The Experts below are selected from a list of 312 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Robert I Krieger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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0003–4878/01/$20.00PII: S0003-4878(00)00095-8 Could Pesticide Toxicology Studies be More Relevant to Occupational Risk Assessment?
2016Co-Authors: J H Ross, J H Driver, R C Cochran, T Thongsinthusak, Robert I KriegerAbstract:Pesticide Toxicology study design has evolved from concern for oral exposure via food resi-dues. The emphasis on the oral route does not generally apply to workers that are exposed primarily via the dermal route either handling Pesticides or re-entering treated fields. As a result numerous assumptions about how oral Toxicology results relate to dermal exposure must be made when conducting worker risk assessments. These assumptions introduce a high degree of uncertainty. Alternative Toxicology study designs are suggested to reduce uncer-tainty when assessing risk. Because the dermal route is so important to characterizing occu-pational risk, methods to improve the accuracy of dermal absorption estimates are suggested, including the use of human subjects to study dermal absorption. Additional suggestions include tailoring dermal, oral and inhalation kinetic study designs to reflect worker exposure dosages. Suggestions are made to routinely conduct a single dose toxicity study patterned after the neurotoxicity study design to distinguish single dose effects and NOAELs from those resulting from multiple doses. Finally, interspecies pharmacokinetics studies are proposed to determine which Toxicology study regimen of dosing best reflects intermittent worke
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hayes handbook of Pesticide Toxicology
2010Co-Authors: Robert I KriegerAbstract:The Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is a comprehensive, two-volume reference guide to the properties, effects, and regulation of Pesticides that provides the latest and most complete information to researchers investigating the environmental, agricultural, veterinary, and human-health impacts of Pesticide use. Written by international experts from academia, government, and the private sector, the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is an in-depth examination of critical issues related to the need for, use of, and nature of chemicals used in modern pest management. This updated 3e carries on the book's tradition of serving as the definitive reference on Pesticide Toxicology and recognizes the seminal contribution of Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., co-Editor of the first edition. * Presents a comprehensive look at all aspects of Toxicology* Clear exposition of hazard-identification and dose-response relationships in each chapter featuring Pesticide agents and actions* Considers all major classes of Pesticides* Critically evaluates different routes of Pesticide exposure
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handbook of Pesticide Toxicology
2001Co-Authors: Robert I KriegerAbstract:Preface. Foreword. Dose (Dosage and Other Factors Influencing Toxicity. Chemistry of Pesticides. Pest Control Agents from Natural Products. Public Health Pesticides. Lawn and Turf: Management and Environmental Issues of Turfgrass Pesticides. Insecticides and Their Use in Urban Structural Pest Control. Verterbrate Pest Control Chemicals and Their Use in Urban and Rural Envrionments. Pesticide Use in Veterinary Medicine. Pesticide Use Practices in Integrated Pest Management. Toxicity Testing. Regulatory Evaluation of the Skin Effects of Pesticides. Neurophysiological Effect of Insecticides. Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Pesticides in the Environment. Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology of Pesticides. Worker Exposure: Methods and Techniques. Residential Exposure Assessment: An Overview. Modeling Dietary Exposure with Special Secitons on Meodeling Aggregate and Cumulative Exposure. Greenhouse and Mushroom House Exposure Coping with Aggregate Pesticide Exposure Assessment: An Integration Approach. Occupational Exposure Data Bases/Models for Pesticides. Factors that Affect Pesticide Metabolism and Toxicity. Pesticide Disposition Dermal Absorption. Metabolism of Pesticides. Absorption, Distribution, and Pharmacokinetics. Pesticide Excretion. Diagnosis and Treatment of Poisoning Due to Pesticides. Surveillance of Pesticide-Related Illness and Injury in Humans. Environmental Transport and Fate. Hydrophobicity as a Key Physicochemical Parameter of Environmental Toxociology of Pesticides. Modern Approaches to Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Foods and the Environment. Risk Assessment and Risk Management: The Regulatory Process. Risk Assessment for Acute Exposure to Pesticides. Risk Assessment for Chronic Exposure to Pesticides: The Triazine Herbicide Cyanazine. Pesticides as Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals. Genetic Toxicity of Pesticides. Immunotoxicity of Pesticides. Sensitive Population Groups. Pesticide Residues in Food and Cancer Risk: A Critical Analysis. Perceptions of Pesticides as Risks