogen and carbon for the growing kernel.
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Cloning of the promoter for a novel barley gene, Lem1, and its organ-specific promotion of Gfp expression in lemma and Palea
Plant molecular biology, 2002Co-Authors: Ronald W. Skadsen, Puthigae Sathish, Maria L. Federico, Tillahun Abebe, Heidi F. KaepplerAbstract:The differential display method was used to identify a novel barley gene, Lem1, expressed primarily in the outer organs (lemma and Palea) that enclose developing florets and seeds. The promoter was isolated from a BAC genomic clone and used in a translational fusion with a green fluorescent protein gene (Gfp) to produce a transient expression vector. After particle bombardment, Gfp was expressed only in lemmas, Paleas and awns of developing spikelets. Lem1 did not promote Gfp expression in vegetative leaves or in mature spikes, although expression of co-bombarded uidA (GUS) occurred under the regulation of a ubiquitin promoter. This reproduced the developmentally regulated pattern of mRNA accumulation. Deletion studies showed that the promoter activity is confined to a cis element within 80 bp of the transcription start site. Upstream from this, the promoter contains putative auxin-, ethylene- and gibberellin-responsive elements or homologues. Lem1 was found to be a single intronless gene encoding an acidic 102 amino acid protein, possibly associated with membranes. In a two-rowed barley, Lem1 mRNA was absent in the lateral spikelets, which fail to develop, and present only in the developing median spikelets. This suggests that Lem1 may play a role in organ development.
