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Céline Brochot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PBPK modeling of the cis- and trans-Permethrin isomers and their major urinary metabolites in rats
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2016Co-Authors: Marie-emilie Willemin, Sophie Desmots, Rozenn Le Grand, François Lestremau, Florence Anna Zeman, Eric Leclerc, Christian Moesch, Céline BrochotAbstract:Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, is suspected to induce neuronal and hormonal disturbances in humans. The widespread exposure of the populations has been confirmed by the detection of the urinary metabolites of Permethrin in biomonitoring studies. Permethrin is a chiral molecule presenting two forms, the cis and the trans isomers. Because in vitro studies indicated a metabolic interaction between the trans and cis isomers of Permethrin, we adapted and calibrated a PBPK model for trans- and cis-Permethrin separately in rats. The model also describes the toxicokinetics of three urinary metabolites, cis- and trans-3-(2,2 dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (cis- and trans-DCCA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and 4′OH-phenoxybenzoic acid (4′-OH-PBA). In vivo experiments performed in Sprague–Dawley rats were used to calibrate the PBPK model in a Bayesian framework. The model captured well the toxicokinetics of Permethrin isomers and their metabolites including the rapid absorption, the accumulation in fat, the extensive metabolism of the parent compounds, and the rapid elimination of metabolites in urine. Average hepatic clearances in rats were estimated to be 2.4 and 5.7 L/h/kg for cis- and trans-Permethrin, respectively. High concentrations of the metabolite 4′-OH-PBA were measured in urine compared to cis- and trans-DCCA and 3-PBA. The confidence in the extended PBPK model was then confirmed by good predictions of published experimental data obtained using the isomers mixture. The extended PBPK model could be extrapolated to humans to predict the internal dose of exposure to Permethrin from biomonitoring data in urine.
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In vitro human metabolism of Permethrin isomers alone or as a mixture and the formation of the major metabolites in cryopreserved primary hepatocytes
Toxicology in Vitro, 2015Co-Authors: Marie-emilie Willemin, Ali Kadar, Georges De Sousa, Roger Rahmani, E. Leclerc, Céline BrochotAbstract:In vitro metabolism of Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, was assessed in primary human hepatocytes. In vitro kinetic experiments were performed to estimate the Michaelis-Menten parameters and the clearances or formation rates of the Permethrin isomers (cis- and trans-) and three metabolites, cis- and trans-3-(2,2 dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (cis- and trans-DCCA) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). Non-specific binding and the activity of the enzymes involved in Permethrin's metabolism (cytochromes P450 and carboxylesterases) were quantified. Trans-Permethrin was cleared more rapidly than cis-Permethrin with a 2.6-factor (25.7 +/- 0.6 and 10.1 +/- 0.3 mu L/min/10(6) cells respectively). A 3-factor was observed between the formation rates of DCCA and 3-PBA obtained from trans- and cis-Permethrin. For both isomers, the rate of formation of DCCA was higher than the one of 3-PBA. The metabolism of the isomers in mixture was also quantified. The co-incubation of isomers at different ratios showed the low inhibitory Potential of cis- and trans-Permethrin on each other. The estimates of the clearances and the formation rates in the co-incubation condition did not differ from the estimates obtained with a separate incubation. These metabolic parameters may be integrated in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to predict the fate of Permethrin and metabolites in the human body.
