The Experts below are selected from a list of 423 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Kevin Mcmillan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

John R. Dunn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Diseases Transmitted by Domestic Livestock: Perils of the Petting Zoo.
    Microbiology spectrum, 2015
    Co-Authors: John R. Dunn, Casey Barton Behravesh, Frederick J. Angulo
    Abstract:

    Petting Zoo venues encourage or permit public contact with animals which provide opportunities for education and entertainment. These venues vary but are common at county or state fairs, Zoos, and aquariums. In addition to these common Petting Zoo settings, animals are present in many other venues where the public is permitted to contact them and their environment. Thus, humans may have contact with animals in a wide range of settings, and transmission of infectious diseases from animals to humans may occur at any of these venues, creating perils associated with Petting Zoos. There are many considerations when evaluating perils associated with the wide range of venues where animal contact can occur. First, many venues or events draw large numbers of people; some operate during a short time frame, while others, such as Zoos and aquariums, operate year round. Second, Petting Zoos and other animal contact venues are particularly popular with children, who compared with adults, commonly have less stringent hygienic practices and are more susceptible to severe disease outcomes. Finally, there is remarkable variability in the physical layout of venues that permit animal contact and in the types of animals that may be contacted. Animal contact areas range from well-designed permanent exhibits targeting risk reduction to various temporary or seasonal exhibits established without detailed planning. Many Petting Zoos house only small ruminant species such as sheep and goats, but other venues house a wide variety of mammalian species, exotic animals, poultry and other avian species, reptiles and amphibians, and aquatic animals.

  • Outbreak of escherichia coli O157: H7 infections after Petting Zoo visits, North Carolina State Fair, October-November 2004.
    Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 2009
    Co-Authors: Brant Goode, John R. Dunn, Kathleen Fullerton, Stacey Smith, George Ghneim, James E. Keen, Lisa M. Durso, Megan Davies, Ciara O’reilly, Sue Montgomery
    Abstract:

    Objectives To identify cases, describe the outbreak, implement control measures, and identify factors associated with infection or protection from infection, including contact with animals and hand hygiene practices. Design Case finding, a case-control study of 45 cases and 188 controls, environmental investigation, and molecular subtyping of clinical and environmental Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates. Setting The 2004 North Carolina State Fair. Participants Case patients were fair visitors who had laboratory-confirmed E coli O157 infections, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) diagnoses, or bloody diarrheal illnesses. Control subjects were recruited from a randomized list of persons who had purchased fair tickets online. Environmental samples from the fairgrounds were obtained from locations that had held animals during the fair. Main Exposure Visiting a Petting Zoo. Main Outcome Measures Case finding : Summary descriptive statistics of suspected, probable, or confirmed E coli O157:H7 infections, signs, symptoms, and HUS. Environmental investigation: E coli O157:H7 isolates, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, and spatial distribution of source locations. Case-control study : Odds ratios (ORs) comparing reported fair-related activities, hygiene practices, and Zoonotic disease knowledge with outcome. Results A total of 108 case patients were ascertained, including 41 with laboratory-confirmed illness and 15 who experienced HUS. Forty-five case patients and 188 controls were enrolled in the case-control study. Visits to a Petting Zoo having substantial environmental E coli O157:H7 contamination were associated with illness (age-adjusted OR, 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-20.3). Among children 5 years or younger who had visited the implicated Petting Zoo, contact with animal manure (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.2-21.9) and hand-to-mouth behaviors (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.0-55.0) were associated with illness. Reported hand hygiene practices did not differ significantly (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.3-9.5). Reported awareness of the risk for Zoonotic disease was protective (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.03-0.5). Environmental samples from the Petting Zoo implicated in the case-control study yielded E coli O157:H7, with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns from the predominant strain. Conclusions We describe one of the largest Petting Zoo outbreaks of E coli O157:H7 to date. Persons became infected after contact with manure and engaging in hand-to-mouth behaviors in a Petting Zoo having substantial E coli O157:H7 contamination. Use of alcohol-based hand-sanitizing gels was not protective, although knowledge of the risk for Zoonotic infection was protective. Future investigations in similar outbreaks should assess risks for infection and protective measures (eg, physical barriers separating visitors from animal manure, education, and appropriate hand hygiene practices).

