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Tiegang Fang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spray and atomization of diesel Fuel and its alternatives from a single hole injector using a common rail Fuel injection system
Fuel, 2013Co-Authors: Pin Chia Chen, Wei Cheng Wang, William L Roberts, Tiegang FangAbstract:Abstract Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play an important role in the performance of internal combustion engines. As the reserves of Petroleum Fuel are expected to be depleted within a few decades, finding alternative Fuels that are economically viable and sustainable to replace the Petroleum Fuel has attracted much research attention. In this work, the spray and atomization characteristics were investigated for commercial No. 2 diesel Fuel, biodiesel (FAME) derived from waste cooking oil (B100), 20% biodiesel blended diesel Fuel (B20), renewable diesel Fuel produced in house, and civil aircraft jet Fuel (Jet-A). Droplet diameters and particle size distributions were measured by a laser diffraction particle analyzing system and the spray tip penetrations and cone angles were acquired using a high speed imaging technique. All experiments were conducted by employing a common-rail high-pressure Fuel injection system with a single-hole nozzle under room temperature and pressure. The experimental results showed that biodiesel and jet Fuel had different features compared with diesel. Longer spray tip penetration and larger droplet diameters were observed for B100. The smaller droplet size of the Jet-A were believed to be caused by its relatively lower viscosity and surface tension. B20 showed similar characteristics to diesel but with slightly larger droplet sizes and shorter tip penetration. Renewable diesel Fuel showed closer droplet size and spray penetration to Jet-A with both smaller than diesel. As a result, optimizing the trade-off between spray volume and droplet size for different Fuels remains a great challenge. However, high-pressure injection helps to optimize the trade-off of spray volume and droplet sizes. Furthermore, it was observed that the smallest droplets were within a region near the injector nozzle tip and grew larger along the axial and radial direction. The variation of droplet diameters became smaller with increasing injection pressure.
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spray and atomization of diesel Fuel and its alternatives from a single hole injector using a common rail Fuel injection system
Fuel, 2013Co-Authors: Pin Chia Chen, Wei Cheng Wang, William L Roberts, Tiegang FangAbstract:Abstract Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play an important role in the performance of internal combustion engines. As the reserves of Petroleum Fuel are expected to be depleted within a few decades, finding alternative Fuels that are economically viable and sustainable to replace the Petroleum Fuel has attracted much research attention. In this work, the spray and atomization characteristics were investigated for commercial No. 2 diesel Fuel, biodiesel (FAME) derived from waste cooking oil (B100), 20% biodiesel blended diesel Fuel (B20), renewable diesel Fuel produced in house, and civil aircraft jet Fuel (Jet-A). Droplet diameters and particle size distributions were measured by a laser diffraction particle analyzing system and the spray tip penetrations and cone angles were acquired using a high speed imaging technique. All experiments were conducted by employing a common-rail high-pressure Fuel injection system with a single-hole nozzle under room temperature and pressure. The experimental results showed that biodiesel and jet Fuel had different features compared with diesel. Longer spray tip penetration and larger droplet diameters were observed for B100. The smaller droplet size of the Jet-A were believed to be caused by its relatively lower viscosity and surface tension. B20 showed similar characteristics to diesel but with slightly larger droplet sizes and shorter tip penetration. Renewable diesel Fuel showed closer droplet size and spray penetration to Jet-A with both smaller than diesel. As a result, optimizing the trade-off between spray volume and droplet size for different Fuels remains a great challenge. However, high-pressure injection helps to optimize the trade-off of spray volume and droplet sizes. Furthermore, it was observed that the smallest droplets were within a region near the injector nozzle tip and grew larger along the axial and radial direction. The variation of droplet diameters became smaller with increasing injection pressure.
Robert H Borgwardt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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methanol production from biomass and natural gas as transportation Fuel
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 1998Co-Authors: Robert H BorgwardtAbstract:Two processes are examined for production of methanol. They are assessed against the essential requirements of a future alternative Fuel for road transport: that it (i) is producible in amounts comparable to the 19 EJ of motor Fuel annually consumed in the U.S., (ii) minimizes emissions of criteria pollutants, (iii) reduces greenhouse gas emissions from production and use, (iv) is cost-competitive with Petroleum Fuel, and (v) is compatible with the emerging vehicle technologies, especially those powered by Fuel cells. The methanol yield, production cost, and potential for reduction of overall Fuel-cycle CO2 emissions were evaluated and compared to those of reformulated gasoline. The results show that a process utilizing natural gas and biomass as cofeedstocks can meet the five requirements more effectivly than individual processes utilizing those feedstocks separately. When end-use efficiencies are accounted for, the cost per vehicle mile traveled would be less than that of gasoline used in current vehic...