to Human Health. Mammalian Toxicity of Microbial Pest Control Agents. The Influence of Age on Pesticide Toxicity. Emerging Issues: Children's Exposure to Pesticides in Residential Settings . Pesticide Percutaneous Absorption and Decontamination. Chemistry of Organophosphorus Insectides. The Metabolism of Organophosphorus Insecticides. Organophosphate Pharmacokinetics. Neuropathy Target Esterase. Cholinesterases. Organophosphorus-Induced Delayed Neuropathy. Understanding the Toxic Actions of Organophosphates. Clinical Toxicology of Anticholinesterase Agents in Humans. Carbomate Insecticides. Aldicarb: Current Science-Based Approaches in Risk Assessment. Imidacloprid A Neonicotinoid Insecticide Interactions with the gamma-Aminobytyric Acid A-Receptor Polychlorocycloalkanes and Recent Congeners. The Avermectins: Insecticidal and Antiparasitic Agents. Inhibitors and Uncouplers of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation. Pyrethroid Chemistry and Metabolism. Pyrethroid Insecticides: Mechanisms of Toxicity, Systemic Poisoning Syndromes, Parathesia, and Therapy. DDT and its Analogs. Inorganic and Organometal Pesticides. Boric Acid and Inorganic Borate Pesticides. Deet. The Safety Assessment of Piperonyl Butoxide. Pentachlorophenol. Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Triazine Herbicides. Phenylurea Herbicides. Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors. Chloracetanilides. Paraquat. Diquat. Phenoxy Herbicides. Dicamba. Imidazolinones. Toxicology of Triazolopyrimidine Herbicides. Inhibitors of Aromatic Acid Biosynthesis. Fungicides. Cyprodinil. Captan and Folpet. Chlorothalonil. Dialkyldithiocarbamates. A Toxicological Assessment of Sulfur as a Pesticide. Rodenticides. Methyl Bromide. Dichloropropene. Phosphine. Metam-Sodium. Sulfuryl Fluoride.
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Could Pesticide Toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment?
The Annals of occupational hygiene, 2001Co-Authors: J H Ross, J H Driver, R C Cochran, T Thongsinthusak, Robert I KriegerAbstract:Pesticide Toxicology study design has evolved from concern for oral exposure via food residues. The emphasis on the oral route does not generally apply to workers that are exposed primarily via the dermal route either handling Pesticides or re-entering treated fields. As a result numerous assumptions about how oral Toxicology results relate to dermal exposure must be made when conducting worker risk assessments. These assumptions introduce a high degree of uncertainty. Alternative Toxicology study designs are suggested to reduce uncertainty when assessing risk. Because the dermal route is so important to characterizing occupational risk, methods to improve the accuracy of dermal absorption estimates are suggested, including the use of human subjects to study dermal absorption. Additional suggestions include tailoring dermal, oral and inhalation kinetic study designs to reflect worker exposure dosages. Suggestions are made to routinely conduct a single dose toxicity study patterned after the neurotoxicity study design to distinguish single dose effects and NOAELs from those resulting from multiple doses. Finally, interspecies pharmacokinetics studies are proposed to determine which Toxicology study regimen of dosing best reflects intermittent worker exposure.
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Could Pesticide Toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment
The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2001Co-Authors: J H Ross, J H Driver, R C Cochran, T Thongsinthusak, Robert I KriegerAbstract:Pesticide Toxicology study design has evolved from concern for oral exposure via food residues. The emphasis on the oral route does not generally apply to workers that are exposed primarily via the dermal route either handling Pesticides or re-entering treated fields. As a result numerous assumptions about how oral Toxicology results relate to dermal exposure must be made when conducting worker risk assessments. These assumptions introduce a high degree of uncertainty. Alternative Toxicology study designs are suggested to reduce uncertainty when assessing risk. Because the dermal route is so important to characterizing occupational risk, methods to improve the accuracy of dermal absorption estimates are suggested, including the use of human subjects to study dermal absorption. Additional suggestions include tailoring dermal, oral and inhalation kinetic study designs to reflect worker exposure dosages. Suggestions are made to routinely conduct a single dose toxicity study patterned after the neurotoxicity study design to distinguish single dose effects and NOAELs from those resulting from multiple doses. Finally, interspecies pharmacokinetics studies are proposed to determine which Toxicology study regimen of dosing best reflects intermittent worker exposure. 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of British Occupational Hygiene Society
Allan S Felsot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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WEB resources for Pesticide Toxicology, environmental chemistry, and policy: a utilitarian perspective.