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In vitro metabolism of Permethrin and two metabolites by human primary hepatocytes
2014Co-Authors: Marie-emilie Willemin, Ali Kadar, Georges De Sousa, Roger Rahmani, Céline BrochotAbstract:Permethrin, an insecticide of the pyrethroid family, is suspected to induce hormonal and neuronal disorders. Permethrin is usually sold and found in the environment as a mixture of two isomers cis/trans. In a previous study, Scollon et al. (2009) characterized the metabolism of Permethrin in human hepatic microsomes and observed that the metabolism of isomers was altered when incubated together. In this study, we propose to determine the metabolism of isomers of Permethrin alone and as a mixture in primary human hepatocytes, recognized as the most suitable in vitro model for such studies. The formation of two metabolites, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and cis/trans 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (DCCA), was also assessed. Platted primary human hepatocytes were incubated with either cis or trans-Permethrin at 7 concentrations (5–125 μM) for 10 min, 30 min, 1 h and 3 h. The depletion of Permethrin and the formation of two metabolites were analysed using the Michaelis Menten model. Metabolism was also evaluated at low concentrations below Km to estimate the intrinsic clearance when cells are exposed to both isomers. As observed in previous studies, the metabolism of cis-Permethrin is slower than trans-Permethrin one. Michaelis–Menten parameters were estimated for all compounds except DCCA because the saturation phase was not reached at the highest exposure concentration. No significant differences for the metabolic rates of parent compounds and metabolites were observed for cis- and trans-isomers incubated alone or in mixture. Our results could be integrated in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.
Stephan Letzel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Biomonitoring and evaluation of Permethrin uptake in forestry workers using Permethrin-treated tick-proof pants.
Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2015Co-Authors: Bernd Roßbach, Peter Kegel, Heike Süß, Stephan LetzelAbstract:Biomonitoring and evaluation of Permethrin uptake in forestry workers using Permethrin-treated tick-proof pants
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Uptake and elimination of Permethrin related to the use of Permethrin treated clothing for forestry workers
Toxicology letters, 2014Co-Authors: Bernd Roßbach, Peter Kegel, Adrian Niemietz, Stephan LetzelAbstract:Wearing of Permethrin treated clothing usually implicates an uptake of Permethrin by the user. Aim of our study was to examine the kinetics of internal Permethrin exposure in volunteers during and after a single 8h-use of treated clothing as well as factors potentially influencing Permethrin uptake. 28 male volunteers (age: 20-34 years) were equipped with Permethrin treated jackets and pants from two different suppliers. The clothing was worn for 8h, simulating differing external conditions, including comfort conditions as well as conditions of increased temperature and humidity without and with additional physical workload. Internal Permethrin exposure was monitored by determination of Permethrin metabolites (DCCA and 3-PBA) in a set of 12 urine samples, covering a period of 504 h from the beginning of the wearing interval. Time-concentration curves showed an increase of internal exposure associated with wearing of the clothing (individual maximum: 109.5 μg/L) followed by a first-order like decay (mean half-life: 38.5 h). Metabolite excretion was affected by the make of clothing, which could be explained by differing Permethrin contents of the garment. Furthermore, internal exposure increased with increasing temperature/humidity and additional physical workload. Assuming dermal uptake of Permethrin, this may be ascribed to an alteration of the barrier function of the skin.
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risk assessment of bundeswehr german federal armed forces Permethrin impregnated battle dress uniforms bdu
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Klaus E Appel, Stephan Letzel, Ursula Gundertremy, Horst Fischer, Michael Faulde, Klaus G Mross, Bernd RoßbachAbstract:In an age when vector-borne diseases are emerging worldwide, personal protective measures are essential for shielding soldiers and other exposed persons from arthropod attack. The development of Permethrin-impregnated clothing has been one recent advance in protecting persons at-risk. However, to date risk assessment has not been performed related to wearing Permethrin-impregnated clothing over longer time periods. Therefore, this paper describes relevant toxicological aspects of Permethrin and estimates the extent of dermal Permethrin uptake by soldiers wearing impregnated uniforms by determining urine metabolites of Permethrin. The exposure monitoring conducted in wearers of untreated uniforms did not show any signs of increased Permethrin uptake and was similar to that of the general population in Germany. By contrast, studies involving the soldiers wearing Permethrin-impregnated uniforms identified far higher internal exposure, the amounts of urine metabolites clearly above the reference value for the background exposure of the German population at large. Comparing the median excretion values, an approximately 200 times higher exposure can be assumed. The excretion levels of the subject with the maximum amount of metabolites correspond to an internal exposure of around 5-6microg/kg body weight and day thereby considering that biomonitoring could not take all urine metabolites and other elimination routes into account. Based on an oral absorption rate of 50%, the internal dose of 5-6microg/kg body weight and day would correspond to an oral uptake of Permethrin which is around 20% of the ADI value of 50microg/kg body weight and day. In addition, based on these data and using a dermal absorption rate of 2% the Permethrin dose reaching the skin was estimated to be 250microg/kg body weight and day. Considering a standard body weight and the area covered by the uniform, an exposure level of about 1.25microg Permethrin/cm(2) skin and day can be calculated. Clinical subjective symptoms were recorded by means of a self-reporting questionnaire which has been developed and used for this specific purpose in environmental outpatient departments in both groups (wearers of impregnated versus non-impregnated uniforms). Only minor sensory impairments were identified in one of the studies (Kabul/Afghanistan) which may represent skin paraesthesiae. Based on these results, it can be assumed that the normal use of Permethrin-treated uniforms does not affect human health to a clinical relevant extent. We recommend that the release rate of Permethrin from the textile material should be strictly monitored by means of a quality assurance method. It should comply with standards to which the results of this study may contribute.
