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Jonathan W Martin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pfos or prefos are Perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors prefos important determinants of human and environmental Perfluorooctane sulfonate pfos exposure
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2010Co-Authors: Jonathan W Martin, Jonathan P. Benskin, Brian J Asher, Sanjay Beesoon, Matthew S RossAbstract:The extent to which Perfluorooctanesulfonate precursors (PreFOS) play a role in human or environmental exposure to Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is not well characterized. The diversity of manufactured PreFOS and its degradation products (e.g. C(8)F(17)SO(2)R and C(8)F(17)SO(2)NR'R'', where R is H or F, and R' and R'' are various) has made it difficult to track their fate. Temporal trends of PFOS in both humans and wildlife are discrepant, thus it is difficult to predict future exposure, and hypotheses about the role of PreFOS have been raised. Although abiotic degradation of commercially important PreFOS materials requires further research, current data suggest that the yield of PFOS is negligible or minor. On the other hand, in vivo biotransformation of PreFOS yields PFOS as the major metabolite, and >32% yields have been observed. In Canadians, exposure to PreFOS was equivalent or greater than direct PFOS exposure prior to 2002. In most ocean water, PFOS is dominant to PreFOS, but in the oceans east of Greenland there may be more PreFOS than PFOS, consistent with the fact that whales and humans in this region also show evidence of substantial PreFOS exposure. Quantitative assessments of PFOS body-burdens coming from PreFOS are complicated by the fact that PreFOS partitions to the cellular fraction of blood, thus biomonitoring in serum under predicts PreFOS relative to PFOS. Many unknowns exist that prevent accurate modelling, thus analytical methods that can distinguish directly manufactured PFOS, from PFOS that has been biotransformed from PreFOS, should be applied in future human and environmental monitoring. Two new source tracking principles are presented and applied to human serum.
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simultaneous characterization of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate sulfonate and sulfonamide isomers by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Jonathan P. Benskin, Mahmoud Bataineh, Jonathan W MartinAbstract:A comprehensive method was developed to simultaneously separate and detect perfluorinated acid (PFA) and PFA-precursor isomers using liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS). A linear perfluorooctyl stationary phase and acidified mobile phase increased separation efficiency, relative to alkyl stationary phases, for the many perfluoroalkyl carboxylate (PFCA), perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (PFSA), and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide (PFOSA) isomers and in combination with their distinct MS/MS transitions allowed full resolution of most isomers in standards. Utilizing the absence of the “9-series” and “0-series” product ions, several Perfluorooctane sulfonate (C8F17SO3-, PFOS) isomers were structurally elucidated. In human serum, only Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (C8F17SO2NH2, FOSA) and PFOS consisted of significant quantities of branched isomers, whereas PFCAs were predominantly linear. Interferences that coelute with the m/z 499 → 80 transition of PFOS on alkyl stationary phases were simultaneously s...
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polyfluorinated telomer alcohols and sulfonamides in the north american troposphere
Environmental Science & Technology, 2004Co-Authors: Naomi L Stock, Derek C G Muir, Jonathan W Martin, David A Ellis, Fiona Lau, Scott A MaburyAbstract:In 2001, a sampling campaign was conducted in six North American citiesReno, NV; Griffin, GA; Cleves, OH; Winnipeg, MB; Long Point, ON; and Toronto, ONto investigate the tropospheric distribution of a suite of polyfluorinated alcohols and amides. Analysis via gas chromatography−chemical ionization−mass spectrometry indicated that both polyfluorinated sulfonamides and fluorinated telomer alcohols (FTOHs) are widely distributed throughout the North American troposphere with mean concentrations ranging from 22 to 403 pg/m3 and from 11 to 165 pg/m3 respectively. The dominant polyfluorinated contaminant was dependent on sampling location. Large mean concentrations of N-methyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (359 pg/m3) and N-ethyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (199 pg/m3) identified in Griffin and Reno, respectively, may indicate the release of polyfluorinated sulfonamides to the environment through paper and carpet treatment processes. The nonuniform nature of the spatial distribution of both polyfluo...
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collection of airborne fluorinated organics and analysis by gas chromatography chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Jonathan W Martin, Derek C G Muir, Cheryl A Moody, David A Ellis, Wai Chi Kwan, Keith R Solomon, Scott A MaburyAbstract:The ubiquitous detection of Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in humans and animals has produced a need for sensitive and compound-specific analytical methods to determine the environmental distribu...
