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Kumi Yoshida - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Direct mapping of hydrangea blue-complex in Sepal tissues of Hydrangea macrophylla
Nature Publishing Group, 2019Co-Authors: Takaaki Ito, Dan Aoki, Kazuhiko Fukushima, Kumi YoshidaAbstract:Abstract The original Sepal color of Hydrangea macrophylla is blue, although it is well known that Sepal color easily changes from blue through purple to red. All the colors are due to a unique anthocyanin, 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, and both aluminum ion (Al3+) and copigments, 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid are essential for blue coloration. A mixture of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, 5-O-acylquinic acid, and Al3+ in a buffer solution at pH 4 produces a stable blue solution with visible absorption and circular dichroism spectra identical to those of the Sepals, then, we named this blue pigment as ‘hydrangea blue-complex’. The hydrangea blue-complex consists of 3-O-glucosyldelphinidin, Al3+, and 5-O-acylquinic acid in a ratio 1:1:1 as determined by the electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. To map the distribution of hydrangea blue-complex in Sepal tissues, we carried out cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analysis. The spectrum of the reproduced hydrangea blue-complex with negative mode-detection gave a molecular ion at m/z = 841, which was consistent with the results of ESI-TOF MS. The same molecular ion peak at m/z = 841 was detected in freeze-fixed blue Sepal-tissue. In Sepal tissues, the blue cells were located in the second layer and the mass spectrometry imaging of the ion attributable to hydrangea blue-complex overlapped with the same area of the blue cells. In colorless epidermal cells, atomic ion of Al3+ was hardly detected and potassium adduct ion of 5-O-caffeoyl and/or 3-O-acylquinic acid were found. This is the first report about the distribution of aluminum, potassium, hydrangea blue-complex, and copigment in Sepal tissues and the first evidence that aluminum and hydrangea blue-complex exist in blue Sepal cells and are involved in blue coloration
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Tonoplast- and Plasma Membrane-Localized Aquaporin-Family Transporters in Blue Hydrangea Sepals of Aluminum Hyperaccumulating Plant
PLoS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: Takashi Negishi, Shoji Mano, Makoto Kanai, Mikio Nishimura, Masahira Hattori, Kenshiro Oshima, Kumi YoshidaAbstract:Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is tolerant of acidic soils in which toxicity generally arises from the presence of the soluble aluminum (Al) ion. When hydrangea is cultivated in acidic soil, its resulting blue Sepal color is caused by the Al complex formation of anthocyanin. The concentration of vacuolar Al in blue Sepal cells can reach levels in excess of approximately 15 mM, suggesting the existence of an Al-transport and/or storage system. However, until now, no Al transporter has been identified in Al hyperaccumulating plants, animals or microorganisms. To identify the transporter being responsible for Al hyperaccumulation, we prepared a cDNA library from blue Sepals according to the Sepal maturation stage, and then selected candidate genes using a microarray analysis and an in silico study. Here, we identified the vacuolar and plasma membrane-localized Al transporters genes vacuolar Al transporter (VALT) and plasma membrane Al transporter 1 (PALT1), respectively, which are both members of the aquaporin family. The localization of each protein was confirmed by the transient co-expression of the genes. Reverse transcription-PCR and immunoblotting results indicated that VALT and PALT1 are highly expressed in Sepal tissue. The overexpression of VALT and PALT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred Al-tolerance and Al-sensitivity, respectively.
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Change of color and components in Sepals of chameleon hydrangea during maturation and senescence.
Phytochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Kumi Yoshida, Daisuke Ito, Yosuke Shinkai, Tadao KondoAbstract:Abstract The Sepal color of a chameleon hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla cv. Hovaria™ ‘Homigo’ changes in four stages, from colorless to blue, then to green, and finally to red, during maturation and the senescence periods. To clarify the chemical mechanism of the color change, we analyzed the components of the Sepals at each stage. Blue-colored Sepals contained 3- O -sambubiosyl- and 3 -O -glucosyldelphinidin along with three co-pigments, 5- O-p -coumaroyl-, 5- O -caffeoyl- and 3- O -caffeoylquinic acids. The contents of glycosyldelphinidins decreased toward the green-colored stage, with a coincident increase in the number of chloroplasts. During the last red colored stage, the two species of 3- O -glycosyldelphinidin almost disappeared, and another two anthocyanins, 3- O -sambubiosyl- and 3 -O -glucosylcyanidin, increased in amounts. Mixing of 3- O -glycosylcyanidins, co-pigments, and Al 3+ in a buffered solution at pH 3.0–3.5 gave not a blue, but a red, colored solution that was the same as that of the Sepal color of the 4th stage. Sepals of hydrangea grown in an highland area also turned red in autumn, and contained the same cyanidin glycosides. The red coloration of the hydrangea during senescence was due to a change in anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Sepal color variation of Hydrangea macrophylla and vacuolar pH measured with a proton-selective microelectrode
Plant and Cell Physiology, 2003Co-Authors: Kumi Yoshida, Yuki Toyama-Kato, Kiyoshi Kameda, Tadao KondoAbstract:Sepal color of hydrangea varies with the environmental conditions. Although chemical and biological studies on this color variation have a long history, little correct knowledge has been generated about color development. All colored Sepals contain the same anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside. Thus, there must be some other system for developing the wide variety of colors. In hydrangea Sepals the cells of the epidermis are colorless and only the second layer of cells contain pigment. We prepared protoplasts without any color change during enzyme treatment of Sepals and measured the vacuolar pH of each of the colored cells. We could correlate the color of a single hydrangea cell with its vacuolar pH using a combination of micro-spectrophotometry and a proton-selective microelectrode. Values for the vacuolar pH of blue (lambda vismax: 589 nm) and red cells (lambda vismax: 537 nm) were 4.1 and 3.3, respectively, the vacuolar pH of blue cells being significantly higher.
Betty K. Ishida - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ethylene sensitive and insensitive regulation of transcription factor expression during in vitro tomato Sepal ripening
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007Co-Authors: Glenn E. Bartley, Betty K. IshidaAbstract:Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, formerly Lycopersicon esculentum) cv. VFNT Cherry Sepals, when cultured in vitro between 16 degrees C and 22 degrees C, change their genetic programme to that of ripening fruit. Previously regulation of a number of transcription factors and a putative G-protein-coupled receptor that may be involved in tomato fruit ripening and cool-temperature Sepal morphogenesis had been revealed. Many of those genes such as TAG1, TM4, TM6, AP2-like (LeAP2FR), YABBY2-like (LeYAB2), and LeCOR413-PM1 have not been investigated for ethylene regulation. Ethylene-independent, regulated transcripts may be part of an early signalling process induced or de-repressed by cool temperature that causes a switch in the genetic programme of the Sepals. In this paper, ethylene regulation of a number of these and other putative signalling factors are investigated during cool-temperature-induced Sepal morphogenesis. 1-Methylcyclopropene was used to block ethylene-induced gene expression by interrupting the ethylene signal transduction pathway that occurs in ripening tomato fruits and presumably in ripening Sepals. Transcripts of several putative transcription factors previously shown to be up-regulated during cool-temperature-induced Sepal morphogenesis (TAG1, TM4, LeAP2FR) were only slightly or not induced in 1-methylcyclopropene-treated Sepals, indicating either direct or indirect ethylene regulation. Two genes, VAHOX1, a homeobox domain leucine-zipper-encoding gene, and LeYAB2, a putative zinc-finger transcription factor-encoding gene, increased in treated and untreated Sepals indicating regulation by cool temperatures independently of ethylene.