Marie-emilie Willemin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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PBPK modeling of the cis- and trans-Permethrin isomers and their major urinary metabolites in rats
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2016Co-Authors: Marie-emilie Willemin, Sophie Desmots, Rozenn Le Grand, François Lestremau, Florence Anna Zeman, Eric Leclerc, Christian Moesch, Céline BrochotAbstract:Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, is suspected to induce neuronal and hormonal disturbances in humans. The widespread exposure of the populations has been confirmed by the detection of the urinary metabolites of Permethrin in biomonitoring studies. Permethrin is a chiral molecule presenting two forms, the cis and the trans isomers. Because in vitro studies indicated a metabolic interaction between the trans and cis isomers of Permethrin, we adapted and calibrated a PBPK model for trans- and cis-Permethrin separately in rats. The model also describes the toxicokinetics of three urinary metabolites, cis- and trans-3-(2,2 dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (cis- and trans-DCCA), 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and 4′OH-phenoxybenzoic acid (4′-OH-PBA). In vivo experiments performed in Sprague–Dawley rats were used to calibrate the PBPK model in a Bayesian framework. The model captured well the toxicokinetics of Permethrin isomers and their metabolites including the rapid absorption, the accumulation in fat, the extensive metabolism of the parent compounds, and the rapid elimination of metabolites in urine. Average hepatic clearances in rats were estimated to be 2.4 and 5.7 L/h/kg for cis- and trans-Permethrin, respectively. High concentrations of the metabolite 4′-OH-PBA were measured in urine compared to cis- and trans-DCCA and 3-PBA. The confidence in the extended PBPK model was then confirmed by good predictions of published experimental data obtained using the isomers mixture. The extended PBPK model could be extrapolated to humans to predict the internal dose of exposure to Permethrin from biomonitoring data in urine.
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In vitro human metabolism of Permethrin isomers alone or as a mixture and the formation of the major metabolites in cryopreserved primary hepatocytes
Toxicology in Vitro, 2015Co-Authors: Marie-emilie Willemin, Ali Kadar, Georges De Sousa, Roger Rahmani, E. Leclerc, Céline BrochotAbstract:In vitro metabolism of Permethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, was assessed in primary human hepatocytes. In vitro kinetic experiments were performed to estimate the Michaelis-Menten parameters and the clearances or formation rates of the Permethrin isomers (cis- and trans-) and three metabolites, cis- and trans-3-(2,2 dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (cis- and trans-DCCA) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA). Non-specific binding and the activity of the enzymes involved in Permethrin's metabolism (cytochromes P450 and carboxylesterases) were quantified. Trans-Permethrin was cleared more rapidly than cis-Permethrin with a 2.6-factor (25.7 +/- 0.6 and 10.1 +/- 0.3 mu L/min/10(6) cells respectively). A 3-factor was observed between the formation rates of DCCA and 3-PBA obtained from trans- and cis-Permethrin. For both isomers, the rate of formation of DCCA was higher than the one of 3-PBA. The metabolism of the isomers in mixture was also quantified. The co-incubation of isomers at different ratios showed the low inhibitory Potential of cis- and trans-Permethrin on each other. The estimates of the clearances and the formation rates in the co-incubation condition did not differ from the estimates obtained with a separate incubation. These metabolic parameters may be integrated in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to predict the fate of Permethrin and metabolites in the human body.
