The Experts below are selected from a list of 6678 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Charles L Nunn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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potential Parasite Transmission in multi host networks based on Parasite sharing
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Shai Pilosof, Serge Morand, Boris R Krasnov, Charles L NunnAbstract:Epidemiological networks are commonly used to explore dynamics of Parasite Transmission among individuals in a population of a given host species. However, many Parasites infect multiple host species, and thus multi-host networks may offer a better framework for investigating Parasite dynamics. We investigated the factors that influence Parasite sharing – and thus potential Transmission pathways – among rodent hosts in Southeast Asia. We focused on differences between networks of a single host species and networks that involve multiple host species. In host-Parasite networks, modularity (the extent to which the network is divided into subgroups of rodents that interact with similar Parasites) was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. This suggests that phylogeny affects patterns of Parasite sharing, which was confirmed in analyses showing that it predicted affiliation of individuals to modules. We then constructed “potential Transmission networks” based on the host-Parasite networks, in which edges depict the similarity between a pair of individuals in the Parasites they share. The centrality of individuals in these networks differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual characteristics influencing their position in the networks. Simulations further revealed that Parasite dynamics differed between multi- and single-species networks. We conclude that multi-host networks based on Parasite sharing can provide new insights into the potential for Transmission among hosts in an ecological community. In addition, the factors that determine the nature of Parasite sharing (i.e. structure of the host-Parasite network) may impact Transmission patterns.
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Potential Parasite Transmission in multi-host networks based on Parasite sharing
2014Co-Authors: Shai Pilosof, Serge Morand, Boris R Krasnov, Charles L NunnAbstract:Epidemiological networks are commonly used to explore dynamics of Parasite Transmission among individuals in a population of a given host species. However, many Parasites infect multiple host species, and thus multi-host networks may offer a better framework for investigating Parasite dynamics. We investigated the factors that influence Parasite sharing – and thus potential Transmission pathways – among rodent hosts in Southeast Asia. We focused on differences between networks of a single host species and networks that involve multiple host species. In host-Parasite networks, modularity (the extent to which the network is divided to subgroups composed of individuals that interact more among themselves than with individuals outside the subgroup) was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. This suggests that phylogeny affects patterns of Parasite sharing, which was confirmed in analyses showing that it predicted affiliation of individuals to modules. We then constructed “potential Transmission networks” based on the host-Parasite networks, in which edges depict the number of Parasites shared between a pair of individuals. The centrality of individuals in these networks differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual characteristics influencing their position in the networks. Simulations further revealed that Parasite dynamics differed between multi- and single-species networks. We conclude that multi-host networks based on Parasite sharing can provide new insights into the potential for Transmission among hosts in an ecological community. In addition, the factors that determine the nature of Parasite sharing (i.e. structure of the host-Parasite network) may impact Transmission patterns.
Norman A Ratcliffe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gut microbiota and Parasite Transmission by insect vectors
Trends in Parasitology, 2005Co-Authors: Patricia Azambuja, Eloi S. Garcia, Norman A RatcliffeAbstract:In the gut of some insect vectors, Parasites ingested with the bloodmeal decrease in number before coming into contact with host tissues. Many factors could be responsible for this reduction in Parasite number but the potentially important role of the large communities of naturally occurring microorganisms that exist alongside the newly ingested Parasites in the vector midgut has been largely overlooked. Some previous reports exist of the inhibition of Parasite development by vector gut microbiota and of the killing of Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium spp. by prodigiosin produced by bacteria. Based on this evidence, we believe that the microbiota present in the midgut of vector insects could have important roles as determinants of Parasite survival and development in insect vector hosts and, therefore, contribute to the modulation of vector competence for many important diseases.