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Ethylene-sensitive and insensitive regulation of transcription factor expression during in vitro tomato Sepal ripening
Journal of experimental botany, 2007Co-Authors: Glenn E. Bartley, Betty K. IshidaAbstract:Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum, formerly Lycopersicon esculentum) cv. VFNT Cherry Sepals, when cultured in vitro between 16 Ca nd 22C, change their genetic programme to that of ripening fruit. Previously regulation of a number of transcription factors and a putative G-protein-coupled receptor that may be involved in tomato fruit ripening and cool-temperature Sepal morphogenesis had been revealed. Many of those genes such as TAG1, TM4, TM6, AP2-like (LeAP2FR), YABBY2like (LeYAB2), and LeCOR413-PM1 have not been investigated for ethylene regulation. Ethylene-independent, regulated transcripts may be part of an early signalling process induced or de-repressed by cool temperature that causes a switch in the genetic programme of the Sepals. In this paper, ethylene regulation of a number of these and other putative signalling factors are investigated during cool-temperature-induced Sepal morphogenesis. 1-Methylcyclopropene was used to block ethylene-induced gene expression by interrupting the ethylene signal transduction pathway that occurs in ripening tomato fruits and presumably in ripening Sepals. Transcripts of several putative transcription factors previously shown to be up-regulated during cool-temperature-induced Sepal morphogenesis (TAG1, TM4, LeAP2FR) were only slightly or not induced in 1-methylcyclopropene-treated Sepals, indicating either direct or indirect ethylene regulation. Two genes, VAHOX1, a homeobox domain leucine-zipper-encoding gene, and LeYAB2, a putative zinc-finger transcription factor-encoding gene, increased in treated and untreated Sepals indicating regulation by cool temperatures independently of ethylene.
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Induction of AGAMOUS gene expression plays a key role in ripening of tomato Sepals in vitro
Plant molecular biology, 1998Co-Authors: Betty K. Ishida, Susan M. Jenkins, Brian SayAbstract:In vitro culture of VFNT Cherry tomato Sepals (calyx) at 16–21 °C results in developmental changes that are similar to those that occur in fruit tissue [10]. Sepals become swollen, red, and succulent, produce ethylene, and have increased levels of polygalacturonase RNA. They also produce many flavor volatiles characteristic of ripe tomato fruit and undergo similar changes in sugar content [11]. We examined the expression of the tomato AGAMOUS gene, TAG1, in ripening, in vitro Sepal cultures and other tissues from the plant and found that TAG1 RNA accumulates to higher levels than expected from data from other plants. Contrary to reports on the absence of AGAMOUS in Sepals, TAG1 RNA levels in green Sepals from greenhouse-grown plants is detectable, its concentration increasing with in vitro ripening to levels that were even higher than in red, ripe fruit. Sepals of fruit on transgenic tomato plants that expressed TAG1 ectopically were induced by low temperature to ripen in vivo, producing lycopene and undergoing cell wall softening as is characteristic of pericarpic tissue. We therefore propose that the induction of elevated TAG1 gene expression plays a key role in developmental changes that result in Sepal ripening.
Tadao Kondo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Change of color and components in Sepals of chameleon hydrangea during maturation and senescence.
Phytochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: Kumi Yoshida, Daisuke Ito, Yosuke Shinkai, Tadao KondoAbstract:Abstract The Sepal color of a chameleon hydrangea, Hydrangea macrophylla cv. Hovaria™ ‘Homigo’ changes in four stages, from colorless to blue, then to green, and finally to red, during maturation and the senescence periods. To clarify the chemical mechanism of the color change, we analyzed the components of the Sepals at each stage. Blue-colored Sepals contained 3- O -sambubiosyl- and 3 -O -glucosyldelphinidin along with three co-pigments, 5- O-p -coumaroyl-, 5- O -caffeoyl- and 3- O -caffeoylquinic acids. The contents of glycosyldelphinidins decreased toward the green-colored stage, with a coincident increase in the number of chloroplasts. During the last red colored stage, the two species of 3- O -glycosyldelphinidin almost disappeared, and another two anthocyanins, 3- O -sambubiosyl- and 3 -O -glucosylcyanidin, increased in amounts. Mixing of 3- O -glycosylcyanidins, co-pigments, and Al 3+ in a buffered solution at pH 3.0–3.5 gave not a blue, but a red, colored solution that was the same as that of the Sepal color of the 4th stage. Sepals of hydrangea grown in an highland area also turned red in autumn, and contained the same cyanidin glycosides. The red coloration of the hydrangea during senescence was due to a change in anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Sepal color variation of Hydrangea macrophylla and vacuolar pH measured with a proton-selective microelectrode
Plant and Cell Physiology, 2003Co-Authors: Kumi Yoshida, Yuki Toyama-Kato, Kiyoshi Kameda, Tadao KondoAbstract:Sepal color of hydrangea varies with the environmental conditions. Although chemical and biological studies on this color variation have a long history, little correct knowledge has been generated about color development. All colored Sepals contain the same anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside. Thus, there must be some other system for developing the wide variety of colors. In hydrangea Sepals the cells of the epidermis are colorless and only the second layer of cells contain pigment. We prepared protoplasts without any color change during enzyme treatment of Sepals and measured the vacuolar pH of each of the colored cells. We could correlate the color of a single hydrangea cell with its vacuolar pH using a combination of micro-spectrophotometry and a proton-selective microelectrode. Values for the vacuolar pH of blue (lambda vismax: 589 nm) and red cells (lambda vismax: 537 nm) were 4.1 and 3.3, respectively, the vacuolar pH of blue cells being significantly higher.