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biomass and natural gas as co feedstocks for production of Fuel for Fuel cell vehicles
Biomass & Bioenergy, 1997Co-Authors: Robert H BorgwardtAbstract:Prospects are examined for utilizing renewable energy crops as a source of liquid Fuel to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from mobile sources and reduce dependence on imported Petroleum. Fuel-cell vehicles would provide a promising technology for coping with the environmental and economic effects of an expanding vehicle fleet and a decreasing Petroleum supply. Fueled with methanol or hydrogen derived from biomass, Fuel cells can also effectively address the problem of CO2 emissions from that fleet. The extent to which this combination might affect Petroleum displacement depends on the amount of biomass that could be produced and the efficiency of its conversion to a Fuel compatible with Fuel cells. Reduction of net CO2 emissions by the best current bio-Fuel technology will be limited by biomass supply. Biomass conversion efficiency, Petroleum displacement and overall net CO2 emission reduction can be improved, and the cost of Fuel minimized, by use of natural gas as a co-feedstock. The extra hydrogen provided by natural gas allows these improvements by eliminating the partial shift of CO to CO2 that is otherwise necessary; elimination of that step and additional in situ leveraging of Fuel yield by conventional reforming reactions also reduce the production cost. A thermochemical process utilizing both biomass and natural gas as co-feedstocks is compared with other options for methanol production and CO2 mitigation using either biomass or natural gas alone. Use of natural gas as co-feedstock makes possible the additional environmental advantage of utilizing waste methane from landfills and waste-water treatment facilities, as well as the carbonaceous solid wastes and sludge from those facilities, for conversion to clean transportation Fuel. Greenhouse gas emissions from these important municipal sources can thus be concurrently reduced, together with landfill disposal requirements.
S Murugan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of nozzle opening pressure on the behaviour of a diesel engine running with non Petroleum Fuel
Energy, 2017Co-Authors: Abhishek Sharma, S MuruganAbstract:Abstract The present experimental study aims to find the effect of the nozzle opening pressure (NOP) on the behaviour of a single cylinder, direct injection, compression ignition engine, run on a non-Petroleum Fuel; i.e. JMETPO20 blend, which contains 80% jatropha methyl ester and 20% tyre pyrolysis oil on a volume basis. In order to find an optimum NOP for the blend, tests were conducted at an optimized injection timing with five different NOPs viz. 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 bar in addition to the original NOP of 200 bar, and the findings were matched with those of diesel operation. The combustion parameters were analysed for the blend and test results showed that the peak cylinder pressure and maximum heat release rate were marginally increased at the NOP of 220 bar in comparison to the original NOP of 200 bar at full load. Further, it was found from the results that for the blend with the NOP of 220 bar, the brake thermal efficiency increased by about 5.12%, while the smoke opacity, brake specific carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon emissions were decreased by about 9.5%, 1.57% and 6.26% respectively when compared to those of the original operating condition at full load.
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durability analysis of a single cylinder di diesel engine operating with a non Petroleum Fuel
Fuel, 2017Co-Authors: Abhishek Sharma, S MuruganAbstract:Abstract Tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) derived from pyrolysis of scrap tyres has been proven as a source of heat energy. Earlier investigations indicated that, a blend (JMETPO20) comprising of 20% TPO and 80% Jatropha methyl ester (JME) was found to be the optimum blend, when tested in a diesel engine. A comparative study reported in this paper is aimed to examine the durability issues of a direct injection diesel engine run on the JMETPO20 blend and diesel. For this purpose, the engine operated with the JMETPO20 blend and diesel was run for 100 h, which consist of 14 test cycles of 7 h each as per the IS 10000 standards. Visual examination of the vital parts of the engine components such as cylinder head, piston crown, and nozzle injector tip, etc. was also carried out to find the carbon deposit after the durability test. After the durability test, several tribological characteristics of the used lubricating oil were evaluated after every 25 h of engine operation in order to analyze the consequence of Fuel chemistry on the life of the lubricating oil. Measurement of different metal debris concentrations present in the lubricating oil samples drawn from the JMETPO20 blend and diesel operated engine was carried out by the atomic absorption spectroscopy.
