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Alan D. Baddeley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Phonological Loop as a buffer store: An update.
Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Alan D. Baddeley, Graham J HitchAbstract:We regard our multicomponent model of working memory as reflecting a hierarchy of buffer stores with buffer storage providing an effective way of combining information from two or more streams that may differ in either the speed of input or in the features coded. We illustrate this through the case of the Phonological Loop component of the model. We discuss its gradual development through a combination of evidence from mainstream cognition and neuropsychology with the need for more detailed modelling of issues such as the representation of serial order. A brief account follows of the application, beyond the laboratory and clinic, of the concept of a Phonological Loop and the methods designed to study it. We then discuss some criticisms of the overall multicomponent model, concluding with a discussion of the major contribution made by neuropsychological evidence to its development together with some suggestions as to comparative lack of influence from more recent studies based on neuro-imaging.
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Breaking a habit: A further role of the Phonological Loop in action control
Memory & cognition, 2013Co-Authors: Erina Saeki, Graham J Hitch, Alan D. Baddeley, Satoru SaitoAbstract:Recent research has suggested that keeping track of a task goal in rapid task switching may depend on the Phonological Loop component of working memory. In this study, we investigated whether the Phonological Loop plays a similar role when a single switch extending over several trials is required after many trials on which one has performed a competing task. Participants were shown pairs of digits varying in numerical and physical size, and they were required to decide which digit was numerically or physically larger. An experimental cycle consisted of four blocks of 24 trials. In Experiment 1, participants in the task change groups performed the numerical-size judgment task during the first three blocks, and then changed to the physical-size judgment task in the fourth. Participants in the continuation groups performed only the physical-size judgment task throughout all four blocks. We found negative effects of articulatory suppression on the fourth block, but only in the task change groups. Experiment 2 was a replication, with the modification that both groups received identical instructions and practice. Experiment 3 was a further replication using numerical-size judgment as the target task. The results showed a pattern similar to that from Experiment 1, with negative effects of articulatory suppression found only in the task change group. The congruity of numerical and physical size had a reliable effect on performance in all three experiments, but unlike the task change, it did not reliably interact with articulatory suppression. The results suggest that in addition to its well-established role in rapid task switching, the Phonological Loop also contributes to active goal maintenance in longer-term action control.
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The Phonological Loop unmasked? A comment on the evidence for a "perceptual-gestural" alternative.
Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006), 2007Co-Authors: Alan D. Baddeley, Janet D. LarsenAbstract:Jones et al. (Jones, Hughes, & Macken, 2006; Jones, Macken, & Nicholls, 2004) identify the interaction between Phonological similarity, articulatory suppression, and stimulus presentation mode in verbal short-term memory as potentially providing important support for the Phonological Loop hypothesis. They find such an interaction but attribute it to "perceptual organization masquerading as Phonological storage". We present data using shorter letter sequences and find clear evidence of the interaction predicted by the Phonological Loop hypothesis, which, unlike the evidence of Jones et al., is not limited to recency, and which provides continued support for the Phonological Loop hypothesis.
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The Phonological Loop: Some answers and some questions
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Alan D. Baddeley, Janet D. LarsenAbstract:Jones, Hughes, and Macken (2007) claim that their data and our own are inconsistent with a multicomponent working-memory model. We explain in greater detail how the model can account for the data and can address their more specific criticisms. Both sides accept that data relating to the presence of a Phonological similarity effect throughout the list depend on list length. We accept that, at this point, all explanations of their interaction are speculative and require further empirical investigation. We examine J, H, & M's interpretation of their and our results in terms of an auditory modality effect, observing that their interpretation of this effect is not well supported by the literature. We suggest that their account assumes a very narrow basis for a general theory of short-term retention, in contrast to a Phonological Loop interpretation, which forms part of a well-developed and articulated model of working memory.
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Music in working memory? Examining the effect of pitch proximity on the recall performance of nonmusicians.
