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Jean-yves Le Hesran - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Between traditional remedies and Pharmaceutical drugs: prevention and treatment of “Palu” in households in Benin, West Africa
    BMC public health, 2020
    Co-Authors: Barikissou Georgia Damien, Carine Baxerres, Edwige Apetoh, Jean-yves Le Hesran
    Abstract:

    In Benin, malaria clinical cases, including the larger popular entity called “Palu” are evoked when people get fever. “Palu” is often self-diagnosed and self-medicated at home. This study aimed to describe the use of herbal Medicine, and/or Pharmaceutical Medicines for prevention and treatment of malaria at home and the factors associated with this usage. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Benin in an urban and in a rural area in 2016. Around 600 households in each place were selected by using a random sampling of houses GPS coordinates of the families. The association between socio demographic characteristics and the use of herbal Medicine was tested by using logistic regression models. In Cotonou (urban), 43.64% of households reported using herbal or Pharmaceutical Medicine to prevent “Palu”, while they were 53.1% in Lobogo (rural). To treat “Palu” in Cotonou, 5.34% of households reported using herbal Medicine exclusively, 33.70% Pharmaceutical Medicine exclusively and 60.96% reported using both. In Lobogo, 4% reported using herbal Medicine exclusively, 6.78% Pharmaceutical Medicine exclusively and 89.22% reported using both. In Cotonou, the factors “age of respondent”, “participation to a traditional form of savings” and “low socioeconomic level of the household” were associated with the use of herbal Medicine. This study shows the strong use of herbal Medicine to prevent “Palu” or even treat it, and in this case it is mostly associated with the use of Pharmaceutical Medicine. It also highlights the fact that malaria control and care seeking behaviour with herbal Medicine remain closely linked to household low-income status but also to cultural behaviour. The interest of this study is mostly educational, with regards to community practices concerning “Palu”, and to the design of adapted behaviour change communication strategies. Finally, there is a need to take into account the traditional habits of populations in malaria control and define a rational and risk-free use of herbal Medicine as WHO-recommended.

  • Between traditional remedies and Pharmaceutical drugs: prevention and treatment of “Palu” in households in Benin, West Africa
    BMC Public Health, 2020
    Co-Authors: Barikissou Damien, Carine Baxerres, Edwige Apetoh, Jean-yves Le Hesran
    Abstract:

    Background: In Benin, malaria clinical cases, including the larger popular entity called "Palu" are evoked when people get fever. "Palu" is often self-diagnosed and self-medicated at home. This study aimed to describe the use of herbal Medicine, and/or Pharmaceutical Medicines for prevention and treatment of malaria at home and the factors associated with this usage. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Benin in an urban and in a rural area in 2016. Around 600 households in each place were selected by using a random sampling of houses GPS coordinates of the families. The association between socio demographic characteristics and the use of herbal Medicine was tested by using logistic regression models. Results: In Cotonou (urban), 43.64% of households reported using herbal or Pharmaceutical Medicine to prevent "Palu", while they were 53.1% in Lobogo (rural). To treat "Palu" in Cotonou, 5.34% of households reported using herbal Medicine exclusively, 33.70% Pharmaceutical Medicine exclusively and 60.96% reported using both. In Lobogo, 4% reported using herbal Medicine exclusively, 6.78% Pharmaceutical Medicine exclusively and 89.22% reported using both. In Cotonou, the factors "age of respondent", "participation to a traditional form of savings" and "low socioeconomic level of the household" were associated with the use of herbal Medicine. Conclusions: This study shows the strong use of herbal Medicine to prevent "Palu" or even treat it, and in this case it is mostly associated with the use of Pharmaceutical Medicine. It also highlights the fact that malaria control and care seeking behaviour with herbal Medicine remain closely linked to household low-income status but also to cultural behaviour. The interest of this study is mostly educational, with regards to community practices concerning "Palu", and to the design of adapted behaviour change communication strategies. Finally, there is a need to take into account the traditional habits of populations in malaria control and define a rational and risk-free use of herbal Medicine as WHO-recommended.

