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M. E. Barker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nutritional strategies of high level natural bodybuilders during competition preparation
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: A. J. Chappell, T. Simper, M. E. BarkerAbstract:BackgroundCompetitive bodybuilders employ a combination of resistance training, cardiovascular exercise, calorie reduction, supplementation regimes and peaking strategies in order to lose fat mass and maintain fat free mass. Although recommendations exist for conTest preparation, applied research is limited and data on the conTest preparation regimes of bodybuilders are restricted to case studies or small cohorts. Moreover, the influence of different nutritional strategies on competitive outcome is unknown.MethodsFifty-one competitors (35 male and 16 female) volunteered to take part in this project. The British Natural Bodybuilding Federation (BNBF) runs an annual national competition for high level bodybuilders; competitors must qualify by winning at a qualifying events or may be invited at the judge’s discretion. Competitors are subject to stringent drug Testing and have to undergo a Polygraph Test. Study of this cohort provides an opportunity to examine the dietary practices of high level natural bodybuilders. We report the results of a cross-sectional study of bodybuilders competing at the BNBF finals. Volunteers completed a 34-item questionnaire assessing diet at three time points. At each time point participants recorded food intake over a 24-h period in grams and/or portions. Competitors were categorised according to conTest placing. A “placed” competitor finished in the top 5, and a “Non-placed” (DNP) competitor finished outside the top 5. Nutrient analysis was performed using Nutritics software. Repeated measures ANOVA and effect sizes (Cohen’s d ) were used to Test if nutrient intake changed over time and if placing was associated with intake.ResultsMean preparation time for a competitor was 22 ± 9 weeks. Nutrient intake of bodybuilders reflected a high-protein, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. Total carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes decreased over time in both male and female cohorts ( P
A. J. Chappell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nutritional strategies of high level natural bodybuilders during competition preparation
Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: A. J. Chappell, T. Simper, M. E. BarkerAbstract:BackgroundCompetitive bodybuilders employ a combination of resistance training, cardiovascular exercise, calorie reduction, supplementation regimes and peaking strategies in order to lose fat mass and maintain fat free mass. Although recommendations exist for conTest preparation, applied research is limited and data on the conTest preparation regimes of bodybuilders are restricted to case studies or small cohorts. Moreover, the influence of different nutritional strategies on competitive outcome is unknown.MethodsFifty-one competitors (35 male and 16 female) volunteered to take part in this project. The British Natural Bodybuilding Federation (BNBF) runs an annual national competition for high level bodybuilders; competitors must qualify by winning at a qualifying events or may be invited at the judge’s discretion. Competitors are subject to stringent drug Testing and have to undergo a Polygraph Test. Study of this cohort provides an opportunity to examine the dietary practices of high level natural bodybuilders. We report the results of a cross-sectional study of bodybuilders competing at the BNBF finals. Volunteers completed a 34-item questionnaire assessing diet at three time points. At each time point participants recorded food intake over a 24-h period in grams and/or portions. Competitors were categorised according to conTest placing. A “placed” competitor finished in the top 5, and a “Non-placed” (DNP) competitor finished outside the top 5. Nutrient analysis was performed using Nutritics software. Repeated measures ANOVA and effect sizes (Cohen’s d ) were used to Test if nutrient intake changed over time and if placing was associated with intake.ResultsMean preparation time for a competitor was 22 ± 9 weeks. Nutrient intake of bodybuilders reflected a high-protein, high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. Total carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes decreased over time in both male and female cohorts ( P
Geert Crombez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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deja vu the effect of previewing Test items on the validity of the concealed information Polygraph Test
Psychology Crime & Law, 2008Co-Authors: Bruno Verschuere, Geert CrombezAbstract:It has been recommended previewing Test items with the examinee prior to conducting a Concealed Information Polygraph Test. This procedure serves to familiarize the suspect with the Test items and allows adjustment, if necessary exclusion, of bad Test items. According to the National Research Council (2003), however, this procedure could decrease detection efficiency due to habituation. In two experiments using a mock crime paradigm, this possibility was Tested. Guilty and innocent mock crime participants were or were not presented with the Test items prior to the administration of a Concealed Information Test. No evidence was found that previewing diminishes detection efficiency of the Concealed Information Test. These findings, together with methodological and legal concerns, support the previewing of Test items.