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In vitro metabolism of Permethrin and two metabolites by human primary hepatocytes
2014Co-Authors: Marie-emilie Willemin, Ali Kadar, Georges De Sousa, Roger Rahmani, Céline BrochotAbstract:Permethrin, an insecticide of the pyrethroid family, is suspected to induce hormonal and neuronal disorders. Permethrin is usually sold and found in the environment as a mixture of two isomers cis/trans. In a previous study, Scollon et al. (2009) characterized the metabolism of Permethrin in human hepatic microsomes and observed that the metabolism of isomers was altered when incubated together. In this study, we propose to determine the metabolism of isomers of Permethrin alone and as a mixture in primary human hepatocytes, recognized as the most suitable in vitro model for such studies. The formation of two metabolites, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and cis/trans 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-(1-cyclopropane) carboxylic acid (DCCA), was also assessed. Platted primary human hepatocytes were incubated with either cis or trans-Permethrin at 7 concentrations (5–125 μM) for 10 min, 30 min, 1 h and 3 h. The depletion of Permethrin and the formation of two metabolites were analysed using the Michaelis Menten model. Metabolism was also evaluated at low concentrations below Km to estimate the intrinsic clearance when cells are exposed to both isomers. As observed in previous studies, the metabolism of cis-Permethrin is slower than trans-Permethrin one. Michaelis–Menten parameters were estimated for all compounds except DCCA because the saturation phase was not reached at the highest exposure concentration. No significant differences for the metabolic rates of parent compounds and metabolites were observed for cis- and trans-isomers incubated alone or in mixture. Our results could be integrated in physiologically based pharmacokinetic models.
Bernd Roßbach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Biomonitoring and evaluation of Permethrin uptake in forestry workers using Permethrin-treated tick-proof pants.
Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology, 2015Co-Authors: Bernd Roßbach, Peter Kegel, Heike Süß, Stephan LetzelAbstract:Biomonitoring and evaluation of Permethrin uptake in forestry workers using Permethrin-treated tick-proof pants
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Uptake and elimination of Permethrin related to the use of Permethrin treated clothing for forestry workers
Toxicology letters, 2014Co-Authors: Bernd Roßbach, Peter Kegel, Adrian Niemietz, Stephan LetzelAbstract:Wearing of Permethrin treated clothing usually implicates an uptake of Permethrin by the user. Aim of our study was to examine the kinetics of internal Permethrin exposure in volunteers during and after a single 8h-use of treated clothing as well as factors potentially influencing Permethrin uptake. 28 male volunteers (age: 20-34 years) were equipped with Permethrin treated jackets and pants from two different suppliers. The clothing was worn for 8h, simulating differing external conditions, including comfort conditions as well as conditions of increased temperature and humidity without and with additional physical workload. Internal Permethrin exposure was monitored by determination of Permethrin metabolites (DCCA and 3-PBA) in a set of 12 urine samples, covering a period of 504 h from the beginning of the wearing interval. Time-concentration curves showed an increase of internal exposure associated with wearing of the clothing (individual maximum: 109.5 μg/L) followed by a first-order like decay (mean half-life: 38.5 h). Metabolite excretion was affected by the make of clothing, which could be explained by differing Permethrin contents of the garment. Furthermore, internal exposure increased with increasing temperature/humidity and additional physical workload. Assuming dermal uptake of Permethrin, this may be ascribed to an alteration of the barrier function of the skin.