2006Co-Authors: Victoria J. Williamson, Alan D. Baddeley, Graham J HitchAbstract:Working memory is the temporary storage system that is assumed to underpin our capacity for coherent thought. One working memory model (WMM) assumes an attentional control component, the central executive, together with two subsystems, the visuo-spatial sketchpad that is capable of storing visual and spatial information, and the Phonological Loop which holds and manipulates speech-like information. Although the WMM has been applied across a wide range of situations, there is little work on its application to music. The present study attempts to apply to music one of the major phenomena of the Phonological Loop, the observation that immediate recall of sequences of words or letters is impaired when they are similar in sound. (e.g. PCVTD vs. XKWYR). Two experiments were performed, in both of which subjects heard and attempted to reproduce sequences of notes that were either close together in pitch height (proximal) or far apart (distant). Memory for proximal sequences was poorer than for distant in both experiments, lending support to the possibility that the Phonological Loop may also be capable of holding musical sequences.
Satoru Saito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Breaking a habit: A further role of the Phonological Loop in action control
Memory & cognition, 2013Co-Authors: Erina Saeki, Graham J Hitch, Alan D. Baddeley, Satoru SaitoAbstract:Recent research has suggested that keeping track of a task goal in rapid task switching may depend on the Phonological Loop component of working memory. In this study, we investigated whether the Phonological Loop plays a similar role when a single switch extending over several trials is required after many trials on which one has performed a competing task. Participants were shown pairs of digits varying in numerical and physical size, and they were required to decide which digit was numerically or physically larger. An experimental cycle consisted of four blocks of 24 trials. In Experiment 1, participants in the task change groups performed the numerical-size judgment task during the first three blocks, and then changed to the physical-size judgment task in the fourth. Participants in the continuation groups performed only the physical-size judgment task throughout all four blocks. We found negative effects of articulatory suppression on the fourth block, but only in the task change groups. Experiment 2 was a replication, with the modification that both groups received identical instructions and practice. Experiment 3 was a further replication using numerical-size judgment as the target task. The results showed a pattern similar to that from Experiment 1, with negative effects of articulatory suppression found only in the task change group. The congruity of numerical and physical size had a reliable effect on performance in all three experiments, but unlike the task change, it did not reliably interact with articulatory suppression. The results suggest that in addition to its well-established role in rapid task switching, the Phonological Loop also contributes to active goal maintenance in longer-term action control.
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THE ROLE OF THE Phonological Loop IN TASK SWITCHING PERFORMANCE: THE EFFECT OF ARTICULATORY SUPPRESSION IN THE ALTERNATING RUNS PARADIGM
PSYCHOLOGIA -An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 2004Co-Authors: Erina Saeki, Satoru SaitoAbstract:We examined the role of the Phonological Loop in task switching performance in a prevalently used research paradigm, that is, the alternating runs paradigm. This paradigm basically requires participants to alternate tasks on every second trial (i.e., AABBAABB). In this study, participants were required to alternate the letter and numerical decision tasks in cue-present and cue-absent conditions under control, articulatory suppression and foot tapping conditions. The results showed that error rates were larger and reaction times were longer in the articulatory suppression condition than in the control and tapping conditions for both switch and nonswitch trials in two cue conditions. These findings indicate that the Phonological Loop contributes to task performance not only in the switching trials but also in situations where the maintenance of task sequence information is required.
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The Phonological Loop and memory for rhythms: An individual differences approach
Memory (Hove England), 2001Co-Authors: Satoru SaitoAbstract:The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between short-term memory for rhythm and the Phonological Loop in working memory. Results showed that digit span scores significantly correlated with the scores on the rhythmic memory task, and that the correlation between the two scores remained significant even after the common variance with reading speed was partialled out. Partial correlation and regression analyses indicated that the relation between memory for rhythm and digit span scores is mediated by the third component in the Phonological Loop, the component that is responsible for regulation of timing mechanisms in immediate memory tasks.
