The Experts below are selected from a list of 321 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Paul Schnitzler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efficacy of anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil against thymidine-kinase-positive and thymidine-kinase-negative herpesviruses
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2008Co-Authors: Christine Koch, Mona M. Sharaf, Roland Kehm, Jurgen Schneele, Hanswalter Zentgraf, Jurgen Reichling, Paul SchnitzlerAbstract:The effect of anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil against different thymidine-kinase-positive (aciclovir-sensitive) and thymidine-kinase-negative (aciclovir-resistant) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strains was examined. Clinical HSV-1 isolates containing frameshift mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, an insertion or a deletion, yield a non-functional thymidine kinase enzyme resulting in phenotypical resistance against aciclovir. The inhibitory activity of three different essential Oils against herpes simplex virus isolates was tested in-vitro using a plaque reduction assay. All essential Oils exhibited high levels of antiviral activity against aciclovir-sensitive HSV strain KOS and aciclovir-resistant clinical HSV isolates as well as aciclovir-resistant strain Angelotti. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the plant Oils, plaque formation was significantly reduced by 96.6-99.9%, when herpesviruses were preincubated with drugs before attachment to host cells. No significant effect on viral infectivity could be achieved by adding these compounds during the replication phase. These results indicate that anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil affected the virus by interrupting adsorption of herpesviruses and in a different manner than aciclovir, which is effective after attachment inside the infected cells. Thus the investigated essential Oils are capable of exerting a direct effect on HSV and might be useful in the treatment of drug-resistant viruses. Chamomile Oil did not reveal any irritating potential on hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane, demonstrated the highest selectivity index among the Oils tested and was highly active against clinically relevant aciclovir-resistant HSV-1 strains.
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Efficacy of anise Oil, dwarf‐Pine Oil and chamomile Oil against thymidine‐kinase‐positive and thymidine‐kinase‐negative herpesviruses
The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2008Co-Authors: Christine Koch, Mona M. Sharaf, Roland Kehm, Jurgen Schneele, Hanswalter Zentgraf, Jurgen Reichling, Paul SchnitzlerAbstract:The effect of anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil against different thymidine-kinase-positive (aciclovir-sensitive) and thymidine-kinase-negative (aciclovir-resistant) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strains was examined. Clinical HSV-1 isolates containing frameshift mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, an insertion or a deletion, yield a non-functional thymidine kinase enzyme resulting in phenotypical resistance against aciclovir. The inhibitory activity of three different essential Oils against herpes simplex virus isolates was tested in-vitro using a plaque reduction assay. All essential Oils exhibited high levels of antiviral activity against aciclovir-sensitive HSV strain KOS and aciclovir-resistant clinical HSV isolates as well as aciclovir-resistant strain Angelotti. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the plant Oils, plaque formation was significantly reduced by 96.6-99.9%, when herpesviruses were preincubated with drugs before attachment to host cells. No significant effect on viral infectivity could be achieved by adding these compounds during the replication phase. These results indicate that anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil affected the virus by interrupting adsorption of herpesviruses and in a different manner than aciclovir, which is effective after attachment inside the infected cells. Thus the investigated essential Oils are capable of exerting a direct effect on HSV and might be useful in the treatment of drug-resistant viruses. Chamomile Oil did not reveal any irritating potential on hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane, demonstrated the highest selectivity index among the Oils tested and was highly active against clinically relevant aciclovir-resistant HSV-1 strains.