Jonathan P. Benskin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biodegradation of n ethyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol etfose and etfose based phosphate diester sampap diester in marine sediments
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Jonathan P. Benskin, Michael G. Ikonomou, Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Timothy H. Begley, Million B. Woudneh, John R. CosgroveAbstract:Investigations into the biodegradation potential of Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)-precursor candidates have focused on low molecular weight substances (e.g., N-ethyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol (EtFOSE)) in wastewater treatment plant sludge. Few data are available on PFOS-precursor biodegradation in other environmental compartments, and nothing is known about the stability of high-molecular-weight Perfluorooctane sulfonamide-based substances such as the EtFOSE-based phosphate diester (SAmPAP diester) in any environmental compartment. In the present work, the biodegradation potential of SAmPAP diester and EtFOSE by bacteria in marine sediments was evaluated over 120 days at 4 and 25 °C. At both temperatures, EtFOSE was transformed to a suite of products, including N-ethyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetate, Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetate, N-ethyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamide, Perfluorooctane sulfonamide, and Perfluorooctane sulfonate. Transformation was significantly more rapid at 25 °C (t(1/2) = 44 ± 3.4 days; error represents standard error of the mean (SEM)) compared to 4 °C (t(1/2) = 160 ± 17 days), but much longer than previous biodegradation studies involving EtFOSE in sludge (t(1/2) ∼0.7-4.2 days). In contrast, SAmPAP diester was highly recalcitrant to microbial degradation, with negligible loss and/or associated product formation observed after 120 days at both temperatures, and an estimated half-life of >380 days at 25 °C (estimated using the lower bounds 95% confidence interval of the slope). We hypothesize that the hydrophobicity of SAmPAP diester reduces its bioavailability, thus limiting biotransformation by bacteria in sediments. The lengthy biodegradation half-life of EtFOSE and recalcitrant nature of SAmPAP diester in part explains the elevated concentrations of PFOS-precursors observed in urban marine sediments from Canada, Japan, and the U.S, over a decade after phase-out of their production and commercial application in these countries.
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observation of a novel pfos precursor the Perfluorooctane sulfonamido ethanol based phosphate sampap diester in marine sediments
Environmental Science & Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Jonathan P. Benskin, Michael G. Ikonomou, Frank A. P. C. Gobas, Million B. Woudneh, John R. CosgroveAbstract:The environmental occurrence of Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) can arise from its direct use as well as from transformation of precursors ((N-alkyl substituted) Perfluorooctane sulfonamides; FOSAMs). Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol-based phosphate (SAmPAP) esters are among numerous potential PFOS-precursors which have not been previously detected in the environment and for which little is known about their stability. Based on their high production volume during the 1970s–2002 and widespread use in food contact paper and packaging, SAmPAP esters may be potentially significant sources of PFOS. Here we report for the first time on the environmental occurrence of SAmPAP diester in marine sediments from an urbanized marine harbor in Vancouver, Canada. SAmPAP diester concentrations in sediment (40–200 pg/g dry weight) were similar to those of PFOS (71–180 pg/g). A significant (p < 0.05) correlation was observed between SAmPAP diester and N-ethyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamido acetate (an anticipated degradati...
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pfos or prefos are Perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors prefos important determinants of human and environmental Perfluorooctane sulfonate pfos exposure
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2010Co-Authors: Jonathan W Martin, Jonathan P. Benskin, Brian J Asher, Sanjay Beesoon, Matthew S RossAbstract:The extent to which Perfluorooctanesulfonate precursors (PreFOS) play a role in human or environmental exposure to Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is not well characterized. The diversity of manufactured PreFOS and its degradation products (e.g. C(8)F(17)SO(2)R and C(8)F(17)SO(2)NR'R'', where R is H or F, and R' and R'' are various) has made it difficult to track their fate. Temporal trends of PFOS in both humans and wildlife are discrepant, thus it is difficult to predict future exposure, and hypotheses about the role of PreFOS have been raised. Although abiotic degradation of commercially important PreFOS materials requires further research, current data suggest that the yield of PFOS is negligible or minor. On the other hand, in vivo biotransformation of PreFOS yields PFOS as the major metabolite, and >32% yields have been observed. In Canadians, exposure to PreFOS was equivalent or greater than direct PFOS exposure prior to 2002. In most ocean water, PFOS is dominant to PreFOS, but in the oceans east of Greenland there may be more PreFOS than PFOS, consistent with the fact that whales and humans in this region also show evidence of substantial PreFOS exposure. Quantitative assessments of PFOS body-burdens coming from PreFOS are complicated by the fact that PreFOS partitions to the cellular fraction of blood, thus biomonitoring in serum under predicts PreFOS relative to PFOS. Many unknowns exist that prevent accurate modelling, thus analytical methods that can distinguish directly manufactured PFOS, from PFOS that has been biotransformed from PreFOS, should be applied in future human and environmental monitoring. Two new source tracking principles are presented and applied to human serum.