Kyoko Imamura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Evolution of the Development of Core Competencies in Pharmaceutical Medicine and Their Potential Use in Education and Training.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Peter D. Stonier, Kyoko Imamura, Sandor Kerpel-fronius, Honorio Silva, Alan Boyd, Domenico Criscuolo, Felicity J. Gabbay, Gustavo Kesselring, Heinrich Klech, Ingrid Klingmann
    Abstract:

    The evolution of postgraduate vocational education and training in Pharmaceutical Medicine is described alongside the growth of this scientific-medical discipline and profession for the development of new Medicines. Over the past 50 years, whilst the training of competent professionals for their work has been paramount, this has paralleled the need to engage with the rapid and complex changes in RD clinical development and clinical trials; Medicines regulation; drug safety and surveillance; ethics and subject protection; healthcare marketplace; communication and management. The application of the core competencies in a harmonized, international platform of education and training in Medicines development at the undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing professional development levels would invigorate the potential for having a competent workforce with the intent to provide faster access to better and appropriate Medicines for patients worldwide.

  • The Specialist in Medicines Development (SMD) as a Vocational Program in Pharmaceutical Medicine: The Japanese and Italian Experience.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Domenico Criscuolo, Kyoko Imamura, Ingrid Klingmann
    Abstract:

    The growing complexity of the drug development process requires globally recognised professionals who have not only completed the cognitive path of competence, i.e. the specialized post graduate course in Pharmaceutical Medicine, but suggests that these individuals should join a vocational training program in order to consolidate the seven competencies which characterize a competent Pharmaceutical Professional. The Specialist in Medicines Development (SMD) program developed by the IMI project PharmaTrain and further supported by the IMI project IMI-TRAIN can be considered a prototype vocational program. In order to test the SMD value, it was implemented in two countries, Japan and Italy. The preliminary results, after three years of its implementation, are here summarized, and some initial recommendations are offered to all other countries which may consider to establish this program.

  • Japanese Initiative for Education in Pharmaceutical Medicine and Clinical Research Training
    Journal of Medicines Development Sciences, 2017
    Co-Authors: Akiko Kishi, Ichiro Uchida, Daisuke Koide, Kyoko Imamura
    Abstract:

    Development of new Medicines has become increasingly difficult with less possibility of success in seeds-finding and ever rising operational costs. Failure to comply with ethical standards for human research protection also erodes social trust in clinical development. In order to develop competence of professionals in Medicines development such as clinical investigators and drug development scientists, a variety of educational courses and training programs have been developed and executed worldwide. As Japan is no exception and shares the same concerns, significant governmental and non-governmental efforts have been made to invest in the development of academic educational courses and adherence to international standards. This article introduces examples of the adoption of technologies to realize a user-friendly and sustainable learning management as well as an adaptation of syllabuses and core curricula to meet international standards in the era of global Medicines development.

  • Fostering competence in Medicines development: The IFAPP perspective
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Dominique Dubois, Kyoko Imamura, Sandor Kerpel-fronius, Honorio Silva, Gustavo Kesselring, Anna Jurczynska, Gerfried Nell, Peter D. Stonier
    Abstract:

    IFAPP is a nonprofit organization with the mission to promote Pharmaceutical Medicine & Medicines Development (PMM ICPM is aimed to provide the state of the art in key areas for our discipline and profession. The paper is a reflection on the role of competency-based education and training for Pharmaceutical Physicians and Medicines development scientists, as was discussed during the recent ICPM 2016 held in Sao Paulo, with the support of the Brazilian Association of Pharmaceutical Medicine and gathered around 200 representatives from the Pharmaceutical, clinical research and regulatory arenas worldwide. http://www.icpm2016.com/en/programacao/programa;

