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Lip Yong Chung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • thermostability and polymorphism of theobroma Oil and Palm Kernel Oil as suppository bases
    Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin, Lip Yong Chung
    Abstract:

    Thermal stability of pharmaceutical ingredients is an important aspect. In this study, we adopted differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate thermal stability of suppository bases, theobroma Oil (cocoa butter) and a Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) blend. The study shows theobroma Oil possesses six polymorphic forms whilst the Palm Kernel Oil blend has three. Upon rescanning, the PKO blend does not show changes in the enthalpy of fusion and the melting point with time, whilst the theobroma Oil shows significant reduction, and only regained its thermal stable state after 10 days. This indicates that PKO blend possesses better thermal stability.

  • Palm Kernel Oil BLENDS AS SUPPOSITORY BASES IN THE DELIVERY OF ASPIRIN
    Journal of Health and Translational Medicine, 2007
    Co-Authors: Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin, Lip Yong Chung
    Abstract:

    Rectal delivery of drugs has been proven to be effective in terms of drug absorption and distribution comparable with other routes such as oral, buccal, sublingual or even nasal. In this study, two new suppository bases were developed using combinations of locally sourced hydrogenated Palm Kernel Oil, hydrogenated Palm Kernel stearin and hydrogenated Palm Kernel olein with mixtures of stearic acid and glyceryl monostearate. When formulated with aspirin, these bases produced suppositories with acceptable characteristics. These aspirin suppositories were tested on twelve healthy subjects after an approval from the Medical Ethics Committee, University of Malaya had been procured. We quantified aspirin from the urine samples of the subjects to determine the relative availability of the different suppository preparations relative to an oral dose. The excretion of salicylic acid, one of the metabolite of aspirin in human urine taking aspirin was quantified. The F value was found to range from 1.16 to 1.38. Hence, the excretion results showed that these Palm Kernel Oil blends are suitable suppository bases.

Khairiah Haji Badri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Comparison study on the physicochemical properties of phosphate esters from epoxidised Palm Kernel Oil and soybean Oil
    Materials Research Innovations, 2014
    Co-Authors: N. R. A. Norzali, Khairiah Haji Badri, I Ahmad
    Abstract:

    AbstractA series of phosphate esters from soybean Oil and Palm Kernel Oil has been synthesised by reacting each epoxidised soybean Oil and epoxidised Palm Kernel Oil with o-phosphoric acid in the presence of t-butyl alcohol as the solvent. The amount of o-phosphoric acid was varied at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt-%. The hydrolysis was conducted at a temperature range of 80–90°C. The physiochemical properties of the phosphate esters were determined, that were, acid value, hydroxyl value, oxirane and moisture contents. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out to confirm the formation of the phosphate ester (P–O–C). The oxirane content after hydrolysis was below 0.2%. Higher addition of phosphoric acid (7.5 wt-%) increased the moisture content and the acid value of the phosphate esters. These results were applicable for both soybean Oil-based phosphate ester (SOPE) and the Palm Kernel Oil-based phosphate ester (PKOPE). However, SOPE and PKOPE with 2.5 wt-% of phosphoric acid showed high...

  • Comparison study on the physicochemical properties of phosphate esters from epoxidised Palm Kernel Oil and soybean Oil
    Materials Research Innovations, 2014
    Co-Authors: N. R. A. Norzali, Khairiah Haji Badri, I Ahmad, S. P. Ong
    Abstract:

    A series of phosphate esters from soybean Oil and Palm Kernel Oil has been synthesised by reacting each epoxidised soybean Oil and epoxidised Palm Kernel Oil with o-phosphoric acid in the presence of t-butyl alcohol as the solvent. The amount of o-phosphoric acid was varied at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt-%. The hydrolysis was conducted at a temperature range of 80–90°C. The physiochemical properties of the phosphate esters were determined, that were, acid value, hydroxyl value, oxirane and moisture contents. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out to confirm the formation of the phosphate ester (P–O–C). The oxirane content after hydrolysis was below 0.2%. Higher addition of phosphoric acid (7.5 wt-%) increased the moisture content and the acid value of the phosphate esters. These results were applicable for both soybean Oil-based phosphate ester (SOPE) and the Palm Kernel Oil-based phosphate ester (PKOPE). However, SOPE and PKOPE with 2.5 wt-% of phosphoric acid showed higher hydro...