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simultaneous characterization of perfluoroalkyl carboxylate sulfonate and sulfonamide isomers by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry, 2007Co-Authors: Jonathan P. Benskin, Mahmoud Bataineh, Jonathan W MartinAbstract:A comprehensive method was developed to simultaneously separate and detect perfluorinated acid (PFA) and PFA-precursor isomers using liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS). A linear perfluorooctyl stationary phase and acidified mobile phase increased separation efficiency, relative to alkyl stationary phases, for the many perfluoroalkyl carboxylate (PFCA), perfluoroalkyl sulfonate (PFSA), and perfluorooctyl sulfonamide (PFOSA) isomers and in combination with their distinct MS/MS transitions allowed full resolution of most isomers in standards. Utilizing the absence of the “9-series” and “0-series” product ions, several Perfluorooctane sulfonate (C8F17SO3-, PFOS) isomers were structurally elucidated. In human serum, only Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (C8F17SO2NH2, FOSA) and PFOS consisted of significant quantities of branched isomers, whereas PFCAs were predominantly linear. Interferences that coelute with the m/z 499 → 80 transition of PFOS on alkyl stationary phases were simultaneously s...
Rune Dietz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative hepatic in vitro depletion and metabolite formation of major Perfluorooctane sulfonate precursors in arctic polar bear beluga whale and ringed seal
Chemosphere, 2014Co-Authors: Robert J Letcher, Melissa A Mckinney, Shaogang Chu, Gregg T Tomy, Christian Sonne, Rune DietzAbstract:Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been reported to be among the most concentrated persistent organic pollutants in Arctic marine wildlife. The present study examined the in vitro depletion of major PFOS precursors, N-ethyl-Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-EtFOSA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), as well as metabolite formation using an assay based on enzymatically viable liver microsomes for three top Arctic marine mammalian predators, polar bear (Ursus maritimus), beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas), and ringed seal (Pusa hispida), and in laboratory rat (Rattus rattus) serving as a general mammalian model and positive control. Rat assays showed that N-EtFOSA (38 nM or 150 ng mL(-1)) to FOSA metabolism was >90% complete after 10 min, and at a rate of 23 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein. Examining all species in a full 90 min incubation assay, there was >95% N-EtFOSA depletion for the rat active control and polar bear microsomes, ∼65% for ringed seals, and negligible depletion of N-EtFOSA for beluga whale. Concomitantly, the corresponding in vitro formation of FOSA from N-EtFOSA was also quantitatively rat≈polar bear>ringed seal>>>beluga whale. A lack of enzymatic ability and/or a rate too slow to be detected likely explains the lack of N-EtFOSA to FOSA transformation for beluga whale. In the same assays, the depletion of the FOSA metabolite was insignificant (p>0.01) and with no concomitant formation of PFOS metabolite. This suggests that, in part, a source of FOSA is the biotransformation of accumulated N-EtFOSA in free-ranging Arctic ringed seal and polar bear.