Siaw Kiang Chou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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impact of ignition promoting additives on the characteristics of a diesel engine powered by Pine Oil diesel blend
Fuel, 2014Co-Authors: R. Vallinayagam, S. Vedharaj, Wenming Yang, C.g. Saravanan, Poh Seng Lee, Kian Jon Chua, Siaw Kiang ChouAbstract:Abstract Amid the prevalence of some plant based biofuels, we have targeted on optimizing the use of a new biofuel, Pine Oil, in a diesel engine without resorting to any engine modifications. Pine Oil, extracted from the resins of Pine tree, has some remarkable fuel properties such as lower viscosity, flash point and bOiling point than diesel, while its calorific value is comparable to diesel. However, the cetane number of Pine Oil is lower and hence when being used as blends with diesel, it exhibits prolonged ignition delay and higher peak heat release rate, paving way for more NO X emission. Compared to fossil diesel, experimental investigation of 50D:50B (50% diesel and 50% Pine Oil) in a diesel engine showed significant decrease in CO (carbon monoxide), HC (hydrocarbon) and smoke emission by 45.9%, 32.4% and 41.5%, respectively, whereas the NO X (nitrogen oxides) emission was noted to be increased. To help reduce the negative impact of Pine Oil on NO X emission and ignition delay, this work intends to add two ignition promoters, IAN (iso-amyl nitrate) and DTBP (di-tertiary butyl peroxide), with 50D:50B. After the addition of ignition promoters, the NO X emission for 50D:50B-IAN and 50D:50B-DTBP is decreased by 12.8% and 19.2%, respectively, compared to 50D:50B. Among the two ignition promoters, DTBP is more effective in reducing NO X emission, adding to the other benefits of reduced CO and HC emission by 40% and 34%, respectively, than 50D:50B. In addition, the performance of the engine was also noted to be improved for 50D:50B-DTBP, suggesting that DTBP is a pertinent ignition improver for Pine Oil–diesel blends.
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Impact of ignition promoting additives on the characteristics of a diesel engine powered by Pine Oil–diesel blend
Fuel, 2014Co-Authors: R. Vallinayagam, S. Vedharaj, Wenming Yang, C.g. Saravanan, Poh Seng Lee, Kian Jon Chua, Siaw Kiang ChouAbstract:Abstract Amid the prevalence of some plant based biofuels, we have targeted on optimizing the use of a new biofuel, Pine Oil, in a diesel engine without resorting to any engine modifications. Pine Oil, extracted from the resins of Pine tree, has some remarkable fuel properties such as lower viscosity, flash point and bOiling point than diesel, while its calorific value is comparable to diesel. However, the cetane number of Pine Oil is lower and hence when being used as blends with diesel, it exhibits prolonged ignition delay and higher peak heat release rate, paving way for more NO X emission. Compared to fossil diesel, experimental investigation of 50D:50B (50% diesel and 50% Pine Oil) in a diesel engine showed significant decrease in CO (carbon monoxide), HC (hydrocarbon) and smoke emission by 45.9%, 32.4% and 41.5%, respectively, whereas the NO X (nitrogen oxides) emission was noted to be increased. To help reduce the negative impact of Pine Oil on NO X emission and ignition delay, this work intends to add two ignition promoters, IAN (iso-amyl nitrate) and DTBP (di-tertiary butyl peroxide), with 50D:50B. After the addition of ignition promoters, the NO X emission for 50D:50B-IAN and 50D:50B-DTBP is decreased by 12.8% and 19.2%, respectively, compared to 50D:50B. Among the two ignition promoters, DTBP is more effective in reducing NO X emission, adding to the other benefits of reduced CO and HC emission by 40% and 34%, respectively, than 50D:50B. In addition, the performance of the engine was also noted to be improved for 50D:50B-DTBP, suggesting that DTBP is a pertinent ignition improver for Pine Oil–diesel blends.