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Phonological Loop and intermittent activity : A whistle task as articulatory suppression
Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale, 1998Co-Authors: Satoru SaitoAbstract:Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine whether the effect of articulatory suppression is due to the activation of an irrelevant phonology or to intermittent articulatory movements. In the first experiment, subjects were tested for serial recall of visually presented letter sequences that were either Phonologically similar or dissimilar, and had to remember each of the letter sequences under a no-suppression control or a suppression condition. In the suppression condition, half of the subjects were engaged in an intermittent speech suppression and the other half were in an intermittent whistle suppression task. The Phonological similarity effects appeared in the control condition, but not in the suppression condition, irrespective of the type of suppression. In the second experiment, the Phonological similarity effect again disappeared in the intermittent whistling condition, but not in the condition in which the subjects required to engage a continuous whistling task. The results suggested that the effect of articulatory suppression was due to intermittent articulatory activity rather than the activation of an irrelevant phonology. Our ability to recall a sequence of items is greatly affected by the Phonological characteristics of the items. For instance, Phonologically similar sequences of consonant letters lead to poorer serial recall than dissimilar ones. This is the so-called "Phonological similarity effect" (Conrad & Hull, 1964), which indicates the importance of the role played by Phonological coding in short-term memory. Additional evidence of Phonological coding has been accumulated in studies of articulatory suppression. In this method, the subject is required to repeatedly articulate some irrelevant speech sound such as the word "hiya" or "the." The Phonological similarity effect is abolished by articulatory suppression when the material is presented visually (Besner & Davelaar, 1982; Murray, 1968; Peterson & Johnson, 1971; Wilding & Mohindra, 1980). With auditory presentation however, the Phonological similarity effect withstands articulatory suppression (Levy, 1971; Murray, 1968; Peterson & Johnson, 1971). To account for these results, Baddeley (1990) introduced the idea of a Phonological Loop (originally, an articulatory Loop; Baddeley, 1986; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) as a subcomponent of working memory. The Phonological Loop comprises a Phonological store and an articulatory control process. The Phonological similarity effect is due to the operation of the Phonological store. Auditory information has direct access to this store, but visual information only has access through the articulatory control process, which allows visually presented material to be Phonologically coded. Articulatory suppression would simply serve to prevent visual information from entering Phonological store. Thus, in visual presentation, when the operation of the articulatory control process is prevented by articulatory suppression, the Phonological similarity effect disappears. Articulatory suppression is a task which requires the subjects to utter a speech sound. Therefore, this activity includes at least the following components: The intention to speak, speech programming, actual articulation, and auditory feedback. Which component of articulatory suppression interferes with the articulatory control process? Recent research has indicated that attentional demands of speech (Saito, 1993b), actual articulation (Baddeley & Wilson, 1985; Saito, 1997), and auditory feedback (Gupta & MacWhinney, 1995; Saito, 1993c) are not major components of the articulatory suppression effects. Rather, the articulatory control process would depend on some form of speech motor programming or planning at a central level (Baddeley, 1990; Waters, Rochon, & Caplan, 1992), and the operation of that process must be disturbed by articulatory suppression acting on speech motor programming (Saito, 1993a, 1994, 1997). …
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When articulatory suppression does not suppress the activity of the Phonological Loop
British Journal of Psychology, 1997Co-Authors: Satoru SaitoAbstract:The purpose of this study is to examine whether the Phonological Loop works under the conditions where an individual is required to produce an irrelevant speech sound which constitutes the minimum load on the speech motor programming. In the first experiment, participants were tested for serial recall of visually presented letter sequences that were Phonologically either similar or dissimilar, and had to remember each of the letter sequences under three learning conditions: a control and two articulatory suppression conditions (intermittent suppression and continuous suppression conditions). Results showed that the Phonological similarity effects appeared in the control condition and also in the continuous suppression condition in which an irrelevant speech sound was continuously uttered by the participants. On the other hand, the Phonological similarity effect disappeared in the intermittent suppression condition in which an ordinary articulatory suppression was performed. This pattern of results was replicated in the second experiment where participants were exposed to an irrelevant speech sound auditorily in all three conditions. In the third experiment, a simple tapping in synchronization with the irrelevant speech sound did not decrease the size of the Phonological similarity effect. Possible relationships between Phonological Loop, speech motor programming and abstract Phonological representations are discussed.
Graham J Hitch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Phonological Loop as a buffer store: An update.
Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Alan D. Baddeley, Graham J HitchAbstract:We regard our multicomponent model of working memory as reflecting a hierarchy of buffer stores with buffer storage providing an effective way of combining information from two or more streams that may differ in either the speed of input or in the features coded. We illustrate this through the case of the Phonological Loop component of the model. We discuss its gradual development through a combination of evidence from mainstream cognition and neuropsychology with the need for more detailed modelling of issues such as the representation of serial order. A brief account follows of the application, beyond the laboratory and clinic, of the concept of a Phonological Loop and the methods designed to study it. We then discuss some criticisms of the overall multicomponent model, concluding with a discussion of the major contribution made by neuropsychological evidence to its development together with some suggestions as to comparative lack of influence from more recent studies based on neuro-imaging.
