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Kate Jirik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ResearchGuides. Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Fact Sheet, 2009. Physical Characteristics.
2016Co-Authors: Kate JirikAbstract:Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Physical measurements, appearance, sexual dimorphism, key characteristics
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ResearchGuides. Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Fact Sheet, 2009. Taxonomy & History.
2016Co-Authors: Kate JirikAbstract:Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Classification, nomenclature, taxonomic & evolutionary history, cultural history
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ResearchGuides. Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Fact Sheet, 2009. Reproduction & Development.
2016Co-Authors: Kate JirikAbstract:Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Courtship, reproduction, gestation & birth, life stages, longevity, mortality
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ResearchGuides. Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Fact Sheet, 2009. Behavior & Ecology.
2016Co-Authors: Kate JirikAbstract:Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Activity, territorial behavior, social behavior, communication, locomotion, interspecies interactions
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ResearchGuides. Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Fact Sheet, 2009. Population & Conservation Status.
2016Co-Authors: Kate JirikAbstract:Bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) Population and conservation status, threats to survival, management actions
Barbara Fruth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evidence of leopard predation on bonobos (Pan Paniscus).
Folia Primatologica, 2006Co-Authors: Danielle E. D’amour, Gottfried Hohmann, Barbara FruthAbstract:Current models of social organization assume that predation is one of the major forces that promotes group living in diurnal primates. As large body size renders some protection against predators, gregariousness of great apes and other large primate species is usually related to other parameters. The low frequency of observed cases of nonhuman predation on great apes seems to support this assumption. However, recent efforts to study potential predator species have increasingly accumulated direct and indirect evidence of predation by leopards (Panthera pardus) on chimPanzees and gorillas. The following report provides the first evidence of predation by a leopard on bonobos (Pan Paniscus).
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Dynamics in social organization of bonobos (Pan Paniscus)
Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos, 2002Co-Authors: Gottfried Hohmann, Barbara FruthAbstract:INTRODUCTION In the last 20 years, chimPanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) and bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) research has produced contrasting pictures of these two sister species. ChimPanzee society has been characterized as male dominated and structured by a linear hierarchy amongst males, with more egalitarian relations amongst females. Male dominance rank is often based on alliances with other males and exerted by intense aggression (Riss & Goodall 1977; Goodall 1986; McGrew 1996; Watts 1998). Parous females, except when they are in oestrus, tend to avoid travelling with males in order to prevent aggression and to improve their foraging efficiency (Williams et al ., Chapter 14; Wrangham, Chapter 15). Consequently, parties are relatively small and often male biased (Nishida 1979; Wrangham 1986; Wrangham et al . 1992; Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000). In comparison, bonobo society is characterized by egalitarian relations between the sexes (Furuichi 1997) and females may collaborate to defend food sources against males (Idani 1991; Parish 1994; Hohmann & Fruth 1996;Vervaecke et al ., 2000). Males establish dominance relationships with each other but aggression amongst males and between the sexes is less intense than in chimPanzees, and conflicts are often settled in a non-agonistic way (Furuichi & Ihobe 1994; de Waal 1995). Compared to chimPanzees, bonobo parties are large and biased towards females. Recently, the behavioural contrasts between the two Pan species have been questioned (Stanford 1998) for various reasons. These include scarcity of information from wild bonobos, and the failure to compare data from wild chimPanzees with what is known from studies of captive bonobos. The goal of this chapter is to address these issues by providing new data on the social organization of wild bonobos.
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amplification of hypervariable simple sequence repeats microsatellites from excremental dna of wild living bonobos Pan Paniscus
Molecular Ecology, 1995Co-Authors: Ulrike Gerloff, Gottfried Hohmann, Barbara Fruth, Christian Schlotterer, K Rassmann, I Rambold, Diethard TautzAbstract:We show that nuclear DNA extracted from faeces of free living bonobos (Pan Paniscus) can be used to amplify hypervariable simple sequence repeats, which can be used for paternity analysis and kinship studies. Of 130 DNA extractions of samples from 33 different animals, about two-thirds yielded PCR products at the first attempt. For several samples only a second extraction resulted in positive amplifications. Consistency tests revealed that in some cases only one of the two alleles was amplified. Presumably this is due to a very limited amount of bonobo DNA in the sample and we suggest therefore that a sample found to be homozygous at a given locus should be typed repeatedly for verification.
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Structure and use of distance calls in wild bonobos (Pan Paniscus)
International Journal of Primatology, 1994Co-Authors: Gottfried Hohmann, Barbara FruthAbstract:We report the physical structure and use of a distance call (high-hoot) by wild bonobos (Pan Paniscus).Although spectrographic analyses reveal high structural variability, the total sample can be subdivided according to the composition of units—the presence or absence of an initial segment—and the range of the lowest harmonic. Analyses of samples from male—female pairs,vocalizing simultaneously and in close proximity, reveal that both animals utter calls in more or less precise temporal alternation but with different spectral ranges. Whether these differences are gender-specific or related to other factors, such as age or the social relations between particular individuals, is not clear. We suggest that (a) individuals of the same party may coordinate their vocal activity on both the temporal and the spectral level and (b) high hootings stimulate emission of equal vocalizations by members of other parties and may increase cohesion among community members. Comparison of a restricted number of spectrograms from known individuals indicates that bonobos may be able to adjust spectral parameters of one type of distance calls (high- hoot) according to corresponding calls of conspecifics.