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Impact of Pine Oil biofuel fumigation on gaseous emissions from a diesel engine
Fuel Processing Technology, 2014Co-Authors: R. Vallinayagam, S. Vedharaj, Wenming Yang, C.g. Saravanan, Poh Seng Lee, Kian Jon Chua, Siaw Kiang ChouAbstract:Abstract This study aims to investigate the emission reduction potential of Pine Oil, a plant based bio-fuel, when fumigated in a single cylinder diesel engine. Despite the feasibility of using Pine Oil as a potential candidate for diesel engine application, big revelation has not been made on its utility in a diesel engine. Therefore, we embarked on a research work to capitalize the renewable source of energy from bio-derived fuel, Pine Oil, which is much greener to the environment. Pine Oil, an oxygenated fuel, possesses lower viscosity, bOiling point and flash point, similar to other plant based fuels like ethanol and eucalyptus Oil. However, due to its lower cetane number, the operation of it in a diesel engine demands ignition support and the lower viscosity of it necessitates modification with the fuel injection system to avert long term durability issues. Therefore, contrary to the regular method of using biofuels in blends with diesel, this study has attempted to fumigate Pine Oil in the inlet manifold while diesel was injected through the main injection system. By this measure, homogenized Pine Oil/air mixture was inducted into the cylinder and ignited by the auto-ignition of diesel. From the experimental investigation, it has been observed that Pine Oil can replace diesel up to 60% and 36%, at low and full load conditions, respectively. Significantly, smoke emission has been drastically reduced by 64.2% than normal diesel operation at full load condition, with a slight increase in NO X (oxides of nitrogen) emission. Moreover, CO (carbon monoxide) and HC (hydrocarbon) emissions have been found to be 67.5% and 47.8% lower than that of diesel at full load condition. On the other hand, CO and HC emissions were noted to be increased at low load condition; however, the RAE (relative average emission) of HC, CO and smoke was found to be reduced.
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Investigation of evaporation and engine characteristics of Pine Oil biofuel fumigated in the inlet manifold of a diesel engine
Applied Energy, 2014Co-Authors: R. Vallinayagam, S. Vedharaj, Wenming Yang, C.g. Saravanan, Poh Seng Lee, Kian Jon Chua, Vasudevan Raghavan, Siaw Kiang ChouAbstract:Abstract Pine Oil biofuel, obtained by the distillation of oleoresins of Pine tree, has been chosen as a new renewable fuel for its operation in diesel engine. Notably, the viscosity and cetane number of Pine Oil was observed to be lower than diesel. The motivation for this work stems from the basic notion that less viscous and lower cetane fuels are considered to be fumigated for their successful operation in diesel engine. As such, Pine Oil biofuel was vaporized and inducted into the engine cylinder through inlet manifold while diesel was sent through main injection system, providing ignition assistance for the Pine Oil/air mixture. Prior to conducting engine experiments, the evaporation characteristics of Pine Oil droplet were studied through suspended droplet experiment so as to get better insights on Pine Oil droplet evaporation at various temperatures. From this study, it was observed that at higher air temperature (150 °C), evaporation of Pine Oil was more effective than at lower temperatures (100 °C and 50 °C) and therefore, 150 °C was chosen as preheat temperature for engine fumigation study. Thus, as a novel attempt, the fundamental study on Pine Oil droplet evaporation is subtly coupled with engine studies, and the effect of vaporization of Pine Oil on engine characteristics was mapped. As an outcome of engine study, the maximum percentage of diesel replaced was noticed to be 36% at 100% load and 60% at 20% load. Significantly, the engine performance such as BSFC and BTE was observed to be improved with the increase in proportion of Pine Oil injection. Further, combustion of fumigated Pine Oil has been reported to be better, with 36% injection of Pine Oil showing 10.3% higher in-cylinder pressure than that for 6% injection of Pine Oil at 100% load.