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Gut microbiota and Parasite Transmission by insect vectors
Trends in Parasitology, 2005Co-Authors: Patricia Azambuja, Eloi S. Garcia, Norman A RatcliffeAbstract:In the gut of some insect vectors, Parasites ingested with the bloodmeal decrease in number before coming into contact with host tissues. Many factors could be responsible for this reduction in Parasite number but the potentially important role of the large communities of naturally occurring microorganisms that exist alongside the newly ingested Parasites in the vector midgut has been largely overlooked. Some previous reports exist of the inhibition of Parasite development by vector gut microbiota and of the killing of Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium spp. by prodigiosin produced by bacteria. Based on this evidence, we believe that the microbiota present in the midgut of vector insects could have important roles as determinants of Parasite survival and development in insect vector hosts and, therefore, contribute to the modulation of vector competence for many important diseases. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Shai Pilosof - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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potential Parasite Transmission in multi host networks based on Parasite sharing
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Shai Pilosof, Serge Morand, Boris R Krasnov, Charles L NunnAbstract:Epidemiological networks are commonly used to explore dynamics of Parasite Transmission among individuals in a population of a given host species. However, many Parasites infect multiple host species, and thus multi-host networks may offer a better framework for investigating Parasite dynamics. We investigated the factors that influence Parasite sharing – and thus potential Transmission pathways – among rodent hosts in Southeast Asia. We focused on differences between networks of a single host species and networks that involve multiple host species. In host-Parasite networks, modularity (the extent to which the network is divided into subgroups of rodents that interact with similar Parasites) was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. This suggests that phylogeny affects patterns of Parasite sharing, which was confirmed in analyses showing that it predicted affiliation of individuals to modules. We then constructed “potential Transmission networks” based on the host-Parasite networks, in which edges depict the similarity between a pair of individuals in the Parasites they share. The centrality of individuals in these networks differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual characteristics influencing their position in the networks. Simulations further revealed that Parasite dynamics differed between multi- and single-species networks. We conclude that multi-host networks based on Parasite sharing can provide new insights into the potential for Transmission among hosts in an ecological community. In addition, the factors that determine the nature of Parasite sharing (i.e. structure of the host-Parasite network) may impact Transmission patterns.
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Potential Parasite Transmission in multi-host networks based on Parasite sharing
2014Co-Authors: Shai Pilosof, Serge Morand, Boris R Krasnov, Charles L NunnAbstract:Epidemiological networks are commonly used to explore dynamics of Parasite Transmission among individuals in a population of a given host species. However, many Parasites infect multiple host species, and thus multi-host networks may offer a better framework for investigating Parasite dynamics. We investigated the factors that influence Parasite sharing – and thus potential Transmission pathways – among rodent hosts in Southeast Asia. We focused on differences between networks of a single host species and networks that involve multiple host species. In host-Parasite networks, modularity (the extent to which the network is divided to subgroups composed of individuals that interact more among themselves than with individuals outside the subgroup) was higher in the multi-species than in the single-species networks. This suggests that phylogeny affects patterns of Parasite sharing, which was confirmed in analyses showing that it predicted affiliation of individuals to modules. We then constructed “potential Transmission networks” based on the host-Parasite networks, in which edges depict the number of Parasites shared between a pair of individuals. The centrality of individuals in these networks differed between multi- and single-species networks, with species identity and individual characteristics influencing their position in the networks. Simulations further revealed that Parasite dynamics differed between multi- and single-species networks. We conclude that multi-host networks based on Parasite sharing can provide new insights into the potential for Transmission among hosts in an ecological community. In addition, the factors that determine the nature of Parasite sharing (i.e. structure of the host-Parasite network) may impact Transmission patterns.
Domenico Otranto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Feline lungworms unlock a novel mode of Parasite Transmission
Scientific Reports, 2015Co-Authors: Vito Colella, Alessio Giannelli, Emanuele Brianti, Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos, Cinzia Cantacessi, Filipe Dantas-torres, Domenico OtrantoAbstract:Snail-borne lungworms exert an enormous toll on the health and welfare of animals and humans. Of these Parasites, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior affect the respiratory tract of felids. These lungworms share both the ecological niche and the species of snail ( Helix aspersa ) acting as intermediate host. Recently, the ability of H. aspersa to shed infective third-stage larvae (L3s) of A. abstrusus and T. brevior in the environment has been demonstrated, matching previous knowledge of mode of Transmission of zoonotic lungworms. Here, we evaluated, for the first time, the ability of A. abstrusus and T. brevior L3s to infect new, susceptible snail hosts following their release from experimentally infected molluscs and refer to this novel route of Parasite Transmission as intermediesis. The implications of snail-to-snail Transmission in the epidemiology of snail-borne diseases are also discussed.