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research article dejavu the effect of previewing Test items on the validity of the concealed information Polygraph Test
2008Co-Authors: Bruno Verschuere, Geert CrombezAbstract:It has been recommended previewing Test items with the examinee prior to conducting a Concealed Information Polygraph Test. This procedure serves to familiarize the suspect with the Test items and allows adjustment, if necessary exclusion, of bad Test items. According to the National Research Council (2003), however, this procedure could decrease detection efficiency due to habituation. In two experiments using a mock crime paradigm, this possibility was Tested. Guilty and innocent mock crime participants were or were not presented with the Test items prior to the administration of a Concealed Information Test. No evidence was found that previewing diminishes detection efficiency of the Concealed Information Test. These findings, together with methodological and legal concerns, support the previewing of Test items.
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antisociality underarousal and the validity of the concealed information Polygraph Test
Biological Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Bruno Verschuere, Geert Crombez, Ernst H W Koster, Armand De ClercqAbstract:Abstract The Concealed Information Polygraph Test has been advocated as the preferred method for the physiological detection of deception. In this study, we further examined the validity of the Concealed Information Test in antisocial individuals. Physiological responding to concealed information was assessed in 48 male prisoners, and compared with responding in 31 male community volunteers. Based upon the association between antisociality and autonomic hyporesponsivity, lower detection rates were expected in the prisoners. Participants were questioned on five personally significant items (e.g., day of birth), instructed to deny recognition of this information, and promised a financial reward when able to hide recognition. Prisoners showed reduced autonomic reactivity in comparison to the community volunteers. This hyporesponsivity had little impact on the sensitivity of the Concealed Information Test. Detection efficiency in the prisoners was significantly above chance (d = 2.67; a = 0.82; 79%), and did not differ significantly from that obtained in the community volunteers (d = 3.04; a = 0.85; 87%). The present data support the validity of the Concealed Information Test in criminal populations.
Bruno Verschuere - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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deja vu the effect of previewing Test items on the validity of the concealed information Polygraph Test
Psychology Crime & Law, 2008Co-Authors: Bruno Verschuere, Geert CrombezAbstract:It has been recommended previewing Test items with the examinee prior to conducting a Concealed Information Polygraph Test. This procedure serves to familiarize the suspect with the Test items and allows adjustment, if necessary exclusion, of bad Test items. According to the National Research Council (2003), however, this procedure could decrease detection efficiency due to habituation. In two experiments using a mock crime paradigm, this possibility was Tested. Guilty and innocent mock crime participants were or were not presented with the Test items prior to the administration of a Concealed Information Test. No evidence was found that previewing diminishes detection efficiency of the Concealed Information Test. These findings, together with methodological and legal concerns, support the previewing of Test items.
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research article dejavu the effect of previewing Test items on the validity of the concealed information Polygraph Test
2008Co-Authors: Bruno Verschuere, Geert CrombezAbstract:It has been recommended previewing Test items with the examinee prior to conducting a Concealed Information Polygraph Test. This procedure serves to familiarize the suspect with the Test items and allows adjustment, if necessary exclusion, of bad Test items. According to the National Research Council (2003), however, this procedure could decrease detection efficiency due to habituation. In two experiments using a mock crime paradigm, this possibility was Tested. Guilty and innocent mock crime participants were or were not presented with the Test items prior to the administration of a Concealed Information Test. No evidence was found that previewing diminishes detection efficiency of the Concealed Information Test. These findings, together with methodological and legal concerns, support the previewing of Test items.
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antisociality underarousal and the validity of the concealed information Polygraph Test
Biological Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Bruno Verschuere, Geert Crombez, Ernst H W Koster, Armand De ClercqAbstract:Abstract The Concealed Information Polygraph Test has been advocated as the preferred method for the physiological detection of deception. In this study, we further examined the validity of the Concealed Information Test in antisocial individuals. Physiological responding to concealed information was assessed in 48 male prisoners, and compared with responding in 31 male community volunteers. Based upon the association between antisociality and autonomic hyporesponsivity, lower detection rates were expected in the prisoners. Participants were questioned on five personally significant items (e.g., day of birth), instructed to deny recognition of this information, and promised a financial reward when able to hide recognition. Prisoners showed reduced autonomic reactivity in comparison to the community volunteers. This hyporesponsivity had little impact on the sensitivity of the Concealed Information Test. Detection efficiency in the prisoners was significantly above chance (d = 2.67; a = 0.82; 79%), and did not differ significantly from that obtained in the community volunteers (d = 3.04; a = 0.85; 87%). The present data support the validity of the Concealed Information Test in criminal populations.