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Pine Oil-biodiesel blends: A double biofuel strategy to completely eliminate the use of diesel in a diesel engine
Applied Energy, 2014Co-Authors: R. Vallinayagam, S. Vedharaj, Wenming Yang, Poh Seng Lee, Kian Jon Chua, Siaw Kiang ChouAbstract:Pine Oil, synthesized from Pine oleoresin, is recently being viewed as a potential renewable source of fuel for diesel engine application. Significantly, the estimated physical and thermal properties of Pine Oil are suited for its use in diesel engine, with the notable advantages of lower viscosity, bOiling point and comparable calorific value with diesel. In this study, we decidedly conceived a strategy to blend it with a biodiesel, instead of diesel, so as to look out for double biofuel, a measure aimed at complete replacement of fossil fuels. As such, in the current investigation, KME (kapok methyl ester), a biodiesel derived from kapok Oil, was blended with Pine Oil in various proportions such as B25P75, B50P50 and B75P25. Significantly, up on blending Pine Oil with KME, the viscosity, bOiling point, cetane number and other properties of the resultant blends were found to be appropriate, as the merits and demerits of one biofuel over the other are mutually balanced. Therefore, the reported blends were subsequently tested for its combustion, performance and emission characteristics in a single cylinder diesel engine. From the experimental investigation, B50P50 blend was found to be amenable for its use in diesel engine without any modification, as the performance and combustion characteristics of the engine was found to be comparable with diesel. Further, the major emissions such as HC (hydrocarbon), CO (carbon monoxide) and smoke for B50P50 were observed to be 8.1%, 18.9% and 12.5% lower than diesel at full load condition, while NOx (oxides of nitrogen) emission was in par with diesel. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Christine Koch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efficacy of anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil against thymidine-kinase-positive and thymidine-kinase-negative herpesviruses
Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2008Co-Authors: Christine Koch, Mona M. Sharaf, Roland Kehm, Jurgen Schneele, Hanswalter Zentgraf, Jurgen Reichling, Paul SchnitzlerAbstract:The effect of anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil against different thymidine-kinase-positive (aciclovir-sensitive) and thymidine-kinase-negative (aciclovir-resistant) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strains was examined. Clinical HSV-1 isolates containing frameshift mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, an insertion or a deletion, yield a non-functional thymidine kinase enzyme resulting in phenotypical resistance against aciclovir. The inhibitory activity of three different essential Oils against herpes simplex virus isolates was tested in-vitro using a plaque reduction assay. All essential Oils exhibited high levels of antiviral activity against aciclovir-sensitive HSV strain KOS and aciclovir-resistant clinical HSV isolates as well as aciclovir-resistant strain Angelotti. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the plant Oils, plaque formation was significantly reduced by 96.6-99.9%, when herpesviruses were preincubated with drugs before attachment to host cells. No significant effect on viral infectivity could be achieved by adding these compounds during the replication phase. These results indicate that anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil affected the virus by interrupting adsorption of herpesviruses and in a different manner than aciclovir, which is effective after attachment inside the infected cells. Thus the investigated essential Oils are capable of exerting a direct effect on HSV and might be useful in the treatment of drug-resistant viruses. Chamomile Oil did not reveal any irritating potential on hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane, demonstrated the highest selectivity index among the Oils tested and was highly active against clinically relevant aciclovir-resistant HSV-1 strains.
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Efficacy of anise Oil, dwarf‐Pine Oil and chamomile Oil against thymidine‐kinase‐positive and thymidine‐kinase‐negative herpesviruses
The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 2008Co-Authors: Christine Koch, Mona M. Sharaf, Roland Kehm, Jurgen Schneele, Hanswalter Zentgraf, Jurgen Reichling, Paul SchnitzlerAbstract:The effect of anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil against different thymidine-kinase-positive (aciclovir-sensitive) and thymidine-kinase-negative (aciclovir-resistant) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strains was examined. Clinical HSV-1 isolates containing frameshift mutations in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene, an insertion or a deletion, yield a non-functional thymidine kinase enzyme resulting in phenotypical resistance against aciclovir. The inhibitory activity of three different essential Oils against herpes simplex virus isolates was tested in-vitro using a plaque reduction assay. All essential Oils exhibited high levels of antiviral activity against aciclovir-sensitive HSV strain KOS and aciclovir-resistant clinical HSV isolates as well as aciclovir-resistant strain Angelotti. At maximum noncytotoxic concentrations of the plant Oils, plaque formation was significantly reduced by 96.6-99.9%, when herpesviruses were preincubated with drugs before attachment to host cells. No significant effect on viral infectivity could be achieved by adding these compounds during the replication phase. These results indicate that anise Oil, dwarf-Pine Oil and chamomile Oil affected the virus by interrupting adsorption of herpesviruses and in a different manner than aciclovir, which is effective after attachment inside the infected cells. Thus the investigated essential Oils are capable of exerting a direct effect on HSV and might be useful in the treatment of drug-resistant viruses. Chamomile Oil did not reveal any irritating potential on hen's egg chorioallantoic membrane, demonstrated the highest selectivity index among the Oils tested and was highly active against clinically relevant aciclovir-resistant HSV-1 strains.