Toxicology, 2002Co-Authors: Allan S FelsotAbstract:Information about Pesticides has grown exponentially over the last four decades and is marked by a diversity of sources including government, universities, environmental advocates, and industry. The internet has made access to this unprecedented amount of information faster than ever, but judging the validity and usefulness of the information is problematic. To avoid turning this discussion of web resources for Pesticide information into a narrative about a personal 'top ten' list, a utilitarian perspective of resources useful to a research, educator, and risk communicator is elucidated. Useful web sites are fit into the context of information needed for risk assessment, which includes hazard identification, dose-response relationships, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. In addition resources for Pesticide policy and regulations are considered. Specific ways in which the sites are useful are discussed along with information about site updating and validation of information.
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WEB resources for Pesticide Toxicology, environmental chemistry, and policy: a utilitarian perspective.
Toxicology, 2002Co-Authors: Allan S FelsotAbstract:Information about Pesticides has grown exponentially over the last four decades and is marked by a diversity of sources including government, universities, environmental advocates, and industry. The internet has made access to this unprecedented amount of information faster than ever, but judging the validity and usefulness of the information is problematic. To avoid turning this discussion of web resources for Pesticide information into a narrative about a personal ‘top ten’ list, a utilitarian perspective of resources useful to a research, educator, and risk communicator is elucidated. Useful web sites are fit into the context of information needed for risk assessment, which includes hazard identification, dose-response relationships, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. In addition resources for Pesticide policy and regulations are considered. Specific ways in which the sites are useful are discussed along with information about site updating and validation of information. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
J H Ross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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0003–4878/01/$20.00PII: S0003-4878(00)00095-8 Could Pesticide Toxicology Studies be More Relevant to Occupational Risk Assessment?
2016Co-Authors: J H Ross, J H Driver, R C Cochran, T Thongsinthusak, Robert I KriegerAbstract:Pesticide Toxicology study design has evolved from concern for oral exposure via food resi-dues. The emphasis on the oral route does not generally apply to workers that are exposed primarily via the dermal route either handling Pesticides or re-entering treated fields. As a result numerous assumptions about how oral Toxicology results relate to dermal exposure must be made when conducting worker risk assessments. These assumptions introduce a high degree of uncertainty. Alternative Toxicology study designs are suggested to reduce uncer-tainty when assessing risk. Because the dermal route is so important to characterizing occu-pational risk, methods to improve the accuracy of dermal absorption estimates are suggested, including the use of human subjects to study dermal absorption. Additional suggestions include tailoring dermal, oral and inhalation kinetic study designs to reflect worker exposure dosages. Suggestions are made to routinely conduct a single dose toxicity study patterned after the neurotoxicity study design to distinguish single dose effects and NOAELs from those resulting from multiple doses. Finally, interspecies pharmacokinetics studies are proposed to determine which Toxicology study regimen of dosing best reflects intermittent worke
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Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Second Edition) - Residential Exposure Assessment: An Overview
Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, 2010Co-Authors: J H Driver, J H Ross, Muhilan D. Pandian, Jeffrey B. Evans, Gary K. WhitmyreAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter provides an insight into residential environments exposed to Pesticides and should be considered in very dynamic terms. Chemicals that are released into or otherwise enter the residential environment tend to partition into various compartments, either through direct dispersion in indoor air or through adsorption onto surfaces that serve as “sinks” from which material can subsequently be released into the air. Although inhalation exposure and indoor air quality have received the most attention to date, there are a number of non-inhalation exposure pathways that are likely to be of equal or greater importance for human residential exposures to Pesticides and other chemicals. Given that the potential for postapplication exposures largely exists because of product use in and around the home, the need to develop and validate models for prediction of multipathway, multiroute exposures and absorbed dose is evident. Residential exposures to Pesticides and other chemicals are estimated by means of either monitoring and/or predictive modeling but, unfortunately, little or no guidance is available for those attempting such estimates.