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brain region distribution and patterns of bioaccumulative perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates in east greenland polar bears ursus maritimus
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Alana K Greaves, Robert J Letcher, Christian Sonne, Rune DietzAbstract:The present study investigated the comparative accumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in eight brain regions of polar bears (Ursus maritimus, n = 19) collected in 2006 from Scoresby Sound, East Greenland. The PFAAs studied were perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs, C6–C15 chain lengths) and sulfonates (C4, C6, C8, and C10 chain lengths) as well as selected precursors including Perfluorooctane sulfonamide. On a wet-weight basis, blood–brain barrier transport of PFAAs occurred for all brain regions, although inner regions of the brain closer to incoming blood flow (pons/medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus) contained consistently higher PFAA concentrations compared to outer brain regions (cerebellum, striatum, and frontal, occipital, and temporal cortices). For pons/medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus, the most concentrated PFAAs were Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), ranging from 47 to 58 ng/g wet weight, and perfluorotridecanoic acid, ranging from 43 to 49 ng/g wet weight. However, PFOS and the longer-chain PFCAs (C10–C15) were significantly (p 0.05) different among brain regions. The burden of the sum of PFCAs, perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, and Perfluorooctane sulfonamide in the brain (average mass, 392 g) was estimated to be 46 µg. The present study demonstrates that both PFCAs and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates cross the blood–brain barrier in polar bears and that wet-weight concentrations are brain region–specific. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:713–722. © 2012 SETAC
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temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in ringed seal phoca hispida from greenland
Environmental Science & Technology, 2005Co-Authors: Rossana Bossi, Frank F Riget, Rune DietzAbstract:Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related compounds, have been identified as global pollutants and have shown their bioaccumulation into higher trophic levels in the food chain. PFCs have been found in remote areas far from sources, such as the Arctic. In this study spatial and temporal trends in the concentrations of selected PFCs were measured using archived liver samples of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from East and West Greenland. The samples were collected in four different years at each location, between 1986 and 2003 in East Greenland and between 1982 and 2003 in West Greenland. PFOS was the major contributor to the burden of PFCs in samples, followed by perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA). Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were also detected in most samples. Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) were only found sporadically. Perfluorooctanoic acid was not found in detectable concentrations in ...
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preliminary screening of Perfluorooctane sulfonate pfos and other fluorochemicals in fish birds and marine mammals from greenland and the faroe islands
Environmental Pollution, 2005Co-Authors: Rossana Bossi, Christian Sonne, Rune Dietz, Frank Riget, Maria Dam, Patrik Fauser, Katrin VorkampAbstract:Abstract Extensive screening analyses of Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in biota samples from all over the world have identified PFOS as a global pollutant and have shown its bioaccumulation into higher trophic levels in the food chain. Perfluorinated compounds have been found in remote areas as the Arctic. In this study a preliminary screening of PFOS and related compounds has been performed in liver samples of fish, birds and marine mammals from Greenland and the Faroe Islands. PFOS was the predominant fluorochemical in the biota analyzed, followed by Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA). PFOS was found at concentrations above LOQ (10 ng/g wet weight) in 13 out of 16 samples from Greenland and in all samples from the Faroe Islands. The results from Greenland showed a biomagnification of PFOS along the marine food chain (shorthorn sculpin
Urs Berger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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increasing concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids in scandinavian otters lutra lutra between 1972 and 2011 a new threat to the otter population
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Anna Roos, Urs Berger, Ulf Jarnberg, Jiska Joanneke Van Dijk, Anders BignertAbstract:Liver samples from 140 otters (Lutra lutra) from Sweden and Norway were analyzed for 10 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C6–C15), 4 perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs; C4,C6,C8,C10) and Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the dominant compound accounting for approximately 80% of the fluorinated contaminants and showing concentrations up to 16 μg/g wet weight. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was the dominant PFCA (up to 640 ng/g wet weight) closely followed by the C10 and C11 homologues. A spatial comparison between otters from southwestern Norway, southern and northern Sweden sampled between 2005 and 2011 revealed that the samples from southern Sweden had generally the largest contaminant load, but two PFCAs and FOSA were higher concentrated in the Norwegian samples. A temporal trend study was performed on otters from southern Sweden collected between 1972 and 2011. Seven PFCAs (C8–C14), PFOS and perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (PFDS) showed significantly inc...
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increasing concentrations of perfluoroalkyl acids in scandinavian otters lutra lutra between 1972 and 2011 a new threat to the otter population
Environmental Science & Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Anna Roos, Urs Berger, Ulf Jarnberg, Jiska Joanneke Van Dijk, Anders BignertAbstract:Liver samples from 140 otters (Lutra lutra) from Sweden and Norway were analyzed for 10 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs; C6-C15), 4 perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs; C4,C6,C8,C10) and Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was the dominant compound accounting for approximately 80% of the fluorinated contaminants and showing concentrations up to 16 μg/g wet weight. Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) was the dominant PFCA (up to 640 ng/g wet weight) closely followed by the C10 and C11 homologues. A spatial comparison between otters from southwestern Norway, southern and northern Sweden sampled between 2005 and 2011 revealed that the samples from southern Sweden had generally the largest contaminant load, but two PFCAs and FOSA were higher concentrated in the Norwegian samples. A temporal trend study was performed on otters from southern Sweden collected between 1972 and 2011. Seven PFCAs (C8-C14), PFOS and perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (PFDS) showed significantly increasing trends with doubling times between 5.5 and 13 years. The PFCAs also showed significantly increasing trends over the period 2002 to 2011. These findings together with the exceptionally high liver concentrations of PFOS are of great concern for the Scandinavian otter populations.