R. Vallinayagam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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NO_x emission reduction using permanent/electromagnet-based fuel reforming system in a compression ignition engine fueled with Pine Oil
Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2019Co-Authors: S. Thiyagarajan, R. Vallinayagam, C.g. Saravanan, V. Edwin Geo, B. Ashok, K. Nanthagopal, P. KumaranAbstract:In this experimental study, Pine Oil is identified as low viscous low cetane (LVLC) fuel for compression ignition engine replacing diesel. Numerous advantages of LVLC fuels include improved combustion due to favorable physical properties than diesel. This leads to reduced hydrocarbon, smoke and carbon monoxide emissions with improved thermal efficiency. However, utilization of Pine Oil as a drop in fuel is challenging, due to its low cetane index. This leads to higher nitrogen oxide (NO_ x ) emission due to prominent heat release rate. A novel fuel reforming system based on the principle of electrochemical liquid vortex ionization was used with permanent magnet/electromagnet to reduce NO_ x emission with Pine Oil as base fuel. Electrochemical liquid vortex ionization system converts the fuel molecules to ions; this leads to enhanced atomization and faster air–fuel mixing process leading to lower ignition delay. A two-cylinder commercial CI engine was used for this experimental study. Performance, emission and combustion characteristics were studied for Pine Oil with and without ionization system at 3, 6, 9 and 12 kW power output and compared with diesel. According to engine test results, compared to diesel, brake thermal efficiency for Pine Oil is higher and further improved with ionization system. Emissions like smoke, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are reduced for Pine Oil in comparison with diesel and further reduce with the ionization system. Longer ignition delay with Pine Oil operation leads to higher NO_ x emission compared to diesel. Nevertheless, the use of magnetic-based fuel reforming system reduces the ignition delay leading to lower NO_ x emission. Graphical abstract
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no x emission reduction using permanent electromagnet based fuel reforming system in a compression ignition engine fueled with Pine Oil
Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 2019Co-Authors: S. Thiyagarajan, R. Vallinayagam, C.g. Saravanan, B. Ashok, K. Nanthagopal, Edwin V Geo, P. KumaranAbstract:In this experimental study, Pine Oil is identified as low viscous low cetane (LVLC) fuel for compression ignition engine replacing diesel. Numerous advantages of LVLC fuels include improved combustion due to favorable physical properties than diesel. This leads to reduced hydrocarbon, smoke and carbon monoxide emissions with improved thermal efficiency. However, utilization of Pine Oil as a drop in fuel is challenging, due to its low cetane index. This leads to higher nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission due to prominent heat release rate. A novel fuel reforming system based on the principle of electrochemical liquid vortex ionization was used with permanent magnet/electromagnet to reduce NOx emission with Pine Oil as base fuel. Electrochemical liquid vortex ionization system converts the fuel molecules to ions; this leads to enhanced atomization and faster air–fuel mixing process leading to lower ignition delay. A two-cylinder commercial CI engine was used for this experimental study. Performance, emission and combustion characteristics were studied for Pine Oil with and without ionization system at 3, 6, 9 and 12 kW power output and compared with diesel. According to engine test results, compared to diesel, brake thermal efficiency for Pine Oil is higher and further improved with ionization system. Emissions like smoke, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are reduced for Pine Oil in comparison with diesel and further reduce with the ionization system. Longer ignition delay with Pine Oil operation leads to higher NOx emission compared to diesel. Nevertheless, the use of magnetic-based fuel reforming system reduces the ignition delay leading to lower NOx emission.