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combustion performance and emission characteristics of a di diesel engine Fuelled with non Petroleum Fuel a study on the role of Fuel injection timing
Journal of The Energy Institute, 2015Co-Authors: Abhishek Sharma, S MuruganAbstract:Abstract Earlier investigations by the authors revealed that a blend of 80% Jatropha methyl ester (JME) and 20% Tyre pyrolysis oil (TPO) referred to as JMETPO20 blend exhibited a better performance and lower emissions compared to other JMETPO blends [1]. Being a Fuel derived from a non-Petroleum source, the original injection timing of diesel engine may not be suitable for the blend. In this study, the influence of the injection timing on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder, four stroke, air cooled, constant speed, direct injection (DI), naturally aspirated diesel engine has been experimentally investigated, when the engine was run with the JMETPO20 blend. The original injection timing was altered by adjusting the number of shims fitted under the plunger in the pump, by addition or removal of shims. In addition to the original injection timing of 23 °CA bTDC, other injection timings at which the study was carriedout were 20, 21.5, 24.5 and 26 °CA bTDC. The results indicated that the blend gave a better performance and lower emissions when operated with an advanced injection timing of 24.5 °CA bTDC as compared to other injection timings. At the advanced injection timing of 24.5 °CA bTDC, the maximum cylinder pressure was found to be higher by about 2.7 bar with a longer ignition delay, than that in case of the original injection timing at brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) of 5.6 bar. Further, the brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) decreased by about 7.1% compared to that of the original injection timing at BMEP of 5.6 bar. The carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate emissions were also found to be reduced by about 14.2%, 13.26% and 9.3% respectively.
Pin Chia Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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spray and atomization of diesel Fuel and its alternatives from a single hole injector using a common rail Fuel injection system
Fuel, 2013Co-Authors: Pin Chia Chen, Wei Cheng Wang, William L Roberts, Tiegang FangAbstract:Abstract Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play an important role in the performance of internal combustion engines. As the reserves of Petroleum Fuel are expected to be depleted within a few decades, finding alternative Fuels that are economically viable and sustainable to replace the Petroleum Fuel has attracted much research attention. In this work, the spray and atomization characteristics were investigated for commercial No. 2 diesel Fuel, biodiesel (FAME) derived from waste cooking oil (B100), 20% biodiesel blended diesel Fuel (B20), renewable diesel Fuel produced in house, and civil aircraft jet Fuel (Jet-A). Droplet diameters and particle size distributions were measured by a laser diffraction particle analyzing system and the spray tip penetrations and cone angles were acquired using a high speed imaging technique. All experiments were conducted by employing a common-rail high-pressure Fuel injection system with a single-hole nozzle under room temperature and pressure. The experimental results showed that biodiesel and jet Fuel had different features compared with diesel. Longer spray tip penetration and larger droplet diameters were observed for B100. The smaller droplet size of the Jet-A were believed to be caused by its relatively lower viscosity and surface tension. B20 showed similar characteristics to diesel but with slightly larger droplet sizes and shorter tip penetration. Renewable diesel Fuel showed closer droplet size and spray penetration to Jet-A with both smaller than diesel. As a result, optimizing the trade-off between spray volume and droplet size for different Fuels remains a great challenge. However, high-pressure injection helps to optimize the trade-off of spray volume and droplet sizes. Furthermore, it was observed that the smallest droplets were within a region near the injector nozzle tip and grew larger along the axial and radial direction. The variation of droplet diameters became smaller with increasing injection pressure.