  • Physicochemical properties of phosphate ester from Palm Kernel Oil
    2013
    Co-Authors: N. R. A. Norzali, Khairiah Haji Badri, I Ahmad
    Abstract:

    The physicochemical properties of phosphate ester from Palm Kernel Oil have been studied. The phosphate ester was synthesized via ring-opening of epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil with phosphoric acid. The amount of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was varied at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt%. Acid values of PKO and EPKO were 1.85 and 1.87 mg KOH/g respectively. However, the acid values increased with increasing amount of H3PO4 with values of 10.62 mg KOH/g, 31.34 mg KOH/g and 110.95 mg KOH/g respectively. The hydrolysis of the EPKO has successfully converted it to PEPKO with hydroxyl value of 16.16 mg KOH/g, 26.90 and 35.33 mg KOH/g at H3PO4 of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5wt%.The physicochemical properties of phosphate ester from Palm Kernel Oil have been studied. The phosphate ester was synthesized via ring-opening of epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil with phosphoric acid. The amount of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was varied at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt%. Acid values of PKO and EPKO were 1.85 and 1.87 mg KOH/g respectively. However, the acid values increased with increasing amount of H3PO4 with values of 10.62 mg KOH/g, 31.34 mg KOH/g and 110.95 mg KOH/g respectively. The hydrolysis of the EPKO has successfully converted it to PEPKO with hydroxyl value of 16.16 mg KOH/g, 26.90 and 35.33 mg KOH/g at H3PO4 of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5wt%.

  • Physicochemical properties of phosphate ester from Palm Kernel Oil
    AIP Conference Proceedings, 2013
    Co-Authors: N.r. Adawiyah Norzali, Khairiah Haji Badri, I Ahmad
    Abstract:

    The physicochemical properties of phosphate ester from Palm Kernel Oil have been studied. The phosphate ester was synthesized via ring-opening of epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil with phosphoric acid. The amount of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) was varied at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt%. Acid values of PKO and EPKO were 1.85 and 1.87 mg KOH/g respectively. However, the acid values increased with increasing amount of H3PO4 with values of 10.62 mg KOH/g, 31.34 mg KOH/g and 110.95 mg KOH/g respectively. The hydrolysis of the EPKO has successfully converted it to PEPKO with hydroxyl value of 16.16 mg KOH/g, 26.90 and 35.33 mg KOH/g at H3PO4 of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5wt%. © 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

  • chemical analyses of Palm Kernel Oil based polyurethane prepolymer
    Materials Sciences and Applications, 2012
    Co-Authors: Chee Sien Wong, Khairiah Haji Badri
    Abstract:

    Polyurethane (PU) was prepared from Palm Kernel Oil-based monoester polyol (PKO-p) via prepolymerization method at NCO/OH ratio of 200/100, 150/100, 100/100, and 75/100 at ambient temperature under nitrogen gas atmosphere. The structure of the synthesized prepolymerized PKO-p PU was determined using FTIR and 13C NMR. The disapperance of NCO peak in the FTIR spectrum at 2270 cm–1 - 2250 cm–1 cm showed that MDI has completely reacted to form PU. The appearance of C=O peak at 1700 cm–1 indicated that hydrogen bonding was formed between the soft segmented chain of the PKO-p and the hard segmented MDI. Hence, urethane bond was the main polymeric chain in the PU.

Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • thermostability and polymorphism of theobroma Oil and Palm Kernel Oil as suppository bases
    Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2009
    Co-Authors: Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin, Lip Yong Chung
    Abstract:

    Thermal stability of pharmaceutical ingredients is an important aspect. In this study, we adopted differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate thermal stability of suppository bases, theobroma Oil (cocoa butter) and a Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) blend. The study shows theobroma Oil possesses six polymorphic forms whilst the Palm Kernel Oil blend has three. Upon rescanning, the PKO blend does not show changes in the enthalpy of fusion and the melting point with time, whilst the theobroma Oil shows significant reduction, and only regained its thermal stable state after 10 days. This indicates that PKO blend possesses better thermal stability.