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Could Pesticide Toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment?
The Annals of occupational hygiene, 2001Co-Authors: J H Ross, J H Driver, R C Cochran, T Thongsinthusak, Robert I KriegerAbstract:Pesticide Toxicology study design has evolved from concern for oral exposure via food residues. The emphasis on the oral route does not generally apply to workers that are exposed primarily via the dermal route either handling Pesticides or re-entering treated fields. As a result numerous assumptions about how oral Toxicology results relate to dermal exposure must be made when conducting worker risk assessments. These assumptions introduce a high degree of uncertainty. Alternative Toxicology study designs are suggested to reduce uncertainty when assessing risk. Because the dermal route is so important to characterizing occupational risk, methods to improve the accuracy of dermal absorption estimates are suggested, including the use of human subjects to study dermal absorption. Additional suggestions include tailoring dermal, oral and inhalation kinetic study designs to reflect worker exposure dosages. Suggestions are made to routinely conduct a single dose toxicity study patterned after the neurotoxicity study design to distinguish single dose effects and NOAELs from those resulting from multiple doses. Finally, interspecies pharmacokinetics studies are proposed to determine which Toxicology study regimen of dosing best reflects intermittent worker exposure.
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Could Pesticide Toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment
The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2001Co-Authors: J H Ross, J H Driver, R C Cochran, T Thongsinthusak, Robert I KriegerAbstract:Pesticide Toxicology study design has evolved from concern for oral exposure via food residues. The emphasis on the oral route does not generally apply to workers that are exposed primarily via the dermal route either handling Pesticides or re-entering treated fields. As a result numerous assumptions about how oral Toxicology results relate to dermal exposure must be made when conducting worker risk assessments. These assumptions introduce a high degree of uncertainty. Alternative Toxicology study designs are suggested to reduce uncertainty when assessing risk. Because the dermal route is so important to characterizing occupational risk, methods to improve the accuracy of dermal absorption estimates are suggested, including the use of human subjects to study dermal absorption. Additional suggestions include tailoring dermal, oral and inhalation kinetic study designs to reflect worker exposure dosages. Suggestions are made to routinely conduct a single dose toxicity study patterned after the neurotoxicity study design to distinguish single dose effects and NOAELs from those resulting from multiple doses. Finally, interspecies pharmacokinetics studies are proposed to determine which Toxicology study regimen of dosing best reflects intermittent worker exposure. 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of British Occupational Hygiene Society
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Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Second Edition) - CHAPTER 20 – Occupational Exposure Data Bases/Models for Pesticides
Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, 2001Co-Authors: Gary K. Whitmyre, J H Ross, Curt LunchickAbstract:The requirement to quantify worker exposures to active ingredients during use of Pesticide formulations is an integral part of risk assessments associated with the Pesticide registration process in several countries. Because the evaluation of risk requires knowledge of both exposure and toxicity, exposures to the active ingredient associated with a given Pesticide formulation must be assessed. This chapter provides a summary of the most commonly used worker exposure databases and models for mixing/loading and application of Pesticides. A tiered approach is often taken to estimate exposures. The first tier (tier I) of the risk assessment process for worker exposures to Pesticides can involve the use of generic exposure data from databases such as the Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database (PHED) developed and used in North America, the Predictive Operator Exposure Database (POEM) developed in the United Kingdom, and EUROPOEM used within the European Union. If an unacceptable risk is obtained with a tier I assessment, it may be necessary to proceed with a more refined exposure assessment or to collect formulation-specific exposure data (tier II). Tier II typically involves collection of external dosimetry data for workers on the formulation of interest, for specific use patterns of interest, thus circumventing the need to use surrogate monitoring data (for example, from PHED or POEM) because compound-specific exposure data are collected.
John E. Casida - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The ABCs of Pesticide Toxicology: amounts, biology, and chemistry.