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Operation of neat Pine Oil biofuel in a diesel engine by providing ignition assistance.
Energy Conversion and Management, 2014Co-Authors: R. Vallinayagam, S. Vedharaj, Wenming YangAbstract:Abstract The notion to provide ignition support for the effective operation of lower cetane fuels in a diesel engine has been ably adopted in the present study for the sole fuel operation of Pine Oil biofuel. Having noted that the lower cetane number and higher self-ignition temperature of Pine Oil biofuel would inhibit its direct use in a diesel engine, combined ignition support in the form of preheating the inlet air and installing a glow plug in the cylinder head has been provided to improve the auto-ignition of Pine Oil. While, an air preheater, installed in the inlet manifold of the engine, preheated the inlet air so as to provide ignition assistance partially, the incorporation of glow plug in the cylinder head imparted the further required ignition support appropriately. Subsequently, the operational feasibility of neat Pine Oil biofuel has been examined in a single cylinder diesel engine and the engine test results were analyzed. From the experimental investigation, though the engine performance and emissions such as CO (carbon monoxide) and smoke were noted to be better for Pine Oil with an inlet air temperature of 40 °C, the engine suffered the setback of knocking due to delayed SOC (start of combustion). However, with the ignition support through glow plug and preheating of inlet air, the engine knocking was prevented and the normal operation of the engine was ensured. Categorically, at an inlet air temperature of 60 °C, BTE (brake thermal efficiency) was found to be in par with diesel, while emissions such as CO and smoke were reduced by 13.2% and 16.8%, respectively, for neat Pine Oil biofuel at full load condition.
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impact of ignition promoting additives on the characteristics of a diesel engine powered by Pine Oil diesel blend
Fuel, 2014Co-Authors: R. Vallinayagam, S. Vedharaj, Wenming Yang, C.g. Saravanan, Poh Seng Lee, Kian Jon Chua, Siaw Kiang ChouAbstract:Abstract Amid the prevalence of some plant based biofuels, we have targeted on optimizing the use of a new biofuel, Pine Oil, in a diesel engine without resorting to any engine modifications. Pine Oil, extracted from the resins of Pine tree, has some remarkable fuel properties such as lower viscosity, flash point and bOiling point than diesel, while its calorific value is comparable to diesel. However, the cetane number of Pine Oil is lower and hence when being used as blends with diesel, it exhibits prolonged ignition delay and higher peak heat release rate, paving way for more NO X emission. Compared to fossil diesel, experimental investigation of 50D:50B (50% diesel and 50% Pine Oil) in a diesel engine showed significant decrease in CO (carbon monoxide), HC (hydrocarbon) and smoke emission by 45.9%, 32.4% and 41.5%, respectively, whereas the NO X (nitrogen oxides) emission was noted to be increased. To help reduce the negative impact of Pine Oil on NO X emission and ignition delay, this work intends to add two ignition promoters, IAN (iso-amyl nitrate) and DTBP (di-tertiary butyl peroxide), with 50D:50B. After the addition of ignition promoters, the NO X emission for 50D:50B-IAN and 50D:50B-DTBP is decreased by 12.8% and 19.2%, respectively, compared to 50D:50B. Among the two ignition promoters, DTBP is more effective in reducing NO X emission, adding to the other benefits of reduced CO and HC emission by 40% and 34%, respectively, than 50D:50B. In addition, the performance of the engine was also noted to be improved for 50D:50B-DTBP, suggesting that DTBP is a pertinent ignition improver for Pine Oil–diesel blends.