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spray and atomization of diesel Fuel and its alternatives from a single hole injector using a common rail Fuel injection system
Fuel, 2013Co-Authors: Pin Chia Chen, Wei Cheng Wang, William L Roberts, Tiegang FangAbstract:Abstract Fuel spray and atomization characteristics play an important role in the performance of internal combustion engines. As the reserves of Petroleum Fuel are expected to be depleted within a few decades, finding alternative Fuels that are economically viable and sustainable to replace the Petroleum Fuel has attracted much research attention. In this work, the spray and atomization characteristics were investigated for commercial No. 2 diesel Fuel, biodiesel (FAME) derived from waste cooking oil (B100), 20% biodiesel blended diesel Fuel (B20), renewable diesel Fuel produced in house, and civil aircraft jet Fuel (Jet-A). Droplet diameters and particle size distributions were measured by a laser diffraction particle analyzing system and the spray tip penetrations and cone angles were acquired using a high speed imaging technique. All experiments were conducted by employing a common-rail high-pressure Fuel injection system with a single-hole nozzle under room temperature and pressure. The experimental results showed that biodiesel and jet Fuel had different features compared with diesel. Longer spray tip penetration and larger droplet diameters were observed for B100. The smaller droplet size of the Jet-A were believed to be caused by its relatively lower viscosity and surface tension. B20 showed similar characteristics to diesel but with slightly larger droplet sizes and shorter tip penetration. Renewable diesel Fuel showed closer droplet size and spray penetration to Jet-A with both smaller than diesel. As a result, optimizing the trade-off between spray volume and droplet size for different Fuels remains a great challenge. However, high-pressure injection helps to optimize the trade-off of spray volume and droplet sizes. Furthermore, it was observed that the smallest droplets were within a region near the injector nozzle tip and grew larger along the axial and radial direction. The variation of droplet diameters became smaller with increasing injection pressure.
Philip T Pienkos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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techno economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for Fuel production
Applied Energy, 2011Co-Authors: Ryan Davis, Andy Aden, Philip T PienkosAbstract:It is well-established that microalgal-derived bioFuels have the potential to make a significant contribution to the US Fuel market, due to several unique characteristics inherent to algae. Namely, autotrophic microalgae are capable of achieving very high efficiencies in converting solar energy into biomass and oil relative to terrestrial oilseed crops, while at the same time exhibiting great flexibility in the quality of land and water required for algal cultivation. These characteristics allow for the possibility to produce appreciable amounts of algal bioFuels relative to today’s Petroleum Fuel market, while greatly mitigating “food-versus-Fuel” concerns. However, there is a wide lack of public agreement on the near-term economic viability of algal bioFuels, due to uncertainties and speculation on process scale-up associated with the nascent stage of the algal bioFuel industry.
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techno economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for Fuel production
Applied Energy, 2011Co-Authors: Ryan Davis, Andy Aden, Philip T PienkosAbstract:Abstract It is well-established that microalgal-derived bioFuels have the potential to make a significant contribution to the US Fuel market, due to several unique characteristics inherent to algae. Namely, autotrophic microalgae are capable of achieving very high efficiencies in converting solar energy into biomass and oil relative to terrestrial oilseed crops, while at the same time exhibiting great flexibility in the quality of land and water required for algal cultivation. These characteristics allow for the possibility to produce appreciable amounts of algal bioFuels relative to today’s Petroleum Fuel market, while greatly mitigating “food-versus-Fuel” concerns. However, there is a wide lack of public agreement on the near-term economic viability of algal bioFuels, due to uncertainties and speculation on process scale-up associated with the nascent stage of the algal bioFuel industry. The present study aims to establish baseline economics for two microalgae pathways, by performing a comprehensive analysis using a set of assumptions for what can plausibly be achieved within a five-year timeframe. Specific pathways include autotrophic production via both open pond and closed tubular photobioreactor (PBR) systems. The production scales were set at 10 million gallons per year of raw algal oil, subsequently upgraded to a “green diesel” blend stock via hydrotreating. Rigorous mass balances were performed using Aspen Plus simulation software, and associated costs were evaluated on a unit-level basis. Upon completing the base case scenarios, the cost of lipid production to achieve a 10% return was determined to be $8.52/gal for open ponds and $18.10/gal for PBRs. Hydrotreating to produce a diesel blend stock added onto this marginally, bringing the totals to $9.84/gal and $20.53/gal of diesel, for the respective cases. These costs have potential for significant improvement in the future if better microalgal strains can be identified that would be capable of sustaining high growth rates at high lipid content. Given that it is difficult to maximize both of these parameters simultaneously, it was determined that the near-term research should focus on maximizing lipid content as it offers more substantial cost reduction potential relative to an improved algae growth rate. Additional economic sensitivity studies were established to identify other important cost drivers, and a resource assessment comparison was made to evaluate parameters such as water and CO 2 requirements.