Chie Hashimoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Context and Development of Sexual Behavior of Wild Bonobos (Pan Paniscus) at Wamba, Zaire
International Journal of Primatology, 1997Co-Authors: Chie HashimotoAbstract:I studied sexual behavior of immature bonobos ( Pan Paniscus ) in a wild group living at Wamba, Zaire, with special reference to its development. Even immature individuals under 1 year old performed sexual behavior. Sexual behavior occurred in almost all age–sex combinations, except between immature and mature females. Based on analyses of behavioral pattern and context, I classified sexual behavior involving immature individuals into three categories. (1) Genital contact between immature individuals was observed during play, and was performed by males more frequently than by females. This sexual behavior shared many traits with that of other great apes. (2) Copulation-like genital contact was observed between immature males and mature females. Its frequency increased with the immature male's age; it developed into copulation in adulthood. (3) Genital contact used to regulate interindividual relationships. This behavior, which is unique to bonobos, was absent among infants. It developed between late juvenile and early adolescent periods in association with changes in social circumstances.
Gottfried Hohmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evidence for the consumption of arboreal, diurnal primates by bonobos (Pan Paniscus)
American Journal of Primatology, 2009Co-Authors: Martin Surbeck, Andrew Fowler, Caroline Deimel, Gottfried HohmannAbstract:We present evidence for the consumption of a diurnal, arboreal, group living primate by bonobos. The digit of an immature black mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus) was found in the fresh feces of a bonobo (Pan Paniscus) at the Lui Kotale study site, Democratic Republic of Congo. In close proximity to the fecal sample containing the remains of the digit, we also found a large part of the pelt of a black mangabey. Evidence suggests that the Lui Kotale bonobos consume more meat than other bonobo populations and have greater variation in the mammalian species exploited than previously thought [Hohmann & Fruth, Folia primatologica 79:103–110]. The current finding supports Stanford’s argument [Current Anthropology 39:399–420] that some differences in the diet and behavior between chimPanzees (P. troglodytes) and bonobos are an artefact of the limited number of bonobo study populations. If bonobos did obtain the monkey by active hunting, this would challenge current evolutionary models relating the intra-specific aggression and violence seen in chimPanzees and humans to hunting and meat consumption [Wrangham, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 42:1–30]. Am. J. Primatol. 71:171–174, 2009. r 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Evidence of leopard predation on bonobos (Pan Paniscus).
Folia Primatologica, 2006Co-Authors: Danielle E. D’amour, Gottfried Hohmann, Barbara FruthAbstract:Current models of social organization assume that predation is one of the major forces that promotes group living in diurnal primates. As large body size renders some protection against predators, gregariousness of great apes and other large primate species is usually related to other parameters. The low frequency of observed cases of nonhuman predation on great apes seems to support this assumption. However, recent efforts to study potential predator species have increasingly accumulated direct and indirect evidence of predation by leopards (Panthera pardus) on chimPanzees and gorillas. The following report provides the first evidence of predation by a leopard on bonobos (Pan Paniscus).
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Dynamics in social organization of bonobos (Pan Paniscus)
Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos, 2002Co-Authors: Gottfried Hohmann, Barbara FruthAbstract:INTRODUCTION In the last 20 years, chimPanzee ( Pan troglodytes ) and bonobo ( Pan Paniscus ) research has produced contrasting pictures of these two sister species. ChimPanzee society has been characterized as male dominated and structured by a linear hierarchy amongst males, with more egalitarian relations amongst females. Male dominance rank is often based on alliances with other males and exerted by intense aggression (Riss & Goodall 1977; Goodall 1986; McGrew 1996; Watts 1998). Parous females, except when they are in oestrus, tend to avoid travelling with males in order to prevent aggression and to improve their foraging efficiency (Williams et al ., Chapter 14; Wrangham, Chapter 15). Consequently, parties are relatively small and often male biased (Nishida 1979; Wrangham 1986; Wrangham et al . 1992; Boesch & Boesch-Achermann 2000). In comparison, bonobo society is characterized by egalitarian relations between the sexes (Furuichi 1997) and females may collaborate to defend food sources against males (Idani 1991; Parish 1994; Hohmann & Fruth 1996;Vervaecke et al ., 2000). Males establish dominance relationships with each other but aggression amongst males and between the sexes is less intense than in chimPanzees, and conflicts are often settled in a non-agonistic way (Furuichi & Ihobe 1994; de Waal 1995). Compared to chimPanzees, bonobo parties are large and biased towards females. Recently, the behavioural contrasts between the two Pan species have been questioned (Stanford 1998) for various reasons. These include scarcity of information from wild bonobos, and the failure to compare data from wild chimPanzees with what is known from studies of captive bonobos. The goal of this chapter is to address these issues by providing new data on the social organization of wild bonobos.