Akira Kanno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Analysis of the floral MADS-box genes from monocotyledonous Trilliaceae species indicates the involvement of SepalLATA3-like genes in Sepal-petal differentiation
Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology, 2015Co-Authors: Shosei Kubota, Akira KannoAbstract:The evolution of greenish Sepals from petaloid outer tepals has occurred repeatedly in various lineages of non-grass monocots. Studies in distinct monocot species showed that the evolution of Sepals could be explained by the ABC model; for example, the defect of B-class function in the outermost whorl was linked to the evolution of Sepals. Here, floral MADS-box genes from three Sepal-bearing monocotyledonous Trilliaceae species, Trillium camschatcense, Paris verticillata, and Kinugasa japonica were examined. Unexpectedly, expression of not only A- but also B-class genes was detected in the Sepals of all three species. Although the E-class gene is generally expressed across all floral whorls, no expression was detected in Sepals in the three species examined here. Overexpression of the E-class SepalLATA3-like gene from T. camschatcense (TcamSEP) in Arabidopsis thaliana produced phenotypes identical to those reported for orthologs in other monocots. Additionally, yeast hybrid experiments indicated that TcamSEP could form a higher-order complex with an endogenous heterodimer of B-class APETALA3/DEFICIENS-like (TcamDEF) and PISTILLATA/GLOBOSA-like (TcamGLO) proteins. These results suggest a conserved role for Trilliaceae SepalLATA3-like genes in functionalization of the B-class genes, and that a lack of SepalLATA3-like gene expression in the outermost whorl may be related to the formation of greenish Sepals.
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Production of intraspecific hybrids between wild-type and petaloid-Sepal cultivars in Habenaria radiata
Scientia Horticulturae, 2010Co-Authors: So-young Kim, Pil-yong Yun, Miyako Endo, Akira KannoAbstract:Abstract Orchids are commercially important plants with flowers that are unique and very specialized in shape and color. The flowers consist mostly of Sepals, lateral petals, lip (labellum) and column, and are zygomorphic and resupinate. Whereas most orchid species have petaloid tepals in the first and second whorls, Habenaria radiata has a flower with greenish Sepals and white lateral petals and lip. ‘Hishou’, one of the cultivars of H. radiata , is a floral homeotic mutant and has a petaloid median Sepal and lip-like lateral Sepals in the first whorl. Additionally, this cultivar often has non-resupinate flowers whereas wild-type H. radiata flowers are resupinate. In the present study, we investigated the genetic inheritance of these characters in the ‘Hishou’ cultivar by crossing it with wild-type plants. Some intraspecific hybrids, which were confirmed by PCR-RFLP analysis, had flowers with a petaloid median Sepal and lip-like lateral Sepals in the first whorl, indicating that these were dominant characters. Since the remainder of the intraspecific hybrids had wild-type flowers, these characters must be heterozygous in ‘Hishou’ plants. Although ‘Hishou’ plants had non-resupinate flowers, intraspecific hybrid flowers were resupinate, even though they had the petaloid median Sepal and lip-like lateral Sepals. This result indicates that non-resupination must be a recessive character. Since Sepal-petalization and triple lip characters of ‘Hishou’ inherited dominantly, these characters can be utilized for the breeding of Habenaria species by intra- and interspecific crosses.