  • Palm Kernel Oil BLENDS AS SUPPOSITORY BASES IN THE DELIVERY OF ASPIRIN
    Journal of Health and Translational Medicine, 2007
    Co-Authors: Mohamed Ibrahim Noordin, Lip Yong Chung
    Abstract:

    Rectal delivery of drugs has been proven to be effective in terms of drug absorption and distribution comparable with other routes such as oral, buccal, sublingual or even nasal. In this study, two new suppository bases were developed using combinations of locally sourced hydrogenated Palm Kernel Oil, hydrogenated Palm Kernel stearin and hydrogenated Palm Kernel olein with mixtures of stearic acid and glyceryl monostearate. When formulated with aspirin, these bases produced suppositories with acceptable characteristics. These aspirin suppositories were tested on twelve healthy subjects after an approval from the Medical Ethics Committee, University of Malaya had been procured. We quantified aspirin from the urine samples of the subjects to determine the relative availability of the different suppository preparations relative to an oral dose. The excretion of salicylic acid, one of the metabolite of aspirin in human urine taking aspirin was quantified. The F value was found to range from 1.16 to 1.38. Hence, the excretion results showed that these Palm Kernel Oil blends are suitable suppository bases.

A. A. Abdelmalik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Chemically modified Palm Kernel Oil ester: A possible sustainable alternative insulating fluid
    Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 2014
    Co-Authors: A. A. Abdelmalik
    Abstract:

    The demand for a sustainable and non-toxic alternative insulating fluid has been on the increase because of the negative environmental impact of mineral-based insulating fluids. Natural ester appeared to be a viable alternative, but it has poor thermo-oxidative properties and higher melting temperature. This report presents the influence of chemical modification on the properties of natural ester-based alternative insulating fluid. Alkyl ester derivatives were synthesized from laboratory purified Palm Kernel Oil. A straight chain alkyl ester was first synthesized to enhance the flow properties of the Oil. It was then followed by a process that converts the double bond to an epoxy group. Side-branched ester samples were synthesized from the laboratory synthesized epoxy alkyl ester of Palm Kernel Oil. The chemical modification was performed through esterification reaction involving the epoxy alkyl ester of Palm Kernel Oil and acid anhydrides under nitrogen and in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate as catalyst. The reactions were monitored and the products confirmed using FTIR and GC-MS. The melting point and thermo-oxidative stability of the fluids were examined using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The melting point of the ester derivatives was found to reduce with side chain attachment and antioxidant significantly improved the thermal stability. The dielectric behavior and electrical breakdown properties of the ester derivatives were analyzed and compared. The dielectric loss was dominated by mobile charged particles and the charged particles appeared to exhibit faster dynamics compared with purified Palm Kernel Oil. This may be attributed to the mobility of the charges which is related to the viscosity of the esters. The esters possessed excellent breakdown strengths suggest that the processing to optimize the physical properties did not have a negative influence on the electrical breakdown strength. This product may prove useful as an insulation fluid in Electrical Power Transformers.

  • Effect of side chains on the dielectric properties of alkyl esters derived from Palm Kernel Oil
    2011 IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids, 2011
    Co-Authors: A. A. Abdelmalik, J. C. Fothergill, S. J. Dodd, A.p. Abbott, R.c. Harris
    Abstract:

    Alkyl ester derivatives were synthesized from laboratory purified Palm Kernel Oil. The steps in the synthesis involved transesterification of Palm Kernel Oil to produce a methyl ester, followed by epoxidation and then the grafting of side chains by esterification with propionic and butyric anhydride. The dielectric and thermal properties of the ester derivatives were analyzed and compared with the methyl ester. The melting point of the ester derivatives were found to reduce with side chain attachment and antioxidant improved its thermal stability. The dielectric loss was dominated by mobile charged particles and the chemical modification appeared to increase the rate at which electric double layer was formed at the electrode-liquid interface. The esters possessed excellent breakdown strengths suggesting that the processing to optimize their physical properties did not have a negative influence on their electrical breakdown strength. This product may prove useful as an insulation fluid in Electrical Power Transformers.