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Feline lungworms unlock a novel mode of Parasite Transmission
Scientific Reports, 2015Co-Authors: Vito Colella, Alessio Giannelli, Emanuele Brianti, Rafael Antonio Nascimento Ramos, Cinzia Cantacessi, Filipe Dantas-torres, Domenico OtrantoAbstract:Snail-borne lungworms exert an enormous toll on the health and welfare of animals and humans. Of these Parasites, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Troglostrongylus brevior affect the respiratory tract of felids. These lungworms share both the ecological niche and the species of snail (Helix aspersa) acting as intermediate host. Recently, the ability of H. aspersa to shed infective third-stage larvae (L3s) of A. abstrusus and T. brevior in the environment has been demonstrated, matching previous knowledge of mode of Transmission of zoonotic lungworms. Here, we evaluated, for the first time, the ability of A. abstrusus and T. brevior L3s to infect new, susceptible snail hosts following their release from experimentally infected molluscs, and refer to this novel route of Parasite Transmission as intermediesis. The implications of snail-to-snail Transmission in the epidemiology of snail-borne diseases are also discussed. Gastropod-borne diseases exert an enormous socio-economic impact on human and animal populations 1 . Based on recent estimates, > 300 million people are affected by a wide range of snail-borne
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Parasite Transmission by insects: a female affair?
Trends in Parasitology, 2008Co-Authors: Domenico Otranto, Cinzia Cantacessi, Jamie R. Stevens, Robin B. GasserAbstract:Understanding the relationship between the gender of insects and their ability to act as vectors of insect-borne diseases (IBDs) could provide clues as to the origin of the intimate interplay among insect, pathogen and vertebrate hosts. The vector activity of several species of blood-feeding insects is linked to adult females. Interestingly, the only known exception is the Transmission of canine and human thelaziosis by a male dipteran fly. This biological difference raises the question as to whether the parasitic behaviour of male and female insects transmitting IBDs is an expression of a co-evolution of vectors and pathogens.
Kris A Murray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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global change Parasite Transmission and disease control lessons from ecology
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2017Co-Authors: Joanne Cable, Eric R. Morgan, Iain Barber, B Boag, Amy R Ellison, Kris A Murray, Emily L Pascoe, Steven M Sait, Anthony J Wilson, Mark BoothAbstract:Parasitic infections are ubiquitous in wildlife, livestock and human populations, and healthy ecosystems are often Parasite rich. Yet, their negative impacts can be extreme. Understanding how both anticipated and cryptic changes in a system might affect Parasite Transmission at an individual, local and global level, is critical for sustainable control in humans and livestock. Here we highlight and synthesise evidence regarding potential effects of ‘system changes’ (both climatic and anthropogenic) on Parasite Transmission from wild host-Parasite systems. Such information could inform more efficient and sustainable Parasite control programmes in domestic animals or humans. Many examples from diverse terrestrial and aquatic natural systems show how abiotic and biotic factors affected by system changes can interact additively, multiplicatively or antagonistically to influence Parasite Transmission, including through altered habitat structure, biodiversity, host demographics and evolution. Despite this, few studies of managed systems explicitly consider these higher-order interactions, or the subsequent effects of Parasite evolution, which can conceal or exaggerate measured impacts of control actions. We call for a more integrated approach to investigating Transmission dynamics, which recognizes these complexities and makes use of new technologies for data capture and monitoring, and to support robust predictions of altered Parasite dynamics in a rapidly changing world.
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network structure and Parasite Transmission in a group living lizard the gidgee skink egernia stokesii
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 2009Co-Authors: Stephanie S Godfrey, Kris A Murray, Michael C Bull, Richard JamesAbstract:Gidgee skinks (Egernia stokesii) form large social aggregations in rocky outcrops across the Flinders Ranges in South Australia. Group members share refuges (rock crevices), which may promote Parasite Transmission. We measured connectivity of individuals in networks constructed from patterns of common crevice use and observed patterns of parasitism by three blood Parasites (Hemolivia, Schellackia and Plasmodium) and an ectoparasitic tick (Amblyomma vikirri). Data came from a 1-year mark-recapture study of four populations. Transmission networks were constructed to represent possible Transmission pathways among lizards. Two lizards that used the same refuge within an estimated Transmission period were considered connected in the Transmission network. An edge was placed between them, directed towards the individual that occupied the crevice last. Social networks, a sub-set of same-day only associations, were small and highly fragmented compared with Transmission networks, suggesting that non-synchronous crevice use leads to more Transmission opportunities than direct social association. In Transmission networks, lizards infested by ticks were connected to more other tick-infested lizards than uninfected lizards. Lizards infected by ticks and carrying multiple blood Parasite infections were in more connected positions in the network than lizards without ticks or with one or no blood Parasites. Our findings suggest higher levels of network connectivity may increase the risk of becoming infected or that Parasites influence lizard behaviour and consequently their position in the network.