  • Perils of the Petting Zoo.
    Infections of Leisure Fourth Edition, 2009
    Co-Authors: John R. Dunn, Frederick J. Angulo
    Abstract:

    There are many considerations in evaluating perils associated with the wide range of venues where animal contact can occur. First, many venues or events draw large numbers of people; some operate during a short time frame, while others, such as Zoos and aquariums, operate year-round. Second, Petting Zoos and other animal contact venues are particularly popular with children, who are likely to have less stringent hygiene and are more susceptible to severe disease outcomes. Finally, there is remarkable variability in the physical layout of venues that permit animal contact and in the types of animals that may be contacted. Perils of animal contact include allergies, injury, and Zoonotic disease transmission. Potential Zoonotic pathogens in Petting Zoo venues are discussed in this chapter. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) first published recommendations to reduce perils associated with Petting Zoos following an outbreak of human Escherichia coli O157 infections associated with animal contact in 2000. The Petting Zoo associated with the outbreak was one of many exhibits where the public could contact animals. Hand washing is the single most important preventive measure to minimize infectious disease perils of the Petting Zoo. One practical tip is to educate the public to recognize Zoonotic disease perils of the Petting Zoo.

  • H7 Infections After Petting Zoo Visits, North Carolina State Fair, October-November 2004
    2009
    Co-Authors: Brant Goode, John R. Dunn, Kathleen Fullerton, Stacey Smith, George Ghneim, James E. Keen, Lisa M. Durso, Megan Davies, Sue Montgomery
    Abstract:

    Summaryde-scriptive statistics of suspected, probable, or confirmed E coli O157:H7 infections, signs, symptoms, and HUS. Environmental investigation: E coli O157:H7 isolates,pulsed-fieldgelelectrophoresispatterns,andspatialdis-tributionofsourcelocations. Case-controlstudy: Oddsra-tios(ORs)comparingreportedfair-relatedactivities,hy-giene practices, and Zoonotic disease knowledge withoutcome. Results: A total of 108 case patients were ascertained,including 41 with laboratory-confirmed illness and 15who experienced HUS. Forty-five case patients and 188controls were enrolled in the case-control study. VisitstoaPettingZoohavingsubstantialenvironmental Ecoli O157:H7contaminationwereassociatedwithillness(age-adjusted OR, 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-20.3). Among children 5 years or younger who had vis-ited the implicated Petting Zoo, contact with animalmanure (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.2-21.9) and hand-to-mouth behaviors (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.0-55.0) were as-sociated with illness. Reported hand hygiene practicesdid not differ significantly (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.3-9.5).Reported awareness of the risk for Zoonotic disease wasprotective (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.03-0.5). Environmentalsamples from the Petting Zoo implicated in the case-controlstudyyielded

  • Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157
    JAMA Pediatrics, 2009
    Co-Authors: Brant Goode, John R. Dunn, Kathleen Fullerton, Stacey Smith, George Ghneim, James E. Keen, Lisa M. Durso, Megan Davies, Ciara O’reilly, Sue Montgomery
    Abstract:

    Objectives: To identify cases, describe the outbreak, implement control measures, and identify factors associated with infection or protection from infection, including contact with animals and hand hygiene practices. Design: Case finding, a case-control study of 45 cases and 188 controls, environmental investigation, and molecular subtyping of clinical and environmental Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates. Setting: The 2004 North Carolina State Fair. Participants: ase patients were fair visitors who had laboratory-confirmed E coli O157 infections, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) diagnoses, or bloody diarrheal illnesses. Control subjects were recruited from a randomized list of persons who had purchased fair tickets online. Environmental samples from the fairgrounds were obtained from locations that had held animals during the fair. Main Exposure: Visiting a Petting Zoo. Main Outcome Measures: Case finding: Summary descriptive statistics of suspected, probable, or confirmed E coli O157:H7 infections, signs, symptoms, and HUS. Environmental investigation: E coli O157:H7 isolates, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, and spatial distribution of source locations. Case-control study: Odds ratios (ORs) comparing reported fair-related activities, hygiene practices, and Zoonotic disease knowledge with outcome. Results: A total of 108 case patients were ascertained, including 41 with laboratory-confirmed illness and 15 who experienced HUS. Forty-five case patients and 188 controls were enrolled in the case-control study. Visits to a Petting Zoo having substantial environmental E coli O157:H7 contamination were associated with illness (age-adjusted OR, 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-20.3). Among children 5 years or younger who had visited the implicated Petting Zoo, contact with animal manure (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.2-21.9) and hand-to-mouth behaviors (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.0-55.0) were associated with illness. Reported hand hygiene practices did not differ significantly (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.3-9.5). Reported awareness of the risk for Zoonotic disease was protective (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.03-0.5). Environmental samples from the Petting Zoo implicated in the case-control study yielded E coli O157:H7, with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns from the predominant strain. Conclusions: We describe one of the largest Petting Zoo outbreaks of E coli O157:H7 to date. Persons became infected after contact with manure and engaging in hand-to-mouth behaviors in a Petting Zoo having substantial E coli O157:H7 contamination. Use of alcohol-based hand-sanitizing gels was not protective, although knowledge of the risk for Zoonotic infection was protective. Future investigations in similar outbreaks should assess risks for infection and protective measures (eg, physical barriers separating visitors from animal manure, education, and appropriate hand hygiene practices).

Kevin Animal Man Mcmillan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

J. Scott Weese - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • video observation of hand hygiene practices at a Petting Zoo and the impact of hand hygiene interventions
    Epidemiology and Infection, 2012
    Co-Authors: M. E. C. Anderson, J. Scott Weese
    Abstract:

    Petting Zoos are popular attractions, but can also be associated with Zoonotic disease outbreaks. Hand hygiene is critical to reducing disease risks; however, compliance can be poor. Video observation of Petting Zoo visitors was used to assess animal and environmental contact and hand hygiene compliance. Compliance was also compared over five hand hygiene intervention periods. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used for analysis. Overall hand hygiene compliance was 58% (340/583). Two interventions had a significant positive association with hand hygiene compliance [improved signage with offering hand sanitizer, odds ratio (OR) 3·38, P<0·001; verbal hand hygiene reminders, OR 1·73, P=0·037]. There is clearly a need to improve hand hygiene compliance at this and other animal exhibits. This preliminary study was the first to demonstrate a positive impact of a hand hygiene intervention at a Petting Zoo. The findings suggest that active, rather than passive, interventions are more effective for increasing compliance.

  • Video observation of hand hygiene practices at a Petting Zoo and the impact of hand hygiene interventions.
    Epidemiology and Infection, 2011
    Co-Authors: M. E. C. Anderson, J. Scott Weese
    Abstract:

    Petting Zoos are popular attractions, but can also be associated with Zoonotic disease outbreaks. Hand hygiene is critical to reducing disease risks; however, compliance can be poor. Video observation of Petting Zoo visitors was used to assess animal and environmental contact and hand hygiene compliance. Compliance was also compared over five hand hygiene intervention periods. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used for analysis. Overall hand hygiene compliance was 58% (340/583). Two interventions had a significant positive association with hand hygiene compliance [improved signage with offering hand sanitizer, odds ratio (OR) 3·38, P P =0·037]. There is clearly a need to improve hand hygiene compliance at this and other animal exhibits. This preliminary study was the first to demonstrate a positive impact of a hand hygiene intervention at a Petting Zoo. The findings suggest that active, rather than passive, interventions are more effective for increasing compliance.

