The Experts below are selected from a list of 71976 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Fabrizio Schifano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • β 2 agonists as misusing Drugs assessment of both clenbuterol and salbutamol related european medicines agency pharmacovigilance database reports
    Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Giulia Milano, Stefania Chiappini, Francesca Mattioli, Antonietta Martelli, Fabrizio Schifano
    Abstract:

    A recent years' increase in misusing levels of image- and performance- enhancing Drugs (IPEDs) has been observed. Out of these Drugs, beta-2 agonists have recently emerged for their potential of misuse, especially for slimming and bodybuilding purposes. To this perspective, clenbuterol ('the size zero pill') has been reported as being both popular and widely available from the illegal market. All clenbuterol and salbutamol misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label spontaneous reports (2006-2016) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) EudraVigilance (EV) database were collected and analysed by age range, gender, concomitant therapies and source of information. From the EV database, 55 of a total number of 920 'suspect' misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label ADRs (e.g. 5.97%; corresponding to 25 of 138 individuals) and 1310 of 62,879 ADRs (e.g. 2.08%; corresponding to 474 of 6923 individuals) were, respectively, associated with clenbuterol (typically ingested in combination with a range of anabolic steroids) and salbutamol. Proportional reporting ratio (PRR) value for misuse/abuse ADRs was higher (PRR = 18.38) for clenbuterol in comparison with salbutamol. Clenbuterol misuse/abuse could be a cause for major concern, especially in vulnerable individuals.

Robert W. Fitch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Sports Medicine: Performance-Enhancing Drugs
    Pediatric clinics of North America, 2007
    Co-Authors: Andrew Gregory, Robert W. Fitch
    Abstract:

    Performance-Enhancing Drugs, ergogenic aids, or sports supplements have been a part of sports since sporting competition began and likely always will be. Considered cheating by purists and necessary by some athletes, we must accept the fact that they are used, understand why they are used, and study how to prevent their use to institute change. This article summarizes current information regarding the use of Performance-Enhancing Drugs in young athletes and provides proven prevention strategies for instituting a program in your local schools.

Giulia Milano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • β 2 agonists as misusing Drugs assessment of both clenbuterol and salbutamol related european medicines agency pharmacovigilance database reports
    Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Giulia Milano, Stefania Chiappini, Francesca Mattioli, Antonietta Martelli, Fabrizio Schifano
    Abstract:

    A recent years' increase in misusing levels of image- and performance- enhancing Drugs (IPEDs) has been observed. Out of these Drugs, beta-2 agonists have recently emerged for their potential of misuse, especially for slimming and bodybuilding purposes. To this perspective, clenbuterol ('the size zero pill') has been reported as being both popular and widely available from the illegal market. All clenbuterol and salbutamol misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label spontaneous reports (2006-2016) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) EudraVigilance (EV) database were collected and analysed by age range, gender, concomitant therapies and source of information. From the EV database, 55 of a total number of 920 'suspect' misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label ADRs (e.g. 5.97%; corresponding to 25 of 138 individuals) and 1310 of 62,879 ADRs (e.g. 2.08%; corresponding to 474 of 6923 individuals) were, respectively, associated with clenbuterol (typically ingested in combination with a range of anabolic steroids) and salbutamol. Proportional reporting ratio (PRR) value for misuse/abuse ADRs was higher (PRR = 18.38) for clenbuterol in comparison with salbutamol. Clenbuterol misuse/abuse could be a cause for major concern, especially in vulnerable individuals.