  • Accreditation Standards for Medical Science Liaison (MSL) Certification Programmes in Japan: A Viewpoint from the Japanese Association of Pharmaceutical Medicine (JAPhMED)
    Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ichiro Uchida, Michiko Tomiyasu, Koji Iwasaki, Harumi Mukai, Kyoko Imamura, Takumi Kobayashi, Kazuya Iwamoto
    Abstract:

    A medical science liaison (MSL) is a field-based professional with advanced training and academic degrees, who focuses on moving forward standards of care and optimising patient outcomes, and also maximising the value of medical products. Recently, in the Pharmaceutical industry in Japan, the role and function of MSLs have been rapidly evolving and are attracting increasing importance not only in corporate strategy but also in their acceptance by health care professionals. However, there is variability in individual company MSL training programmes and how to certify their knowledge and skills across the industry in Japan. Lack of standardised training and assessment of MSL capabilities may threaten the robustness and proper expansion of the MSLs’ role, and raises the question of the need to define a set of minimum and common standards among corporate MSL certification programmes. As a solution to this issue, the Japanese Association of Pharmaceutical Medicine (JAPhMED), whose mission is to promote Pharmaceutical Medicine by enhancing the knowledge, expertise and skills of Pharmaceutical professionals, undertook to define and put into practice accreditation standards for corporate MSL certification programmes. For accreditation standards for MSL certification programmes, three domains were considered in establishing the evaluation standards: (1) independence from promotional activities (compliance structure); (2) medical and scientific expertise (skills and competencies); and (3) the educational system (education and training). On the basis of these standards, JAPhMED has started to implement accreditation of corporate MSL certification through an evaluation process comprising system and field audits. In conclusion, a set of accreditation standards for MSL certification programmes is now available for use and can serve as a useful guide for development of MSL programmes in Pharmaceutical and related companies.

Peter D. Stonier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Evolution of the Development of Core Competencies in Pharmaceutical Medicine and Their Potential Use in Education and Training.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Peter D. Stonier, Kyoko Imamura, Sandor Kerpel-fronius, Honorio Silva, Alan Boyd, Domenico Criscuolo, Felicity J. Gabbay, Gustavo Kesselring, Heinrich Klech, Ingrid Klingmann
    Abstract:

    The evolution of postgraduate vocational education and training in Pharmaceutical Medicine is described alongside the growth of this scientific-medical discipline and profession for the development of new Medicines. Over the past 50 years, whilst the training of competent professionals for their work has been paramount, this has paralleled the need to engage with the rapid and complex changes in RD clinical development and clinical trials; Medicines regulation; drug safety and surveillance; ethics and subject protection; healthcare marketplace; communication and management. The application of the core competencies in a harmonized, international platform of education and training in Medicines development at the undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing professional development levels would invigorate the potential for having a competent workforce with the intent to provide faster access to better and appropriate Medicines for patients worldwide.

  • Evolution of Ethical Principles in the Practice of Pharmaceutical Medicine From a UK Perspective
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Thomas Morris, Peter D. Stonier, Joshua M. Brostoff, Alan Boyd
    Abstract:

    Pharmaceutical Medicine has evolved to be a distinct medical scientific discipline over time. Pharmaceutical Medicine has distinctive features related to complex innovative Medicines development activities in an often commercially focused competitive environment. This sometimes uneasy mix of professionalism and commercialisation demands of its medical and scientific researchers alike, a focus on strict adherence to ethical standards, guidelines, practices and behaviors in the interest of delivering new, effective, high-quality lifesaving and life-enhancing Medicines quickly and reliably to patients in need. To support the speciality, codes of ethical standards and practices have been developed, with several being recently updated. These various codes are outlined in this paper along with relevant historical perspectives and interrelationship with concepts of professionalism. Reflecting the longer history of Pharmaceutical Medicine as a speciality in the UK and experience of the authors, there is a focus on the UK for the historical perspectives.