  • Video observation of hand hygiene practices at a Petting Zoo and the impact of hand hygiene interventions.
    Epidemiology and infection, 2011
    Co-Authors: M. E. C. Anderson, J. Scott Weese
    Abstract:

    Petting Zoos are popular attractions, but can also be associated with Zoonotic disease outbreaks. Hand hygiene is critical to reducing disease risks; however, compliance can be poor. Video observation of Petting Zoo visitors was used to assess animal and environmental contact and hand hygiene compliance. Compliance was also compared over five hand hygiene intervention periods. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used for analysis. Overall hand hygiene compliance was 58% (340/583). Two interventions had a significant positive association with hand hygiene compliance [improved signage with offering hand sanitizer, odds ratio (OR) 3·38, P

Sue Montgomery - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Outbreak of escherichia coli O157: H7 infections after Petting Zoo visits, North Carolina State Fair, October-November 2004.
    Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 2009
    Co-Authors: Brant Goode, John R. Dunn, Kathleen Fullerton, Stacey Smith, George Ghneim, James E. Keen, Lisa M. Durso, Megan Davies, Ciara O’reilly, Sue Montgomery
    Abstract:

    Objectives To identify cases, describe the outbreak, implement control measures, and identify factors associated with infection or protection from infection, including contact with animals and hand hygiene practices. Design Case finding, a case-control study of 45 cases and 188 controls, environmental investigation, and molecular subtyping of clinical and environmental Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates. Setting The 2004 North Carolina State Fair. Participants Case patients were fair visitors who had laboratory-confirmed E coli O157 infections, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) diagnoses, or bloody diarrheal illnesses. Control subjects were recruited from a randomized list of persons who had purchased fair tickets online. Environmental samples from the fairgrounds were obtained from locations that had held animals during the fair. Main Exposure Visiting a Petting Zoo. Main Outcome Measures Case finding : Summary descriptive statistics of suspected, probable, or confirmed E coli O157:H7 infections, signs, symptoms, and HUS. Environmental investigation: E coli O157:H7 isolates, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, and spatial distribution of source locations. Case-control study : Odds ratios (ORs) comparing reported fair-related activities, hygiene practices, and Zoonotic disease knowledge with outcome. Results A total of 108 case patients were ascertained, including 41 with laboratory-confirmed illness and 15 who experienced HUS. Forty-five case patients and 188 controls were enrolled in the case-control study. Visits to a Petting Zoo having substantial environmental E coli O157:H7 contamination were associated with illness (age-adjusted OR, 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-20.3). Among children 5 years or younger who had visited the implicated Petting Zoo, contact with animal manure (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.2-21.9) and hand-to-mouth behaviors (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.0-55.0) were associated with illness. Reported hand hygiene practices did not differ significantly (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.3-9.5). Reported awareness of the risk for Zoonotic disease was protective (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.03-0.5). Environmental samples from the Petting Zoo implicated in the case-control study yielded E coli O157:H7, with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns from the predominant strain. Conclusions We describe one of the largest Petting Zoo outbreaks of E coli O157:H7 to date. Persons became infected after contact with manure and engaging in hand-to-mouth behaviors in a Petting Zoo having substantial E coli O157:H7 contamination. Use of alcohol-based hand-sanitizing gels was not protective, although knowledge of the risk for Zoonotic infection was protective. Future investigations in similar outbreaks should assess risks for infection and protective measures (eg, physical barriers separating visitors from animal manure, education, and appropriate hand hygiene practices).