Peter G. M. Van Der Heijden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Prevalence of use of performance enhancing Drugs by fitness centre members
    Drug testing and analysis, 2013
    Co-Authors: Janine H. Stubbe, Astrid Chorus, Laurence E. Frank, Olivier De Hon, Peter G. M. Van Der Heijden
    Abstract:

    Studies on the use of performance enhancing Drugs (PED) in fitness centres rely predominately on conventional survey methods using direct questioning. However, research indicates that direct questioning of sensitive information is characterized by under-reporting. The aim of the present study was to contrast direct questioning of different types of PED use by Dutch fitness centre members with results obtained with the Randomized Response Technique (RRT). Questionnaires were conducted among members of fitness centres. PED were classified into the following categories: anabolic steroids, prohormones, substances to counteract side-effects, growth hormone and/or insulin, stimulants (to reduce weight), and miscellaneous substances. A total of 718 athletes from 92 fitness centres completed the questionnaire. The conventional method resulted in prevalences varying between 0% and 0.4% for the different types of PED with an overall prevalence of 0.4%. RRT resulted in prevalences varying between 0.8% and 4.8% for the different types of PED with an overall prevalence of 8.2%. The overall prevalence of the two survey methods differed significantly. The current study showed that the conventional survey method using direct questioning led to an underestimation of the prevalence. Based on the RRT results, the percentage of users of PED among members of fitness centres is approximately 8.2%. Stimulants to lose weight had the highest prevalence, even higher than anabolic steroids. The key task for future preventive health work is to not only focus on anabolic steroid use, but also include interventions focusing on the use of stimulants to lose weight.

  • Prevalence of use of performance enhancing Drugs by fitness centre members
    Drug Testing and Analysis, 2013
    Co-Authors: Janine H. Stubbe, Astrid Chorus, Laurence E. Frank, Olivier De Hon, Peter G. M. Van Der Heijden
    Abstract:

    Studies on the use of performance enhancing Drugs (PED) in fitness centres rely predominately on conventional survey methods using direct questioning. However, research indicates that direct questioning of sensitive information is characterized by under-reporting. The aim of the present study was to contrast direct questioning of different types of PED use by Dutch fitness centre members with results obtained with the Randomized Response Technique (RRT). Questionnaires were conducted among members of fitness centres. PED were classified into the following categories: anabolic steroids, prohormones, substances to counteract side-effects, growth hormone and/or insulin, stimulants (to reduce weight), and miscellaneous substances. A total of 718 athletes from 92 fitness centres completed the questionnaire. The conventional method resulted in prevalences varying between 0% and 0.4% for the different types of PED with an overall prevalence of 0.4%. RRT resulted in prevalences varying between 0.8% and 4.8% for the different types of PED with an overall prevalence of 8.2%. The overall prevalence of the two survey methods differed significantly. The current study showed that the conventional survey method using direct questioning led to an underestimation of the prevalence. Based on the RRT results, the percentage of users of PED among members of fitness centres is approximately 8.2%. Stimulants to lose weight had the highest prevalence, even higher than anabolic steroids. The key task for future preventive health work is to not only focus on anabolic steroid use, but also include interventions focusing on the use of stimulants to lose weight. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Stefania Chiappini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • β 2 agonists as misusing Drugs assessment of both clenbuterol and salbutamol related european medicines agency pharmacovigilance database reports
    Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Giulia Milano, Stefania Chiappini, Francesca Mattioli, Antonietta Martelli, Fabrizio Schifano
    Abstract:

    A recent years' increase in misusing levels of image- and performance- enhancing Drugs (IPEDs) has been observed. Out of these Drugs, beta-2 agonists have recently emerged for their potential of misuse, especially for slimming and bodybuilding purposes. To this perspective, clenbuterol ('the size zero pill') has been reported as being both popular and widely available from the illegal market. All clenbuterol and salbutamol misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label spontaneous reports (2006-2016) from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) EudraVigilance (EV) database were collected and analysed by age range, gender, concomitant therapies and source of information. From the EV database, 55 of a total number of 920 'suspect' misuse/abuse/dependence/withdrawal/overdose/off-label ADRs (e.g. 5.97%; corresponding to 25 of 138 individuals) and 1310 of 62,879 ADRs (e.g. 2.08%; corresponding to 474 of 6923 individuals) were, respectively, associated with clenbuterol (typically ingested in combination with a range of anabolic steroids) and salbutamol. Proportional reporting ratio (PRR) value for misuse/abuse ADRs was higher (PRR = 18.38) for clenbuterol in comparison with salbutamol. Clenbuterol misuse/abuse could be a cause for major concern, especially in vulnerable individuals.