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Breaking a habit: A further role of the Phonological Loop in action control
Memory & cognition, 2013Co-Authors: Erina Saeki, Graham J Hitch, Alan D. Baddeley, Satoru SaitoAbstract:Recent research has suggested that keeping track of a task goal in rapid task switching may depend on the Phonological Loop component of working memory. In this study, we investigated whether the Phonological Loop plays a similar role when a single switch extending over several trials is required after many trials on which one has performed a competing task. Participants were shown pairs of digits varying in numerical and physical size, and they were required to decide which digit was numerically or physically larger. An experimental cycle consisted of four blocks of 24 trials. In Experiment 1, participants in the task change groups performed the numerical-size judgment task during the first three blocks, and then changed to the physical-size judgment task in the fourth. Participants in the continuation groups performed only the physical-size judgment task throughout all four blocks. We found negative effects of articulatory suppression on the fourth block, but only in the task change groups. Experiment 2 was a replication, with the modification that both groups received identical instructions and practice. Experiment 3 was a further replication using numerical-size judgment as the target task. The results showed a pattern similar to that from Experiment 1, with negative effects of articulatory suppression found only in the task change group. The congruity of numerical and physical size had a reliable effect on performance in all three experiments, but unlike the task change, it did not reliably interact with articulatory suppression. The results suggest that in addition to its well-established role in rapid task switching, the Phonological Loop also contributes to active goal maintenance in longer-term action control.
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Music in working memory? Examining the effect of pitch proximity on the recall performance of nonmusicians.
2006Co-Authors: Victoria J. Williamson, Alan D. Baddeley, Graham J HitchAbstract:Working memory is the temporary storage system that is assumed to underpin our capacity for coherent thought. One working memory model (WMM) assumes an attentional control component, the central executive, together with two subsystems, the visuo-spatial sketchpad that is capable of storing visual and spatial information, and the Phonological Loop which holds and manipulates speech-like information. Although the WMM has been applied across a wide range of situations, there is little work on its application to music. The present study attempts to apply to music one of the major phenomena of the Phonological Loop, the observation that immediate recall of sequences of words or letters is impaired when they are similar in sound. (e.g. PCVTD vs. XKWYR). Two experiments were performed, in both of which subjects heard and attempted to reproduce sequences of notes that were either close together in pitch height (proximal) or far apart (distant). Memory for proximal sequences was poorer than for distant in both experiments, lending support to the possibility that the Phonological Loop may also be capable of holding musical sequences.
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memory for serial order a network model of the Phonological Loop and its timing
Psychological Review, 1999Co-Authors: Neil Burgess, Graham J HitchAbstract:A connectionist model of human short-term memory is presented that extends the "Phonological Loop" (A. D. Baddeley, 1986) to encompass serial order and learning. Psychological and neuropsychological data motivate separate layers of lexical, timing, and input and output phonemic information. Connection weights between layers show Hebbian learning and decay over short and long time scales. At recall, the timing signal is rerun, phonemic information feeds back from output to input, and lexical nodes compete to be selected. The selected node then receives decaying inhibition. The model provides an explanatory mechanism for the Phonological Loop and for the effects of serial position, presentation modality, lexicality, grouping, and Hebb repetition. It makes new psychological and neuropsychological predictions and is a starting point for understanding the role of the Phonological Loop in vocabulary acquisition and for interpreting data from functional neuroimaging.
Costanza Papagno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Is STM involved in sentence comprehension
Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Costanza Papagno, Carlo CecchettoAbstract:We discuss the literature concerning the role of auditory-verbal short-term memory (Phonological Loop) in sentence comprehension. We critically analyze data concerning patients with a selective deficit of the Phonological Loop, then we examine aphasic patients with deficit of auditory-verbal short-term memory and we consider the effect of STM treatment on sentence comprehension. Finally, results from imaging and TMS studies are discussed. In our opinion, data from the literature suggest that both components of the Phonological Loop are involved in the comprehension of some type of sentence, namely syntactically complex sentences that load on memory, such as center-embedded object relative clauses. However, it is crucial to investigate further patients with a selective STM impairment or aphasic patients, by using extensive and sophisticated experimental material.
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A case for the involvement of Phonological Loop in sentence comprehension.