  • The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine – Foundation, function and future
    Journal of Medicines Development Sciences, 2017
    Co-Authors: Alan Boyd, Peter D. Stonier, Konrad Obiora, Ben Cottam
    Abstract:

    The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine was established in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1989 to develop and maintain competence, ethics and the highest professional standards of practice in the discipline. This article charts the founding principles and history of the Faculty, details its composition and membership, and outlines the major functions and achievements of the organisation in the context of the development of the discipline of Pharmaceutical Medicine. The recognition of Pharmaceutical Medicine as a medical specialty in the UK is described together with the associated certification programme Pharmaceutical Medicine Specialty Training, which enables Pharmaceutical physicians to become certified practitioners in the specialty with the UK General Medical Council (UK GMC).

  • Pharmaceutical Medicine
    International Journal of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2007
    Co-Authors: Peter D. Stonier, Honorio Silva, Herman Lahon
    Abstract:

    For over 30 years Pharmaceutical Medicine has developed as a medical scientific discipline for the discovery, development, evaluation, registration, monitoring and medical marketing of Medicines for the benefit of patients and community health. Pharmaceutical Medicine occupies common ground between the clinical and healthcare professions, Pharmaceutical industry and government. While the boundaries of Pharmaceutical Medicine are indistinct, at its centre is the clinical testing of Medicines, translation of drugs into new Medicines, safety and well-being of research subjects in clinical trials, and understanding the safety profile of Medicines and their benefit-risk balance. Pharmaceutical Medicine is a discipline that takes its place alongside other medical specialties; it has developed its own professional ethos; it has established a distinct body of knowledge based primarily on clinical science; and its practitioners represent a cohesive group of specialists with common goals and aspirations. Pharmaceutical physicians work in industry, drug regulatory authorities and clinical research organisations, but have a close affinity with their medical colleagues in primary and secondary healthcare and at universities. As a postgraduate medical discipline, Pharmaceutical Medicine has a recognised international syllabus, training courses with examinations and qualifications, its own research methodologies, professional bodies and academic societies, journals and texts, and embraces new technologies and regulations in pursuit of proof of efficacy, safety and effectiveness of Medicines. Pharmaceutical Medicine is a listed medical specialty in the UK, Ireland, Switzerland and Mexico. This official recognition is underlined by the availability of accredited education and training of specialist Pharmaceutical physicians and the establishment and maintenance of standards of practice and professionalism in the competency, care and conduct applied to their work and of growing public recognition and accountability.

  • Clinical pharmacology and the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine
    British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Peter D. Stonier, N. S. Baber
    Abstract:

    The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine was founded in 1989 as one of two faculties of the three Royal Colleges of Physicians in the UK. From its inception, the Faculty has had a strong association with clinical pharmacology. Indeed, many would be surprised if it were otherwise, as clinical pharmacology and therapeutics are fundamental to the Pharmaceutical business of the discovery, development and registration of drugs. The founder President of the Faculty was Sir Abe Goldberg, an academic clinical pharmacologist and a previous chairman of the Committee on Safety of Medicines, and other clinical pharmacologists were well represented on the founding committees. The present Board of the Faculty has a standing representation from the three Colleges, with two clinical pharmacologists among the nominees. The Clinical Pharmacology Specialty Committee of the Royal College of Physicians of London also has representation on the Faculty Board. The overarching responsibility of the Faculty is to set, maintain and raise standards of practice in Pharmaceutical Medicine. Members come from the Pharmaceutical industry including contract research organizations and biotechnology companies, and the regulatory authorities. These organizations include physicians working as clinical pharmacologists. However, just as the discipline of clinical pharmacology has broadened to embrace newer specialties such as molecular biology and pharmaco-economics, and is responsible for standards of training in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics at undergraduate and postgraduate level, so the Faculty encompasses all the aspects one would expect to be represented in a maturing and international specialty representing 1300 members working in over 40 countries. Where are the areas of synergy between clinical pharmacology and the Faculty and how will these evolve? First, there is the movement of clinical pharmacologists and physicians from specialisms with allied skills into industry and regulatory authorities to take up technical and managerial positions. Movement in the other direction does occur but is unfortunately rarer. Second, the joint industrial, National Health Service (NHS) and academic clinical pharmacology training programmes have been in place for 3 years. We can expect these to yield a continuous cadre of trained clinical pharmacologists who will have the opportunity to enter academia, the NHS or the Pharmaceutical industry [1]. Third, there is the area of postgraduate training and development for Pharmaceutical physicians leading to specialist certification. For academic and NHS based clinical pharmacologists, this has been in place for 3 years, and now Pharmaceutical Medicine is on the brink of achieving recognition in the UK as a registerable specialty. A considerable body of work has been undertaken by the Faculty Board and various subcommittees to bring this about [2], and final approval of the specialty is expected in the near future. Pharmaceutical Medicine is a very broad specialty. It encompasses physicians working in basic research, through experimental Medicine to identify potentially useful surrogate markers, to running and managing phase I, II and III trials, and to pharmaco-economics and healthcare in the market-place. Following 2 years of postregistration general professional training, a physician entering the Pharmaceutical industry is entitled to register with the Faculty as an Affiliate and enter a 4 year period of higher medical training (HMT). The trainee undertakes a centralized, 2 year, modular, knowledge-based training programme followed by a written and oral examination to attain the Diploma in Pharmaceutical Medicine. At this stage the physician may become an Associate of the Faculty. There then follows a 2 year period of advanced training which is based on six practical modules, of which a minimum of two will involve the workplace. These modules are in the design stage at present and will be aimed at the acquisition and development of skills and competencies to undertake specific roles. This modular programme will be tailored to the needs of individual trainees. Completion of HMT is marked by attaining Membership of the Faculty and, it is envisaged, specialist registration. Physicians enter the Pharmaceutical industry at different points in their medical careers and, by and large, are appointed to specific posts, not primarily as trainees. To take account of this, the scheduling of the basic and advanced programmes of HMT is flexible and may overlap so that previously acquired skills can be taken into account. In recognition of physicians with significant previous experience who have passed the Diploma in Pharmaceutical Medicine and who do not wish or need to undertake HMT, there is the opportunity to submit a dissertation on work in Pharmaceutical Medicine which, if approved, would lead to Membership of the Faculty but not to specialty certification. What is the importance of clinical pharmacology in this postgraduate training programme? Acquisition of knowledge about how drugs work, their limitations, the variability of response and how they can be used optimally in practice, underpins the whole of Pharmaceutical Medicine. The application of the skills honed through the acquisition of this knowledge varies depending on the kind of appointment. These fundamental principles are recognized in the HMT programme. The Diploma in Pharmaceutical Medicine has a significant clinical pharmacology component including a basic understanding of pharmacokinetics, drug action (pharmacodynamics), and the mechanisms underlying drug toxicity. One of the six practical modules of HMT is dedicated to clinical pharmacology and is designed to give the career Pharmaceutical physician a higher level of competency in clinical pharmacology skills, thus permitting more independent and responsible levels of activity. Career industrial clinical pharmacologists aiming to be principal investigators, managing clinical pharmacology units or heading departments of clinical pharmacology will have to develop full competency in all elements of this module. It may well be that clinical pharmacology within industry will become a subspecialty in its own right, with its own specialist certification status. Industrial and academic clinical pharmacologists are involved in lecturing on postgraduate courses in Pharmaceutical Medicine, and in setting and conducting the Diploma examination of the Faculty. The construction of the clinical pharmacology module for HMT is also directed by a small number of clinical pharmacologists. The next stage – the implementation – of the training programme will involve wider participation. As mentioned above, it will need to be tailored to the individual and to be supervised within the workplace. The modular programme is likely to be a mix of distance learning and formal working groups and tutorials, with appropriate assessment and appraisal steps. It is expected that different organizations – academia, industry and regulatory authorities – will ‘tender’ for different portions of these modules and be responsible for cross-employee training. These are arrangments that challenge some of the boundaries that exist between organizations, but build on a concept of the individual having responsibility for an evolving portfolio of personal development. Clinical pharmacology, as a discipline, has well-defined and widely recognized basic principles that need to be acquired during HMT, but has a diffusion of skilled and knowledgeable personnel across academia, health groups, industry and regulatory authorities who can set standards and guide the educational programme. To deliver the information and impart the skills and competencies to Pharmaceutical physicians, this clinical pharmacology diaspora will require innovative partnerships with common aims. These are goals well worth fostering for clinical pharmacology as a fundamental pillar of the Faculty and the emerging specialty of Pharmaceutical Medicine.