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perfluorinated alkyl acids in blood serum from primiparous women in sweden serial sampling during pregnancy and nursing and temporal trends 1996 2010
Environmental Science & Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Anders Glynn, Urs Berger, Shahid Ullah, Marie Aune, Sanna Lignell, Per Ola DarnerudAbstract:We investigated temporal trends of blood serum levels of 13 perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in primiparous women (N = 413) from Uppsala County, Sweden, sampled 3 weeks after delivery 1996–2010. Levels of the short-chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) increased 11%/y and 8.3%/y, respectively, and levels of the long-chain perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) increased 4.3%/y and 3.8%/y, respectively. Concomitantly, levels of FOSA (22%/y), Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 8.4%/y), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS, 10%/y), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, 3.1%/y) decreased. Thus, one or several sources of exposure to the latter compounds have been reduced or eliminated, whereas exposure to the former compounds has recently increased. We explored if maternal levels of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA during the early nursing period are representative for the fetal development period, using serial maternal serum samples, includ...
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perfluorinated alkyl acids in blood serum from primiparous women in sweden serial sampling during pregnancy and nursing and temporal trends 1996 2010
Environmental Science & Technology, 2012Co-Authors: Anders Glynn, Urs Berger, Anders Bignert, Shahid Ullah, Marie Aune, Sanna Lignell, Per Ola DarnerudAbstract:We investigated temporal trends of blood serum levels of 13 perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in primiparous women (N = 413) from Uppsala County, Sweden, sampled 3 weeks after delivery 1996-2010. Levels of the short-chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) increased 11%/y and 8.3%/y, respectively, and levels of the long-chain perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) increased 4.3%/y and 3.8%/y, respectively. Concomitantly, levels of FOSA (22%/y), Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 8.4%/y), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS, 10%/y), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, 3.1%/y) decreased. Thus, one or several sources of exposure to the latter compounds have been reduced or eliminated, whereas exposure to the former compounds has recently increased. We explored if maternal levels of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA during the early nursing period are representative for the fetal development period, using serial maternal serum samples, including cord blood (N = 19). PFAA levels in maternal serum sampled during pregnancy and the nursing period as well as in cord blood were strongly correlated. Strongest correlations between cord blood levels and maternal levels were observed for maternal serum sampled shortly before or after the delivery (r = 0.70-0.89 for PFOS and PFOA). A similar pattern was observed for PFNA, although the correlations were less strong due to levels close to the method detection limit in cord blood.
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a matrix effect free method for reliable quantification of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids at low parts per trillion levels in dietary samples
Journal of Chromatography A, 2012Co-Authors: Robin Vestergren, Shahid Ullah, Ian T Cousins, Urs BergerAbstract:In recent exposure modeling studies diet has been identified as the dominant pathway of human exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). However, the paucit ...
Kurunthachalam Kannan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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perfluorinated compounds and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in great blue heron eggs from three colonies on the mississippi river minnesota
Waterbirds, 2010Co-Authors: Thomas W Custer, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Lin Tao, Se Hun Yun, Annette TrowbridgeAbstract:Abstract. Archived Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) eggs (N = 16) collected in 1993 from three colonies on the Mississippi River in Minnesota were analyzed in 2007 for perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). One of the three colonies, Pig's Eye, was located near a presumed source of PFCs. Based on a multivariate analysis, the pattern of nine PFC concentrations differed significantly between Pig's Eye and the upriver (P = 0.002) and downriver (P = 0.02) colonies; but not between the upriver and downriver colonies (P = 0.25). Mean concentrations of Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), a major PFC compound, were significantly higher at the Pig's Eye colony (geometric mean = 940 ng/g wet weight) than at upriver (60 ng/g wet weight) and downriver (131 ng/g wet weight) colonies. Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations from the Pig's Eye colony are among the highest reported in bird eggs. Concentrations of PFOS in Great Blue Heron eggs from Pig's Eye were well below the toxicit...