Toxicology research, 2017Co-Authors: John E. Casida, Robert J. BryantAbstract:Everyone is affected directly or indirectly by Pesticide use and safety. The magnitude and perception of this effect depend on one's individual involvement or vantage point. The researcher seeks discovery and the entrepreneur goes after financial rewards. The general public wants food, health and safety. Pesticide Toxicology is a core issue in these relationships. The three goals of Toxicology research on Pesticides are first to create new knowledge and chemicals, second to evaluate their effectiveness and safety and third to regulate their use. What amounts of Pesticides are applied and do we really understand their biology and chemistry? This review addresses the ABCs of Pesticide Toxicology, i.e. their amounts, biology and chemistry.
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Unexpected Metabolic Reactions and Secondary Targets of Pesticide Action
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: John E. CasidaAbstract:Pesticides provide a fascinating combination of substituents not present in other environmental chemicals, leading to unexpected metabolites and toxicological effects in pests, mammals, and other organisms. The parent compound and/or metabolites of some Pesticides have multiple targets, requiring identification of the causal agents and their modes of action. This review considers a few of the author’s observations in the past six decades, some solved and others still puzzling. It illustrates that a new substituent combination not only confers specific chemical and physical properties to a class of compounds but often yields metabolites with a surprising variety of biological activities. Examples considered include proinsecticides, procyclic phosphates, CYP inhibitors as synergists, thiocarbamate sulfoxides, promutagens, carcinogens, and hepatotoxins, and stress tolerance inducers in plants. Although the discoveries considered are based on Pesticide Toxicology, they are broadly applicable to environmental ...
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Sensitivity of blood-clotting factors and digestive enzymes to inhibition by organophosphorus Pesticides
Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology, 2000Co-Authors: Gary B. Quistad, John E. CasidaAbstract:Organophosphorus Pesticide Toxicology is normally evaluated in relation to inhibition of cholinesterases (acetyl and butyryl), neuropathy target esterase, and carboxylesterases, with less attention given to other physiologically important hydrolases. This study considers the relative organophosphate sensitivities of the aforementioned serine hydrolases compared with purified blood-clotting factors (thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein) and digestive enzymes (alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase), assayed under similar conditions. Inhibitors that we examined are organophosphorus insecticides or their activated metabolites (paraoxon, chlorpyrifos oxon, and profenofos) and other toxicants (phenyl saligenin cyclic phosphonate and tribufos) for comparison with values that are found in the literature for the fluorophosphonates (isoflurophate and sarin). Thrombin is the most sensitive blood-clotting factor with IC-50 values of 19 to 160 microM for tribufos, the cyclic phosphonate, isoflurophate, and profenofos; plasmin and kallikrein are less affected (IC-50 >100 microM). Alpha-Chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase are most sensitive to the cyclic phosphonate (IC-50 1.3-15 microM) and less so to isoflurophate, sarin, and profenofos (IC-50 values from 3.6 to greater than 100 microM). The cholinesterases, carboxylesterase, and neuropathy target esterase are the most sensitive to inhibition with IC-50 values for the insecticides of less than 0.001 to 0.6, 0.002 to 0.009, and 0.15 to 100 microM, respectively. The generally low potency of these organophosphates for blood-clotting factors and digestive enzymes suggests that associated toxic effects are unlikely at sublethal doses.
R C Cochran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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0003–4878/01/$20.00PII: S0003-4878(00)00095-8 Could Pesticide Toxicology Studies be More Relevant to Occupational Risk Assessment?