Charles R. Honts - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the comparison question Polygraph Test a contrast of methods and scoring
Physiology & Behavior, 2015Co-Authors: Charles R. Honts, Racheal ReavyAbstract:We conducted a mock crime experiment with 250 paid participants (126 females, Mdn age = 30 years) contrasting the validity of the probable-lie and the directed-lie variants of the comparison question Test (CQT) for the detection of deception. Subjects were assigned at random to one of eight conditions in a Guilt (Guilty/Innocent) × Test Type (Probable-Lie/Directed-Lie) × Stimulation (Between Repetition Stimulation/No Stimulation) factorial design. The data were scored by an experienced Polygraph examiner who was unaware of subject assignment to conditions and with a computer algorithm known as the Objective Scoring System Version 2 (OSS2). There were substantial main effects of guilt in both the OSS2 computer scores F(1, 241) = 143.82, p < .001, η(p)(2) = 0.371, and in the human scoring, F(1, 242) = 98.92, p<.001, η(p)(2) = .29. There were no differences between the Test types in the number of spontaneous countermeasure attempts made against them. Although under the controlled conditions of an experiment the probable-lie and the directed-lie variants of the CQT produced equivocal results in terms of detection accuracy, the directed-lie variant has much to recommend it as it is inherently more standardized in its administration and construction.
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Integration of Pre-Employment Polygraph Screening into the Police Selection Process
Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: Mark Handler, Charles R. Honts, Donald J. Krapohl, Raymond Nelson, Stephen GriffinAbstract:The authors provide a Polygraph primer for police psychologists involved in law enforcement personnel selection. Law-enforcement pre-employment Polygraph examinations are a decision-support tool intended to add incremental validity to the personnel selection process. Problems stemming from the use of the Polygraph may be related to misunderstanding of the Polygraph Test and to field practices surrounding the use of Polygraphy in the police selection process. Potential problems can result from ineffective selection of Test issues, poorly constructed Test questions and misguided policies surrounding the use of the Polygraph. The authors review the history of Polygraph screening, research, and field practices, and suggest that using Polygraph results alone to disqualify a candidate from employment is a misguided field practice. Suggestions are offered for maximizing the decision-support value of the Polygraph. Polygraph examination targets are discussed, with emphasis on selecting actuarially derived predictors associated with increased success in law enforcement training and job performance. The authors provide recommendations for field practice, and propose that police psychologists may be most suited to effectively integrate the Polygraph results and information into the hiring recommendation process.
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effectiveness of pupil diameter in a probable lie comparison question Test for deception
Legal and Criminological Psychology, 2009Co-Authors: Andrea K Webb, Charles R. Honts, John C Kircher, Paul C Bernhardt, Anne E CookAbstract:Purpose. There were three objectives of this study: (1) To assess the possibility of using pupil diameter as an index of deception in the context of a comparison question Polygraph Test. (2) To determine if pupil diameter would make a significant contribution to an optimal multivariate classification equation in combination with the traditional predictor variables used in field Polygraph practice. (3) We explored the possibility of replacing one or more of the traditional predictor variables with pupil diameter. Methods. We used a laboratory mock crime experiment with 24 participants, half of whom stole $20 (US) from a secretary's purse. Participants were Tested with a comparison question Test modelled after standard field practice. Physiological measures were taken with laboratory quality instrumentation. Features were extracted from the physiological measures. Those features were subjected to a number of different statistical analyses. Results. Innocent participants showed larger increases in pupil diameter in response to probable-lie questions than to relevant questions. Guilty participants did not show differential responding to the question types. The additional of pupil diameter to a multivariate classification model approached, but did not reach significance. Subsequent analyses suggest that pupil diameter might be used to replace the traditional relative blood pressure measure. Conclusions. Pupil diameter was found to be a significant predictor variable for deception. Pupil diameter may be a possible replacement for the traditional relative blood pressure measure. Additional research to explore that possibility would seem to be warranted.
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automation of a screening Polygraph Test increases accuracy
Psychology Crime & Law, 2007Co-Authors: Charles R. Honts, Susan AmatoAbstract:Abstract The present study examined the effects of automating the Relevant–Irrelevant (RI) psychophysiological detection of deception Test within a mock-screening paradigm. Eighty participants, recruited from the local community, took part in the study. Experimental design was a 2 (truthful/deceptive) by 2 (human/automation) factorial. Participants in the deceptive conditions attempted deception on two items of an employment application. Examinations conducted with the automated Polygraph examination were significantly more accurate than examinations conducted by the human Polygraph examiner. Statistical analyses revealed different patterns of physiological responses to deceptive items depending upon the automation condition. Those results have potentially interesting theoretical implications. The results of the present study are clearly supportive of additional efforts to develop a field application of an automated Polygraph examination.