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risk assessment of bundeswehr german federal armed forces Permethrin impregnated battle dress uniforms bdu
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2008Co-Authors: Klaus E Appel, Stephan Letzel, Ursula Gundertremy, Horst Fischer, Michael Faulde, Klaus G Mross, Bernd RoßbachAbstract:In an age when vector-borne diseases are emerging worldwide, personal protective measures are essential for shielding soldiers and other exposed persons from arthropod attack. The development of Permethrin-impregnated clothing has been one recent advance in protecting persons at-risk. However, to date risk assessment has not been performed related to wearing Permethrin-impregnated clothing over longer time periods. Therefore, this paper describes relevant toxicological aspects of Permethrin and estimates the extent of dermal Permethrin uptake by soldiers wearing impregnated uniforms by determining urine metabolites of Permethrin. The exposure monitoring conducted in wearers of untreated uniforms did not show any signs of increased Permethrin uptake and was similar to that of the general population in Germany. By contrast, studies involving the soldiers wearing Permethrin-impregnated uniforms identified far higher internal exposure, the amounts of urine metabolites clearly above the reference value for the background exposure of the German population at large. Comparing the median excretion values, an approximately 200 times higher exposure can be assumed. The excretion levels of the subject with the maximum amount of metabolites correspond to an internal exposure of around 5-6microg/kg body weight and day thereby considering that biomonitoring could not take all urine metabolites and other elimination routes into account. Based on an oral absorption rate of 50%, the internal dose of 5-6microg/kg body weight and day would correspond to an oral uptake of Permethrin which is around 20% of the ADI value of 50microg/kg body weight and day. In addition, based on these data and using a dermal absorption rate of 2% the Permethrin dose reaching the skin was estimated to be 250microg/kg body weight and day. Considering a standard body weight and the area covered by the uniform, an exposure level of about 1.25microg Permethrin/cm(2) skin and day can be calculated. Clinical subjective symptoms were recorded by means of a self-reporting questionnaire which has been developed and used for this specific purpose in environmental outpatient departments in both groups (wearers of impregnated versus non-impregnated uniforms). Only minor sensory impairments were identified in one of the studies (Kabul/Afghanistan) which may represent skin paraesthesiae. Based on these results, it can be assumed that the normal use of Permethrin-treated uniforms does not affect human health to a clinical relevant extent. We recommend that the release rate of Permethrin from the textile material should be strictly monitored by means of a quality assurance method. It should comply with standards to which the results of this study may contribute.
Antonia M Calafat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of Environmental Temperature and Humidity on Permethrin Biomarkers of Exposure in U.S. Soldiers Wearing Permethrin-Treated Uniforms.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 2020Co-Authors: Alexis L. Maule, Maria Ospina, Kristin J. Heaton, Bruce S. Cadarette, Kathryn M. Taylor, Katelyn I. Guerriere, Caitlin C. Haven, Matthew M. Scarpaci, Robert W. Kenefick, Antonia M CalafatAbstract:Environmental factors, including high temperature and humidity, can influence dermal absorption of chemicals. Soldiers can be dermally exposed to Permethrin while wearing Permethrin-treated uniforms. This study aimed at examining the effects of high temperature and a combined high temperature and humid environment on Permethrin absorption compared with ambient conditions when wearing a Permethrin-treated uniform. Twenty-seven male enlisted soldiers wore study-issued Permethrin-treated army uniforms for 33 consecutive hours in three different environments: 1) simulated high temperature (35°C, 40% relative humidity [rh]) (n = 10), 2) simulated high temperature and humidity (30°C, 70% rh) (n = 10), and 3) ambient conditions (13°C, 60% rh) (n = 7). Spot urine samples, collected at 21 scheduled time points before, during, and after wearing the study uniforms, were analyzed for Permethrin exposure biomarkers (3-phenoxybenzoic acid, cis- and trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) and creatinine. Biomarker concentrations were 60-90% higher in the heat and combined heat/humidity groups (P < 0.001-0.022) than the ambient group. Also, the average daily Permethrin dose, calculated 12 hours after removing the treated uniforms, was significantly higher in the heat (P = 0.01) and the heat/humidity (P = 0.03) groups than the ambient group. There were no significant differences in biomarker concentrations or computed average daily dose between the heat and the heat/humidity groups. Both hot and combined hot and humid environmental conditions significantly increased Permethrin absorption in soldiers wearing Permethrin-treated uniforms.