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amplification of hypervariable simple sequence repeats microsatellites from excremental dna of wild living bonobos Pan Paniscus
Molecular Ecology, 1995Co-Authors: Ulrike Gerloff, Gottfried Hohmann, Barbara Fruth, Christian Schlotterer, K Rassmann, I Rambold, Diethard TautzAbstract:We show that nuclear DNA extracted from faeces of free living bonobos (Pan Paniscus) can be used to amplify hypervariable simple sequence repeats, which can be used for paternity analysis and kinship studies. Of 130 DNA extractions of samples from 33 different animals, about two-thirds yielded PCR products at the first attempt. For several samples only a second extraction resulted in positive amplifications. Consistency tests revealed that in some cases only one of the two alleles was amplified. Presumably this is due to a very limited amount of bonobo DNA in the sample and we suggest therefore that a sample found to be homozygous at a given locus should be typed repeatedly for verification.
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Structure and use of distance calls in wild bonobos (Pan Paniscus)
International Journal of Primatology, 1994Co-Authors: Gottfried Hohmann, Barbara FruthAbstract:We report the physical structure and use of a distance call (high-hoot) by wild bonobos (Pan Paniscus).Although spectrographic analyses reveal high structural variability, the total sample can be subdivided according to the composition of units—the presence or absence of an initial segment—and the range of the lowest harmonic. Analyses of samples from male—female pairs,vocalizing simultaneously and in close proximity, reveal that both animals utter calls in more or less precise temporal alternation but with different spectral ranges. Whether these differences are gender-specific or related to other factors, such as age or the social relations between particular individuals, is not clear. We suggest that (a) individuals of the same party may coordinate their vocal activity on both the temporal and the spectral level and (b) high hootings stimulate emission of equal vocalizations by members of other parties and may increase cohesion among community members. Comparison of a restricted number of spectrograms from known individuals indicates that bonobos may be able to adjust spectral parameters of one type of distance calls (high- hoot) according to corresponding calls of conspecifics.
Josep Call - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ChimPanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan Paniscus) quantify split solid objects
Animal Cognition, 2013Co-Authors: Trix Cacchione, Christine Hrubesch, Josep CallAbstract:Recent research suggests that gorillas’ and orangutans’ object representations survive cohesion violations (e.g., a split of a solid object into two halves), but that their processing of quantities may be affected by them. We assessed chimPanzees’ ( Pan troglodytes ) and bonobos’ ( Pan Paniscus ) reactions to various fission events in the same series of action tasks modelled after infant studies previously run on gorillas and orangutans (Cacchione and Call in Cognition 116:193–203, 2010b ). Results showed that all four non-human great ape species managed to quantify split objects but that their performance varied as a function of the non-cohesiveness produced in the splitting event. Spatial ambiguity and shape invariance had the greatest impact on apes’ ability to represent and quantify objects. Further, we observed species differences with gorillas performing lower than other species. Finally, we detected a substantial age effect, with ape infants below 6 years of age being outperformed by both juvenile/adolescent and adult apes.
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What do bonobos (Pan Paniscus) understand about physical contact
Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Anne E. Helme, Josep Call, Nicola S. Clayton, Nathan J. EmeryAbstract:The present study aimed to test what bonobos (Pan Paniscus) understand about contact. The task consisted of a clear horizontal tube containing a piece of food and a stick with a disk attached. The bonobos chose which side to push or pull the stick for the disk to contact the food and make it accessible. There were 9 variations in tube design, which differed in the positions of the stick, disk, and food. All 5 bonobos passed at least 1 configuration. A recent study (A. E. Helme, N. S. Clayton, & N. J. Emery, 2006) found that rooks could learn only tube configurations that provided an asymmetrical stick cue, whereas bonobos did not demonstrate an understanding of contact but showed more individual variation, attending to the positions of the food, disk, and stick.
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piagetian liquid conservation in the great apes Pan Paniscus Pan troglodytes and pongo pygmaeus
Journal of Comparative Psychology, 2004Co-Authors: Chikako Suda, Josep CallAbstract:An understanding of Piagetian liquid conservation was investigated in 4 bonobos (Pan Paniscus), 5 chimPanzees (Pan troglodytes), and 5 orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). The apes were tested in the ability to track the larger of 2 quantities of juice that had undergone various kinds of transformations. The accuracy of the apes' judgment depended on the shape or number of containers into which the larger quantity was transferred. The apes made their choice mainly on the basis of visual estimation but showed modest success when the quantities were occluded. The results suggest that the apes rely to a greater extent on visual information, although they might have some appreciation of the constancy of liquid quantities.