Neuropsychologia, 2010Co-Authors: Leonor J. Romero Lauro, Carlo Cecchetto, Janine Reis, Leonardo G. Cohen, Costanza PapagnoAbstract:Abstract The specific role of the Phonological Loop in sentence comprehension is still a matter of debate. We tested the behavioural consequences of activity disruption in left BA40 and BA44, key regions of the Phonological Loop, on language comprehension using 1 Hz rTMS. Comprehension was assessed by means of two tasks: a sentence-to-picture matching task, with sentences varying in length and syntactic complexity (Experiment 1), and a sentence verification task (Experiment 2). rTMS over left BA40 significantly reduced accuracy for syntactically complex sentences and long, but syntactically simpler sentences, while rTMS over left BA44 significantly reduced accuracy only for syntactically complex sentences. rTMS applied over left BA40 also impaired performance on sentences in which word order was crucial. We suggest that the neural correlates of the Phonological Loop, left BA40 and BA44, are both involved in the comprehension of syntactically complex sentences, while only left BA40, corresponding to the short-term store, is recruited for the comprehension of long but syntactically simple sentences. Therefore, in contrast with the dominant view, we showed that sentence comprehension is a function of the Phonological Loop.
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Is short‐term memory involved in decision making? Evidence from a short‐term memory patient
Journal of neuropsychology, 2007Co-Authors: Marta Gozzi, Costanza PapagnoAbstract:It is reasonable to suggest that working memory (WM; Baddeley & Hitch, 1974) is involved in decision making, as decision making is dependent on the ability to remember and update past choices and outcomes. However, contradictory results have been reported in the literature concerning the role of two of its components, namely the central executive and the Phonological Loop. In order to investigate the role of these components in the decision-making process, we tested a patient with intact central executive but impaired Phonological Loop on a laboratory decision-making task involving hypothetical gambles (gambling task, GT). When tested in a no-load condition (simple keypress task), her performance was not significantly different from that of matched controls. We also verified whether her performance would be affected differently by memory-load when compared with control subjects. The memory task (holding a string of letters in memory) loaded WM without incurring number-number interference. When the memory-load was imposed during the GT, both the patient and the controls showed a decline in performance, but the strategy they adopted differed. Possible explanations are discussed. In conclusion, our results suggest that the Phonological Loop is not directly involved in decision making.
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The Phonological Loop as a language learning device.
Psychological review, 1998Co-Authors: Alan D. Baddeley, Susan E. Gathercole, Costanza PapagnoAbstract:A relatively simple model of the Phonological Loop (A. D. Baddeley, 1986), a component of working memory, has proved capable of accommodating a great deal of experimental evidence from normal adult participants, children, and neuropsychological patients. Until recently, however, the role of this subsystem in everyday cognitive activities was unclear. In this article the authors review studies of word learning by normal adults and children, neuropsychological patients, and special developmental populations, which provide evidence that the Phonological Loop plays a crucial role in learning the novel Phonological forms of new words. The authors propose that the primary purpose for which the Phonological Loop evolved is to store unfamiliar sound patterns while more permanent memory records are being constructed. Its use in retaining sequences of familiar words is, it is argued,
Felipe García-pedroza - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phonological and Visuo-Spatial Working Memory Alterations in Dyslexic Children
Archives of medical research, 2000Co-Authors: Adrián Poblano, Trinidad Valadéz-tepec, Ma De Lourdes Arias, Felipe García-pedrozaAbstract:Abstract Background Working memory allows the retention of a limited amount of information for a brief period of time and the manipulation of that information. This study was undertaken to compare possible differences in working memory between dyslexic and control children. Methods To test the executive central process that controls attention, subjects were requested to assemble a 100-piece puzzle. To test the Phonological Loop, subjects were requested to repeat orally a 10-item list with the following characteristics: digits spanning two numbers; Phonologically similar words, and unfamiliar pseudowords. The visuo-spatial sketchpad was tested by means of assembling a 25-piece puzzle. Results Forty dyslexic and and forty control children were studied. Dyslexic children recall a lesser number of similar words in the Phonological Loop and spend a longer time in puzzle assembly in the visuo-spatial sketchpad. No statistical difference in the central executive process was found. Conclusions Present results suggest the importance of visuo-spatial and Phonological Loop alterations in dyslexic children that may result in difficulties with similar words and spatial information.