Li Yibo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Medicine Components Recognition of Traditional Chinese Pharmaceutical Medicine Based on FNN
    Computer Engineering, 2003
    Co-Authors: Li Yibo
    Abstract:

    A fuzzy neural network is proposed to recognize Medicine components from traditional Chinese Pharmaceutical Medicine. The network is built on the idea of ART while referring to regular fuzzy neural network. The network takes on two-phase models:first, studies the network structure by samples; and then studies the network parameters in concentrated batch. The network customizes traditional Chinese Medicine recognition. It can be used not only to traditional Chinese Medicine but recognize the components of the Chinese Pharmaceutical Medicine by its chromatograph. The experimental results indicate the arrival to the prospective. It is a new method being used to analyze and control traditional Chinese Pharmaceutical Medicine quality.

Martin Traber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Evolution to a Competency-Based Training Curriculum for Pharmaceutical Medicine Physicians in Switzerland.
    Frontiers in pharmacology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Gabriel Schnetzler, Markus F. Bremgartner, Regina Grossmann Straessle, David Spirk, Fabian Tay, Rahel Troxler Saxer, Martin Traber
    Abstract:

    In Switzerland, Pharmaceutical Medicine has existed as one of 46 physician specialties accredited by the Federal Office of Public Health for more than 20 years. As a medical-scientific discipline, our goal is to enable best possible therapeutic coverage for the benefit of patients and society through a medical need-based development and optimal use of medicinal products. The role of the specialist in Pharmaceutical Medicine is to closely collaborate with various stakeholders of the healthcare system in the context of the discovery, research, development and approval of new medicinal products, as well as safe and effective use of new and established medicinal products in daily clinical practice. The post-graduate training consists of 2 years of patient-related clinical work, followed by 3 years of vocational training at certified centers in Pharmaceutical Medicine. This also includes completion of an academic post-graduate diploma in Pharmaceutical Medicine (30 ECTS) according to the IFAPP/PharmaTrain syllabus and a one day board exam. As part of an ongoing revision of the training curriculum, we are developing a Swiss Catalogue of Core Competencies in Pharmaceutical Medicine (SC3-PM), based on the IFAPP competency framework for drug development specialists in industry. In this article we discuss how we adapt the scope of the IFAPP competency framework to better reflect such roles in academic institutions or regulatory bodies in Switzerland.