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Impact of ignition promoting additives on the characteristics of a diesel engine powered by Pine Oil–diesel blend
Fuel, 2014Co-Authors: R. Vallinayagam, S. Vedharaj, Wenming Yang, C.g. Saravanan, Poh Seng Lee, Kian Jon Chua, Siaw Kiang ChouAbstract:Abstract Amid the prevalence of some plant based biofuels, we have targeted on optimizing the use of a new biofuel, Pine Oil, in a diesel engine without resorting to any engine modifications. Pine Oil, extracted from the resins of Pine tree, has some remarkable fuel properties such as lower viscosity, flash point and bOiling point than diesel, while its calorific value is comparable to diesel. However, the cetane number of Pine Oil is lower and hence when being used as blends with diesel, it exhibits prolonged ignition delay and higher peak heat release rate, paving way for more NO X emission. Compared to fossil diesel, experimental investigation of 50D:50B (50% diesel and 50% Pine Oil) in a diesel engine showed significant decrease in CO (carbon monoxide), HC (hydrocarbon) and smoke emission by 45.9%, 32.4% and 41.5%, respectively, whereas the NO X (nitrogen oxides) emission was noted to be increased. To help reduce the negative impact of Pine Oil on NO X emission and ignition delay, this work intends to add two ignition promoters, IAN (iso-amyl nitrate) and DTBP (di-tertiary butyl peroxide), with 50D:50B. After the addition of ignition promoters, the NO X emission for 50D:50B-IAN and 50D:50B-DTBP is decreased by 12.8% and 19.2%, respectively, compared to 50D:50B. Among the two ignition promoters, DTBP is more effective in reducing NO X emission, adding to the other benefits of reduced CO and HC emission by 40% and 34%, respectively, than 50D:50B. In addition, the performance of the engine was also noted to be improved for 50D:50B-DTBP, suggesting that DTBP is a pertinent ignition improver for Pine Oil–diesel blends.
Reeta Stöd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Absorption–desorption behaviour and dimensional stability of untreated, CC impregnated and Pine Oil treated glulam made of Scots Pine and Norway spruce
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2014Co-Authors: Henrik Heräjärvi, Veikko Möttönen, Maija Reinikkala, Reeta StödAbstract:Abstract In order to survive, the wood degrading microbes need a moisture content of wood exceeding the fibre saturation point, i.e. , 26%–32%, depending on the species. Maintaining wood moisture content below this level effectively prevents biodegradation. This can be achieved either by preventing wood's exposure to liquid water or increasing the hydrophobicity of wood by some impregnation or modification treatment. The objective of the study was to define the dimensional stability in changing environmental conditions, as well as the water absorption and desorption behaviour of untreated, copper-chromium impregnated and Pine Oil treated glulam. Scots Pine was used for pressure impregnated and Pine Oil impregnated beams while the reference beams were made of Norway spruce, which is the most commonly used species for glulam production nowadays. The 6 inner lamellae of the glulam beams originated from small-sized logs, whereas the surface lamellae were made of larger logs. Beams with 44 × 200 mm cross cut dimensions were glued using melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin, and divided into three treatment groups. Treatment 1 was not impregnated (Norway spruce), treatment 2 (Scots Pine) was impregnated with copper-chromium based preservative in commercial pressure impregnation process, and treatment 3 (Scots Pine) was impregnated with Pine Oil using the process of EkoPine Ltd. After the treatments, 20 glulam specimens with dimensions of 44 × 200 × 170 mm (thickness–width–length) were produced from each treatment group. The cross-cut surfaces of the specimens were sealed using waterproof varnish to ensure that the water movement took place only through the side surfaces of the specimens. The air-dry specimens (MC 7.7–12.6%) were immersed into water for 6 weeks, during which period they were weighed repeatedly. After the immersion treatment, they were brought to a standard climate (65% RH, 20 °C temperature). Again, their mass was recorded until it did not change anymore. Then the same specimens were taken into a weather chamber where they were subjected to four 2-week-long test cycles with varying temperature and relative humidity, totalling 8 weeks of artificial weather exposure. Pine Oil impregnated specimens resisted the water absorption significantly better than the untreated and pressure impregnated specimens. Due to the low initial MC after the absorption period, Pine Oil impregnated specimens also dried rapidly below 20% MC, while the drying of untreated and pressure impregnated glulam to the same level took 3–4 weeks in standard climate. The Pine Oil impregnated specimens had clearly better dimensional stability in the weather chamber, compared with the untreated and pressure impregnated specimens. Also the mass variation of Pine Oil impregnated specimens was significantly reduced in comparison to the other two treatment groups, indicating lower hygroscopicity for the Pine Oil treated specimens. To conclude, the Pine Oil impregnation of wood can be considered as an effective preservation method against moisture exposure. It appears to be a promising method to prevent biodegradation by maintaining the moisture content of wood below the level that enables mould and fungal growth.