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use of newborn screening program blood spots for exposure assessment declining levels of perfluorinated compounds in new york state infants
Environmental Science & Technology, 2008Co-Authors: Henry M Spliethoff, Shannon Shaver, Kenneth M Aldous, Kenneth A Pass, Kurunthachalam Kannan, George EadonAbstract:Temporal biomonitoring studies can assess changes in population exposures to contaminants, but collection of biological specimens with adequate representation and sufficient temporal resolution can be resource-intensive. Newborn Screening Programs (NSPs) collect blood as dried spots on filter paper from nearly all infants born in the United States (U.S.). In this study, we investigated the use of NSP blood spots for temporal biomonitoring by analyzing Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) in 110 New York State (NYS) NSP blood spot composite specimens collected between 1997 and 2007, representing a total of 2640 infants. All analytes were detected in ≥90% of the specimens. Concentrations of PFOS, PFOSA, PFHxS, and PFOA exhibited significant exponential declines after the year 2000, coinciding with the phase-out in PFOS production in the U.S. Calculated disappearance half-live...
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perfluorinated contaminants in sediments and aquatic organisms collected from shallow water and tidal flat areas of the ariake sea japan environmental fate of Perfluorooctane sulfonate in aquatic ecosystems
Environmental Science & Technology, 2006Co-Authors: Haruhiko Nakata, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Tetsuya Nasu, Hyeon Seo Cho, Ewan Sinclair, Akira TakemuraAbstract:Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorononanoate (PFNA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHS), and Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) are widely distributed in aquatic ecosystems. Despite studies reporting the occurrence of PFCs in aquatic organisms, the fate of PFCs in tidal flat and marine coastal ecosystems is not known. In this study, we determined concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHS, and PFOSA in sediments; benthic organisms, including lugworm, mussel, crab, clam, oyster, and mudskipper fish from tidal flat; and shallow water species, such as filefish, bream, flounder, shark, finless porpoise, gull, and mallard collected from the Ariake Sea, Japan. PFOS and PFOA were detected in most of the samples analyzed, followed by PFNA, PFOSA, and PFHS. In shallow water species, PFOS was the dominant contaminant, and elevated concentrations were found in higher trophic level species, such as marine mammals and omnivorous birds. These resu...
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effects of air cell injection of Perfluorooctane sulfonate before incubation on development of the white leghorn chicken gallus domesticus embryo
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2006Co-Authors: Elizabeth D Molina, John P Giesy, Kurunthachalam Kannan, R J Balander, Scott D Fitzgerald, R R Mitchell, Steven J BursianAbstract:Fifty white leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) eggs per group were injected with 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, or 20.0 μg Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)/g egg before incubation to investigate the effects of PFOS on the developing embryo. Hatchlings were weighed, examined for gross developmental abnormalities, and transferred to a battery brooder, where they were raised for 7 d. Chicks were then weighed, and 20 birds per treatment were randomly chosen for necropsy. The brain, heart, kidneys, and liver were removed and weighed. Livers were processed further for determination of PFOS concentrations and histological assessment. Hatchability was reduced significantly in all treatment groups in a dose-dependent manner. The calculated median lethal dose was 4.9 μg PFOS/g egg. Perfluorooctane sulfonate did not affect posthatch body or organ weights. Exposure to PFOS caused pathological changes in the liver characterized by bile duct hyperplasia, periportal inflammation, and hepatic cell necrosis at doses as low as 1.0 μg PFOS/g egg. Perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in the liver increased in a dose-dependent manner. Based on reduced hatchability, the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level was 0.1 μg PFOS/g egg.
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indoor and outdoor air concentrations and phase partitioning of perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Environmental Science & Technology, 2004Co-Authors: Mahiba Shoeib, Michael G. Ikonomou, Tom Harner, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Perfluoroalkyls (PFAs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are two classes of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that are widely used in domestic and workplace products. These compounds also occur in remote locations such as the Arctic where they are accumulated in the food chain. This study makes connections between indoor sources of these chemicals and the potential and mode for their transport in air. In the case of the PFAs, three perfluoralkyl sulfonamides (PFASs) were investigatedN-methyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (MeFOSE), N-ethyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE), and N-methyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamidethylacrylate (MeFOSEA). These are believed to act as precursors that eventually degrade to Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which is detected in samples from remote regions. High-volume samples were collected for indoor and outdoor air to investigate the source signature and strength. Mean indoor air concentrations (pg/m3) were 2590 (MeFOSE), 770 (EtFOSE), and ...