  • Data_Sheet_1_Evolution to a Competency-Based Training Curriculum for Pharmaceutical Medicine Physicians in Switzerland.pdf
    2019
    Co-Authors: Gabriel Schnetzler, Markus F. Bremgartner, Regina Grossmann Straessle, David Spirk, Fabian Tay, Rahel Troxler Saxer, Martin Traber
    Abstract:

    In Switzerland, Pharmaceutical Medicine has existed as one of 46 physician specialties accredited by the Federal Office of Public Health for more than 20 years. As a medical-scientific discipline, our goal is to enable best possible therapeutic coverage for the benefit of patients and society through a medical need-based development and optimal use of medicinal products. The role of the specialist in Pharmaceutical Medicine is to closely collaborate with various stakeholders of the healthcare system in the context of the discovery, research, development and approval of new medicinal products, as well as safe and effective use of new and established medicinal products in daily clinical practice. The post-graduate training consists of 2 years of patient-related clinical work, followed by 3 years of vocational training at certified training centers in Pharmaceutical Medicine. This also includes completion of an academic post-graduate diploma in Pharmaceutical Medicine (30 ECTS) according to the IFAPP/PharmaTrain syllabus and a 1 day board exam. As part of an ongoing revision of the training curriculum, we are developing a Swiss Catalog of Core Competencies in Pharmaceutical Medicine (SC3-PM), based on the IFAPP competency framework for drug development specialists in industry. In this article we discuss how we adapt the scope of the IFAPP competency framework to better reflect such roles in academic institutions or regulatory bodies in Switzerland.

  • Pharmaceutical Medicine in Switzerland
    Pharmaceutical Medicine, 2010
    Co-Authors: Martin Traber, Beat Althaus
    Abstract:

    This article presents a global view on the Pharmaceutical Medicine specialty and, in particular, the role of Pharmaceutical physicians working in Switzerland. These days, the professional environment for Pharmaceutical physicians is changing significantly. Political debates on regulating human research and financing the healthcare system currently dominate the reality of Pharmaceutical physicians. This changing environment contrasts with the high regulation of the medical profession, including Pharmaceutical Medicine, in Switzerland. From post-graduate training to continued medical education, the Pharmaceutical Medicine specialty is governed by Swiss law and a number of respective ordinances, and is overseen by the Swiss Institute of Post-Graduate Training and Continued Medical Education. The post-graduate training programme lasts 5 years and is divided into 2 years of clinical work in any specialty, and 3 years of specific post-graduate training. The practical part of the post-graduate training is performed at training centres that can be located in Clinical Trial Units of university hospitals, affiliates of global Pharmaceutical companies or other institutions working in the field of Pharmaceutical Medicine. The theoretical part of the post-graduate training has to cover a total of at least 360 hours, and is based on parallel vocational courses. For example, this training can be obtained at the European Center of Pharmaceutical Medicine in Basel, Switzerland, which offers a comprehensive course programme covering all relevant topics of Pharmaceutical Medicine. The development of Pharmaceuticals, and clinical research as the core area, is the predominant training topic and working field for Pharmaceutical physicians. The Swiss Society of Pharmaceutical Medicine is the professional body representing Pharmaceutical physicians within the umbrella organization, the Swiss Medical Association. There are a number of societies, associations and other organizations supporting clinical research in Switzerland. There are links to the Swiss Association of Pharmaceutical Professionals representing nonmedical specialists, and there is a clear intention to intensify the collaboration with the Swiss Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology. The Swiss Clinical Trial Organization has been established to foster the quality of clinical research in all medical disciplines and to support the newly created Clinical Trial Units, which are located in six university and cantonal hospitals. Since the international competitiveness of Switzerland as a research location is essential for the country, collaborative efforts by all stakeholders, including specialists in Pharmaceutical Medicine, are necessary to address the numerous challenges related to clinical research.

  • Pharmaceutical Medicine in Switzerland
    Pharmaceutical medicine, 2010
    Co-Authors: Martin Traber, Beat Althaus
    Abstract:

    This article presents a global view on the Pharmaceutical Medicine specialty and, in particular, the role of Pharmaceutical physicians working in Switzerland. These days, the professional environment for Pharmaceutical physicians is changing significantly. Political debates on regulating human research and financing the healthcare system currently dominate the reality of Pharmaceutical physicians. This changing environment contrasts with the high regulation of the medical profession, including Pharmaceutical Medicine, in Switzerland.