  • H7 Infections After Petting Zoo Visits, North Carolina State Fair, October-November 2004
    2009
    Co-Authors: Brant Goode, John R. Dunn, Kathleen Fullerton, Stacey Smith, George Ghneim, James E. Keen, Lisa M. Durso, Megan Davies, Sue Montgomery
    Abstract:

    Summaryde-scriptive statistics of suspected, probable, or confirmed E coli O157:H7 infections, signs, symptoms, and HUS. Environmental investigation: E coli O157:H7 isolates,pulsed-fieldgelelectrophoresispatterns,andspatialdis-tributionofsourcelocations. Case-controlstudy: Oddsra-tios(ORs)comparingreportedfair-relatedactivities,hy-giene practices, and Zoonotic disease knowledge withoutcome. Results: A total of 108 case patients were ascertained,including 41 with laboratory-confirmed illness and 15who experienced HUS. Forty-five case patients and 188controls were enrolled in the case-control study. VisitstoaPettingZoohavingsubstantialenvironmental Ecoli O157:H7contaminationwereassociatedwithillness(age-adjusted OR, 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-20.3). Among children 5 years or younger who had vis-ited the implicated Petting Zoo, contact with animalmanure (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.2-21.9) and hand-to-mouth behaviors (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.0-55.0) were as-sociated with illness. Reported hand hygiene practicesdid not differ significantly (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.3-9.5).Reported awareness of the risk for Zoonotic disease wasprotective (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.03-0.5). Environmentalsamples from the Petting Zoo implicated in the case-controlstudyyielded

  • Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157
    JAMA Pediatrics, 2009
    Co-Authors: Brant Goode, John R. Dunn, Kathleen Fullerton, Stacey Smith, George Ghneim, James E. Keen, Lisa M. Durso, Megan Davies, Ciara O’reilly, Sue Montgomery
    Abstract:

    Objectives: To identify cases, describe the outbreak, implement control measures, and identify factors associated with infection or protection from infection, including contact with animals and hand hygiene practices. Design: Case finding, a case-control study of 45 cases and 188 controls, environmental investigation, and molecular subtyping of clinical and environmental Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolates. Setting: The 2004 North Carolina State Fair. Participants: ase patients were fair visitors who had laboratory-confirmed E coli O157 infections, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) diagnoses, or bloody diarrheal illnesses. Control subjects were recruited from a randomized list of persons who had purchased fair tickets online. Environmental samples from the fairgrounds were obtained from locations that had held animals during the fair. Main Exposure: Visiting a Petting Zoo. Main Outcome Measures: Case finding: Summary descriptive statistics of suspected, probable, or confirmed E coli O157:H7 infections, signs, symptoms, and HUS. Environmental investigation: E coli O157:H7 isolates, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, and spatial distribution of source locations. Case-control study: Odds ratios (ORs) comparing reported fair-related activities, hygiene practices, and Zoonotic disease knowledge with outcome. Results: A total of 108 case patients were ascertained, including 41 with laboratory-confirmed illness and 15 who experienced HUS. Forty-five case patients and 188 controls were enrolled in the case-control study. Visits to a Petting Zoo having substantial environmental E coli O157:H7 contamination were associated with illness (age-adjusted OR, 8.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3-20.3). Among children 5 years or younger who had visited the implicated Petting Zoo, contact with animal manure (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 2.2-21.9) and hand-to-mouth behaviors (OR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.0-55.0) were associated with illness. Reported hand hygiene practices did not differ significantly (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.3-9.5). Reported awareness of the risk for Zoonotic disease was protective (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.03-0.5). Environmental samples from the Petting Zoo implicated in the case-control study yielded E coli O157:H7, with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns from the predominant strain. Conclusions: We describe one of the largest Petting Zoo outbreaks of E coli O157:H7 to date. Persons became infected after contact with manure and engaging in hand-to-mouth behaviors in a Petting Zoo having substantial E coli O157:H7 contamination. Use of alcohol-based hand-sanitizing gels was not protective, although knowledge of the risk for Zoonotic infection was protective. Future investigations in similar outbreaks should assess risks for infection and protective measures (eg, physical barriers separating visitors from animal manure, education, and appropriate hand hygiene practices).