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Bioabsorption and effectiveness of long-lasting Permethrin-treated uniforms over three months among North Carolina outdoor workers
Parasites & Vectors, 2019Co-Authors: Kristin M. Sullivan, Jeffrey Driver, Alison Poffley, Sheana Funkhouser, Avian White, Maria Ospina, Charles B Beard, John Ross, Antonia M Calafat, Jo Anne BalanayAbstract:BackgroundVector-borne diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. Effective, convenient prevention methods are needed. Long-lasting Permethrin-impregnated (LLPI) clothing can prevent tick bites, however, additional information is needed on the real-world effectiveness and safety of this preventative measure.MethodsIn this pilot study, we recruited state and county park employees from North Carolina to wear LLPI uniforms for three months during the summer of 2016. We collected spot urine samples for biomonitoring of Permethrin metabolites at one week, one month and three months after first use of the LLPI uniform. Following three months of wear, we collected pants and socks and analyzed them for Permethrin content and mortality to ticks and mosquitoes.ResultsThirteen park employees were included in the analysis. Bioactive amounts of Permethrin remained in all clothing swatches tested, although there was great variability. Tick mortality was high, with 78% of pant and 88% of sock swatches having mean knockdown percentages ≥ 85%. In contrast, mosquito mortality was low. Over the study period, the absorbed dosage of Permethrin averaged < 4 μg/kg/d of body weight based on measurements of three metabolites.ConclusionsLLPI clothing retained Permethrin and bioactivity against ticks after three months of use in real-world conditions. The estimated absorbed dosage of Permethrin was well below the U.S. EPA level of concern, suggesting that LLPI clothing can be used safely by outdoor workers for tick bite prevention.
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bioabsorption and effectiveness of long lasting Permethrin treated uniforms over three months among north carolina outdoor workers
Parasites & Vectors, 2019Co-Authors: Kristin M. Sullivan, Alison Poffley, Sheana Funkhouser, Maria Ospina, Charles B Beard, Antonia M Calafat, Jeffrey H Driver, John H Ross, Avian V White, Jo Anne BalanayAbstract:Vector-borne diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. Effective, convenient prevention methods are needed. Long-lasting Permethrin-impregnated (LLPI) clothing can prevent tick bites, however, additional information is needed on the real-world effectiveness and safety of this preventative measure. In this pilot study, we recruited state and county park employees from North Carolina to wear LLPI uniforms for three months during the summer of 2016. We collected spot urine samples for biomonitoring of Permethrin metabolites at one week, one month and three months after first use of the LLPI uniform. Following three months of wear, we collected pants and socks and analyzed them for Permethrin content and mortality to ticks and mosquitoes. Thirteen park employees were included in the analysis. Bioactive amounts of Permethrin remained in all clothing swatches tested, although there was great variability. Tick mortality was high, with 78% of pant and 88% of sock swatches having mean knockdown percentages ≥ 85%. In contrast, mosquito mortality was low. Over the study period, the absorbed dosage of Permethrin averaged < 4 μg/kg/d of body weight based on measurements of three metabolites. LLPI clothing retained Permethrin and bioactivity against ticks after three months of use in real-world conditions. The estimated absorbed dosage of Permethrin was well below the U.S. EPA level of concern, suggesting that LLPI clothing can be used safely by outdoor workers for tick bite prevention.
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Additional file 3: of Bioabsorption and effectiveness of long-lasting Permethrin-treated uniforms over three months among North Carolina outdoor workers
2019Co-Authors: Kristin Sullivan, Jeffrey Driver, Alison Poffley, Sheana Funkhouser, Avian White, Maria Ospina, John Ross, Antonia M Calafat, Charles Beard, Jo Anne BalanayAbstract:Figure S3. Mean Permethrin content by multi-month average of three urine metabolites. a Mean Permethrin content in pants by multi-month 3-PBA average. b Mean Permethrin content in socks by multi-month 3-PBA average. c Mean Permethrin content in pants by multi-month trans-DCCA average. d Mean Permethrin content in socks by multi-month trans-DCCA average. e Mean Permethrin content in pants by multi-month cis-DCCA average. f Mean Permethrin content in socks by multi-month cis-DCCA average. (TIF 2819 kb