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absorption desorption behaviour and dimensional stability of untreated cc impregnated and Pine Oil treated glulam made of scots Pine and norway spruce
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2014Co-Authors: Henrik Heräjärvi, Veikko Möttönen, Maija Reinikkala, Reeta StödAbstract:Abstract In order to survive, the wood degrading microbes need a moisture content of wood exceeding the fibre saturation point, i.e. , 26%–32%, depending on the species. Maintaining wood moisture content below this level effectively prevents biodegradation. This can be achieved either by preventing wood's exposure to liquid water or increasing the hydrophobicity of wood by some impregnation or modification treatment. The objective of the study was to define the dimensional stability in changing environmental conditions, as well as the water absorption and desorption behaviour of untreated, copper-chromium impregnated and Pine Oil treated glulam. Scots Pine was used for pressure impregnated and Pine Oil impregnated beams while the reference beams were made of Norway spruce, which is the most commonly used species for glulam production nowadays. The 6 inner lamellae of the glulam beams originated from small-sized logs, whereas the surface lamellae were made of larger logs. Beams with 44 × 200 mm cross cut dimensions were glued using melamine-urea-formaldehyde resin, and divided into three treatment groups. Treatment 1 was not impregnated (Norway spruce), treatment 2 (Scots Pine) was impregnated with copper-chromium based preservative in commercial pressure impregnation process, and treatment 3 (Scots Pine) was impregnated with Pine Oil using the process of EkoPine Ltd. After the treatments, 20 glulam specimens with dimensions of 44 × 200 × 170 mm (thickness–width–length) were produced from each treatment group. The cross-cut surfaces of the specimens were sealed using waterproof varnish to ensure that the water movement took place only through the side surfaces of the specimens. The air-dry specimens (MC 7.7–12.6%) were immersed into water for 6 weeks, during which period they were weighed repeatedly. After the immersion treatment, they were brought to a standard climate (65% RH, 20 °C temperature). Again, their mass was recorded until it did not change anymore. Then the same specimens were taken into a weather chamber where they were subjected to four 2-week-long test cycles with varying temperature and relative humidity, totalling 8 weeks of artificial weather exposure. Pine Oil impregnated specimens resisted the water absorption significantly better than the untreated and pressure impregnated specimens. Due to the low initial MC after the absorption period, Pine Oil impregnated specimens also dried rapidly below 20% MC, while the drying of untreated and pressure impregnated glulam to the same level took 3–4 weeks in standard climate. The Pine Oil impregnated specimens had clearly better dimensional stability in the weather chamber, compared with the untreated and pressure impregnated specimens. Also the mass variation of Pine Oil impregnated specimens was significantly reduced in comparison to the other two treatment groups, indicating lower hygroscopicity for the Pine Oil treated specimens. To conclude, the Pine Oil impregnation of wood can be considered as an effective preservation method against moisture exposure. It appears to be a promising method to prevent biodegradation by maintaining the moisture content of wood below the level that enables mould and fungal growth.