2016Co-Authors: J H Ross, J H Driver, R C Cochran, T Thongsinthusak, Robert I KriegerAbstract:Pesticide Toxicology study design has evolved from concern for oral exposure via food resi-dues. The emphasis on the oral route does not generally apply to workers that are exposed primarily via the dermal route either handling Pesticides or re-entering treated fields. As a result numerous assumptions about how oral Toxicology results relate to dermal exposure must be made when conducting worker risk assessments. These assumptions introduce a high degree of uncertainty. Alternative Toxicology study designs are suggested to reduce uncer-tainty when assessing risk. Because the dermal route is so important to characterizing occu-pational risk, methods to improve the accuracy of dermal absorption estimates are suggested, including the use of human subjects to study dermal absorption. Additional suggestions include tailoring dermal, oral and inhalation kinetic study designs to reflect worker exposure dosages. Suggestions are made to routinely conduct a single dose toxicity study patterned after the neurotoxicity study design to distinguish single dose effects and NOAELs from those resulting from multiple doses. Finally, interspecies pharmacokinetics studies are proposed to determine which Toxicology study regimen of dosing best reflects intermittent worke
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Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology (Second Edition) - Risk Assessment for Acute Exposure to Pesticides
Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, 2010Co-Authors: R C CochranAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter follows the different methods of risk assessment for acute exposure to Pesticides. Regulatory agencies have tended to focus their assessments of Pesticide risk on the potential for toxicological effects to arise from repetitive, long-term usage of the chemicals. Consequently, much of the toxicological database required under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) examines the effects of repetitive, subchronic or chronic dosing by the oral route. From a public health perspective, however, the recorded human illnesses attributed to acute exposures to Pesticides may be of greater significance than those connected with potential chronic exposures. The toxicological database for Pesticides as a chemical use class is the most complete for any category of chemicals, with the possible exception of pharmaceuticals. Only one of the currently required FIFRA guideline studies examines the amount of chemical needed to produce nonlethal systemic effects from a single dose. The limited availability of applicable data sometimes forces the critical (regulatory) acute NOELs to be derived from multiple-dose laboratory animal studies, such as developmental toxicity studies. One of the major issues in selecting a critical endpoint for assessing the risks of acute exposure to Pesticides is recognizing the difference between indications of exposure and an adverse effect. On the exposure side of risk assessment, although there are guidelines that exposure studies must meet, there are no required studies comparable to the required toxicity studies. However, government regulators are charged with protecting public health, and with that responsibility is an obligation to avoid unnecessary risks. As regulatory estimates of exposure must be based on logical, defensible calculations from the best data available, government scientists, faced with uncertainties from inadequate data, prefer to err on the side of safety.
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Could Pesticide Toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment?
The Annals of occupational hygiene, 2001Co-Authors: J H Ross, J H Driver, R C Cochran, T Thongsinthusak, Robert I KriegerAbstract:Pesticide Toxicology study design has evolved from concern for oral exposure via food residues. The emphasis on the oral route does not generally apply to workers that are exposed primarily via the dermal route either handling Pesticides or re-entering treated fields. As a result numerous assumptions about how oral Toxicology results relate to dermal exposure must be made when conducting worker risk assessments. These assumptions introduce a high degree of uncertainty. Alternative Toxicology study designs are suggested to reduce uncertainty when assessing risk. Because the dermal route is so important to characterizing occupational risk, methods to improve the accuracy of dermal absorption estimates are suggested, including the use of human subjects to study dermal absorption. Additional suggestions include tailoring dermal, oral and inhalation kinetic study designs to reflect worker exposure dosages. Suggestions are made to routinely conduct a single dose toxicity study patterned after the neurotoxicity study design to distinguish single dose effects and NOAELs from those resulting from multiple doses. Finally, interspecies pharmacokinetics studies are proposed to determine which Toxicology study regimen of dosing best reflects intermittent worker exposure.
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Could Pesticide Toxicology studies be more relevant to occupational risk assessment
The Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2001Co-Authors: J H Ross, J H Driver, R C Cochran, T Thongsinthusak, Robert I KriegerAbstract:Pesticide Toxicology study design has evolved from concern for oral exposure via food residues. The emphasis on the oral route does not generally apply to workers that are exposed primarily via the dermal route either handling Pesticides or re-entering treated fields. As a result numerous assumptions about how oral Toxicology results relate to dermal exposure must be made when conducting worker risk assessments. These assumptions introduce a high degree of uncertainty. Alternative Toxicology study designs are suggested to reduce uncertainty when assessing risk. Because the dermal route is so important to characterizing occupational risk, methods to improve the accuracy of dermal absorption estimates are suggested, including the use of human subjects to study dermal absorption. Additional suggestions include tailoring dermal, oral and inhalation kinetic study designs to reflect worker exposure dosages. Suggestions are made to routinely conduct a single dose toxicity study patterned after the neurotoxicity study design to distinguish single dose effects and NOAELs from those resulting from multiple doses. Finally, interspecies pharmacokinetics studies are proposed to determine which Toxicology study regimen of dosing best reflects intermittent worker exposure. 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of British Occupational Hygiene Society