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Expression of a DEFICIENS-like gene correlates with the differentiation between Sepal and petal in the orchid, Habenaria radiata (Orchidaceae)
Plant Science, 2007Co-Authors: So-young Kim, Pil-yong Yun, Tatsuya Fukuda, Toshinori Ochiai, Jun Yokoyama, Toshiaki Kameya, Akira KannoAbstract:The B-class MADS-box genes play an important role in controlling petal development in dicots, and orthologs have been isolated from many plants. The Orchidaceae includes many species with petaloid Sepals in whorl 1, while there are also several genera with two whorls of perianth, petals and greenish Sepals. Since the morphological differentiation between Sepals and petals is observed in different orchid groups such as Cypripedium and Habenaria, this characteristic would be evolved independently in Orchidaceae. Habenaria radiata, which is an ornamental plant, has green Sepals and white petals in its perianth. Among the cultivars of H. radiata, one floral homeotic mutant has undergone an alteration from Sepals to petaloid organs in whorl 1. In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of the morphological differentiation between Sepals and petals in Orchidaceae, it is very interesting to analyze the B-class gene expression in wild type and petaloid-Sepal mutant of H. radiata. In this study, we isolated and characterized three B-class genes, HrGLO1, HrGLO2 and HrDEF, from this species. Northern hybridization and RT-PCR analyses revealed that HrGLO1 and HrGLO2 were expressed in Sepals, petals and columns, whereas HrDEF expression was detected only in the petals and columns, but not in the first whorl, Sepals. In the petaloid-Sepal mutant, all three B-class genes were expressed in petaloid-Sepals, petals and columns. These results suggest that the distinctive expression of HrDEF plays a role in differentiation between Sepal and petal in H. radiata.
Eric Smets - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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floral development and anatomy ofmoringa oleifera moringaceae what is the evidence for a capparalean or sapindalean affinity
Annals of Botany, 1998Co-Authors: L Ronse P Decraene, J De Laet, Eric SmetsAbstract:Abstract Floral development and anatomy of Moringa have been investigated in the context of the disputed view of a capparalean affinity. Flowers arise in terminal or axillary panicles. Sepals arise sequentially and petals simultaneously. Antepetalous stamens arise simultaneously and precede the anteSepalous staminodes, which emerge sequentially. Within their respective whorls, the petals and stamens become twisted along different orientations. The gynoecium develops as a ring primordium on which three carpellary lobes become demarcated simultaneously. A saccate ovary bears numerous ovules on a parietal placentation and is topped by a hollow style. The interpretation of laminal placentation is denied. Monothecal anthers are formed by the failure of one half to initiate. The flowers present a peculiar form of zygomorphy running transversally from the petal between Sepals 3 and 5 to Sepal 4. The shape and position of petals and stamens is related to a pollen presentation mechanism with bowl-shaped anthers on different levels. The floral anatomy also reflects the zygomorphy of the flower. Although Moringa shares important morphological features with certain members of the Sapindales and Capparales, differences in ontogeny make a close relationship with either Capparales or certain Sapindales appear uncertain.
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Floral development and anatomy of Moringa oleifera (Moringaceae): what is the evidence for a capparalean or sapindalean affinity?
Published for the Annals of Botany Co. by Academic Press, 1998Co-Authors: Ronse Decraene L., De Laet Jan, Eric SmetsAbstract:Floral development and anatomy ofMoringahave been investigated in the context of the disputed view of a capparalean affinity. Flowers arise in terminal or axillary panicles. Sepals arise sequentially and petals simultaneously. Antepetalous stamens arise simultaneously and precede the anteSepalous staminodes, which emerge sequentially. Within their respective whorls, the petals and stamens become twisted along different orientations. The gynoecium develops as a ring primordium on which three carpellary lobes become demarcated simultaneously. A saccate ovary bears numerous ovules on a parietal placentation and is topped by a hollow style. The interpretation of laminal placentation is denied. Monothecal anthers are formed by the failure of one half to initiate. The flowers present a peculiar form of zygomorphy running transversally from the petal between Sepals 3 and 5 to Sepal 4. The shape and position of petals and stamens is related to a pollen presentation mechanism with bowl-shaped anthers on different levels. The floral anatomy also reflects the zygomorphy of the flower. AlthoughMoringashares important morphological features with certain members of the Sapindales and Capparales, differences in ontogeny make a close relationship with either Capparales or certain Sapindales appear uncertain.status: publishe