  • synthesis of a base stock for electrical insulating fluid based on Palm Kernel Oil
    Industrial Crops and Products, 2011
    Co-Authors: A. A. Abdelmalik, J. C. Fothergill, S. J. Dodd, Andrew P Abbott, Robert C Harris
    Abstract:

    This report presents a method for synthesizing base-stock for green industrial product from a vegetable Oil with a high composition of unsaturated fatty acids. Epoxy methyl ester of Palm Kernel Oil was synthesized from laboratory purified Palm Kernel Oil using a two-step reaction and the products were used as a base-stock for green electrical insulation fluid. Epoxidized Palm Kernel Oil was first prepared through epoxidation reaction involving purified Palm Kernel Oil, acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of amberlite as catalyst which lasted for 4 h. It was then followed by transesterification reaction involving the epoxidized product and methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst to synthesize the corresponding epoxy methyl ester. The thermal and electrical breakdown properties of the epoxy methyl ester demonstrated significantly improved properties for its use as raw material for bio-based industrial products such as electrical insulation fluids.

  • Electrical properties of ester dielectric fluids from Palm Kernel Oil
    2011 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2011
    Co-Authors: A. A. Abdelmalik, J. C. Fothergill, S. J. Dodd
    Abstract:

    This paper presents characteristics of dielectric fluids prepared from chemical modification of Palm Kernel Oil ester as an alternative to mineral Oil for use in HV electric equipment such as transformers. The Palm Kernel Oil-based alkyl ester dielectric fluids were synthesized from Palm Kernel Oil through epoxidation and esterification reactions. The functional groups in the alkyl esters were identified using FTIR spectroscopy. The rationale for this processing and its effect on the physical properties, such as melting, are presented. The AC breakdown voltage, volume resistivity, relative complex permittivity, and tan δ of the esters were measured. The dielectric response results indicate that the relaxation processes correspond to ionic conduction and electrode polarization phenomena. The breakdown strength of the alkyl esters were found to have a significant improvement compared with the crude Oil sample.

  • Electrical breakdown strength characteristics of Palm Kernel Oil ester-based dielectric fluids
    2011 Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2011
    Co-Authors: A. A. Abdelmalik, J. C. Fothergill, S. J. Dodd
    Abstract:

    Natural ester fluids have been synthesized from crude Palm Kernel Oil for consideration as an alternative to mineral Oil based insulating fluid. Chemical modification of the Oil enhanced the physico-chemical properties of the fluid. This paper presents the statistical analysis of the AC electrical breakdown strength of the synthesized esters in comparison with the crude Palm Kernel Oil sample. The breakdown test was carried out in accordance with ASTM 1816 test method using a bespoke test cell designed for small sample volume. The estimated characteristic breakdown strength of the esters, defined as the 63.2% cumulative failure probability, is significantly higher than the BS148 mineral Oil. The slopes, indicating the shape parameters, are similar. The results suggest that, at least in this regard, the synthesized esters may serve as an alternative to mineral Oil as a transformer fluid.

Zaliha Omar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of chemical interesterification on the physicochemical microstructural and thermal properties of Palm stearin Palm Kernel Oil and soybean Oil blends
    Food Chemistry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Siti Hazirah Mohamad Fauzi, Norizzah Abd Rashid, Zaliha Omar
    Abstract:

    Abstract Blends of Palm stearin (PS), Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) and soybean Oil (SBO) at certain proportions were formulated using a mixture design based on simplex-lattice (Design Expert 8.0.4 Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, 2010). All the 10 Oil blends were subjected to chemical interesterification (CIE) using sodium methoxide as the catalyst. The solid fat content (SFC), triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, thermal properties (DSC), polymorphism and microstructural properties were studied. Palm-based trans -free table margarine containing ternary mixture of PS/PKO/SBO [49/20/31 (w/w)], was optimally formulated through analysis of multiple isosolid diagrams and was found to have quite similar SMP and SFC profile as compared to the commercial table margarine. This study has shown chemical interesterification are effective in modifying the physicochemical properties of Palm stearin, Palm Kernel Oil, soybean Oil and their mixtures.