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Serap Annette Akgür - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Morphine Concentrations in Human Urine Following Poppy Seed Paste Consumption.
    Forensic science international, 2018
    Co-Authors: Emine Özbunar, Melike Aydoğdu, Rukiye Döğer, Halil İbrahim Bostancı, Meryem Koruyucu, Serap Annette Akgür
    Abstract:

    Abstract Papaver somniferum (opium Poppy) is one of the world’s oldest medicinal plants which are widely used for medicinal, nutritive and scientific purposes. Turkey is one of the major legal opium Poppy producer countries in the world and the Seed paste of the poppies is consumed in great deal, even more than 100 g per meal. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of Poppy Seed paste ingestion on urine tests for opiates whether or not could lead to opiate positive urine test results. For this purpose, a variety of poppies were used and the morphine content of white, yellow and blue-black poppies were determined as 1.9, 4.0 and 2.6 mg/kg, respectively. 100 g of these Seed pastes were consumed in the breakfast by ten healthy adults enrolled in the study over three days and urine samples were collected before and after the breakfast. Opiate screening analysis was carried out by enzyme immunoassay method and the results were evaluated by two different cut-off values (300 and 2000 ng/mL). Morphine confirmation analysis was made by GC–MS system and the chromatographic method was validated in terms of selectivity, extraction efficiency, linearity (25–2000 ng/ml), intra-assay precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) (3 and 10 ng/ml), carryover, matrix effect, dilution integrity and stability. According to cut-off value 300 ng/ml, opiate concentrations were found positive up to 48 h. For cut-off value 2000 ng/mL; this time was up to 12 h in collected urine samples after consumption of three different colored Poppy Seed pastes. In all urine samples, thebaine was detected while the heroin abuse metabolite 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM) was not. Urine drug testing legislation was revised on 2016 in Turkey and opiate screening cut-off values increased from 300 to 2000 ng/mL. Overall results have shown that Poppy Seed paste as food consumption could lead to opiate positive urine test result even if increased cut off levels are used. It can also be deduced that thebaine can be taken as supportive biomarker for Poppy Seed paste consumption. Awareness of interpretation of urine test results and defining the procedures especially for forensic drug testing must be done in legal aspect to ensure justice for each individual (workplace, traffic, court etc.).

Oliver Engel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Poppy Seed consumption and toxicological analysis of blood and urine samples.
    Forensic science international, 2004
    Co-Authors: Manfred R Moeller, Karin Hammer, Oliver Engel
    Abstract:

    Poppy Seeds contain morphine in different amounts. Reported concentrations are up to 294 mg morphine/kg Poppy Seeds. Since penalties based on Street Traffic Law (parapgraph 24a StVG) in Germany (administrative offence) require definitive proof of morphine in blood samples, and the "Grenzwertkommission" in consultation with the Ministry of Transportation recommended a threshold of free morphine of 10 ng/mL, the question arose whether the consumption of Poppy Seeds can lead to a blood concentrations equal or higher than 10 ng/mL of free morphine. Therefore, five volunteers ate Poppy Seed products (50 mg morphine/kg Poppy Seeds). In urine, all on-site tests were enzyme immunologically positive for opiates and were positive to morphine by GC/MS. All the blood samples were negative to morphine by EIA and to free morphine by GC/MS. However, after hydrolysis, morphine was detected by GC/MS in all cases. Accordingly, in Germany, penalties based on parapgraph 24a StVG are not likely to cause road users any concerns should they have consumed Poppy Seeds. Driver Licensing Authorities, however, should be advised of this problem to avoid unjustified legal measures.

  • Poppy Seed consumption and toxicological analysis of blood and urine samples
    Forensic Science International, 2004
    Co-Authors: Manfred R Moeller, Karin P. Hammer, Oliver Engel
    Abstract:

    Poppy Seeds contain morphine in different amounts. Reported concentrations are up to 294 mg morphine/kg Poppy Seeds. Since penalties based on Street Traffic Law (parapgraph 24a StVG) in Germany (administrative offence) require definitive proof of morphine in blood samples, and the "Grenzwertkommission" in consultation with the Ministry of Transportation recommended a threshold of free morphine of 10 ng/mL, the question arose whether the consumption of Poppy Seeds can lead to a blood concentrations equal or higher than 10 ng/mL of free morphine. Therefore, five volunteers ate Poppy Seed products (50 mg morphine/kg Poppy Seeds). In urine, all on-site tests were enzyme immunologically positive for opiates and were positive to morphine by GC/MS. All the blood samples were negative to morphine by EIA and to free morphine by GC/MS. However, after hydrolysis, morphine was detected by GC/MS in all cases. Accordingly, in Germany, penalties based on parapgraph 24a StVG are not likely to cause road users any concerns should they have consumed Poppy Seeds. Driver Licensing Authorities, however, should be advised of this problem to avoid unjustified legal measures. Language: en

Frank Musshoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Urinary excretion study following consumption of various Poppy Seed products and investigation of the new potential street heroin marker ATM4G
    Drug testing and analysis, 2016
    Co-Authors: Alexandra Maas, Frank Musshoff, Michael H. Kramer, Konrad Sydow, Pai-shan Chen, Torsten Dame, Bernd W.k. Diehl, Burkhard Madea, Cornelius Hess
    Abstract:

    Discrimination between street heroin consumption and Poppy Seed ingestion represents a major toxicological challenge in daily routine work. Several difficulties associated with conventional street heroin markers originate from their versatile occurrence in various Poppy Seed products and medications, respectively, as well as to small windows of detection. A novel opportunity to overcome these hindrances is represented by the new potential street heroin marker acetylated-thebaine-4-metabolite glucuronide (ATM4G), originating from thebaine during street heroin synthesis followed by metabolic reactions after administration. In this study, urine samples after consumption of different German Poppy Seed products and urine samples from subjects with suspicion of preceding heroin consumption were tested for ATM4G, 6-AC (6-acetylcodeine), papaverine, noscapine, 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), morphine, and codeine. Neither 6-AC and 6-MAM nor ATM4G but morphine and codeine could be detected in urine samples following Poppy Seed ingestion. As well, neither papaverine nor noscapine could be observed even after consumption of Poppy Seeds containing up to 37 µg noscapine and up to 9.8 µg papaverine, respectively. Concerning the urine samples with suspicion of preceding heroin consumption, ATM4G could be detected in 9 of 43 cases. By contrast, evidence of 6-AC and 6-MAM, respectively, could only be seen in 7 urine samples. In conclusion, ATM4G should be measured additionally in cases requiring discrimination of street heroin consumption from Poppy Seed intake. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • Poppy Seed foods and opiate drug testing - where are we today?.
    Analytical Abstracts, 2010
    Co-Authors: Dirk W. Lachenmeier, Constanze Sproll, Frank Musshoff
    Abstract:

    Seeds of the opium Poppy plant are legally sold and widely consumed as food. Due to contamination during harvesting, the Seeds can contain morphine and other opiate alkaloids. The objective of this study is to review the toxicology of Poppy Seed foods regarding influence on opiate drug tests. Computer-assisted literature review resulted in 95 identified references. Normal Poppy Seed consumption is generally regarded as safe. During food processing, the morphine content is considerably reduced (up to 90%). The possibility of false-positive opiate drug tests after Poppy food ingestion exists. There are no unambiguous markers available to differentiate Poppy food ingestion from heroin or pharmaceutical morphine use. This is also a problem in heroin-assisted maintenance programs. A basic requirement in such substitution programs is the patients' abstinence from any other drugs, including additional illicit heroin. Also a lack of forensic ingestion trials was detected that consider all factors influencing the morphine content in biologic matrices after consumption. Most studies did not control for the losses during food processing, so that the initial morphine dosage was overestimated. The large reduction of the morphine content during past years raises questions about the validity of the “Poppy Seed defence”. However, a threshold of food use that would not lead to positive drug tests with certainty is currently unavailable. Research is needed to prove if the morphine contents in today's foods still pose the possibility of influencing drug tests. Future trials should consider processing-related morphine losses (95 references).

  • Poppy Seed foods and opiate drug testing--where are we today?
    Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2010
    Co-Authors: Dirk W. Lachenmeier, Constanze Sproll, Frank Musshoff
    Abstract:

    Seeds of the opium Poppy plant are legally sold and widely consumed as food. Due to contamination during harvesting, the Seeds can contain morphine and other opiate alkaloids. The objective of this study is to review the toxicology of Poppy Seed foods regarding influence on opiate drug tests. Computer-assisted literature review resulted in 95 identified references. Normal Poppy Seed consumption is generally regarded as safe. During food processing, the morphine content is considerably reduced (up to 90%). The possibility of false-positive opiate drug tests after Poppy food ingestion exists. There are no unambiguous markers available to differentiate Poppy food ingestion from heroin or pharmaceutical morphine use. This is also a problem in heroin-assisted maintenance programs. A basic requirement in such substitution programs is the patients' abstinence from any other drugs, including additional illicit heroin. Also a lack of forensic ingestion trials was detected that consider all factors influencing the morphine content in biologic matrices after consumption. Most studies did not control for the losses during food processing, so that the initial morphine dosage was overestimated. The large reduction of the morphine content during past years raises questions about the validity of the "Poppy Seed defence." However, a threshold of food use that would not lead to positive drug tests with certainty is currently unavailable. Research is needed to prove if the morphine contents in today's foods still pose the possibility of influencing drug tests. Future trials should consider processing-related morphine losses.

  • The significance of putative urinary markers of illicit heroin use after consumption of Poppy Seed products.
    Therapeutic drug monitoring, 2006
    Co-Authors: Jens Trafkowski, Burkhard Madea, Frank Musshoff
    Abstract:

    After consumption of Poppy Seeds various substances were detected in urine or blood samples using an immunoassay and a sophisticated liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric procedure. These compounds are widely considered to be putative markers of heroin (HER) abuse whereas acetylcodeine was regarded as a marker for illicit preparations ("street HER"). Besides positive urinary opiate immunoassay results during a 48 hours monitoring period, peak concentrations of morphine (MOR), codeine and their glucuronides appeared 4 to 8 hours after ingestion of Poppy Seeds, and concentrations of total MOR higher than 10 microg/mL were observed. Also, in serum samples taken up to 6 hours after consumption, MOR glucuronides were found. Free MOR was only detected in traces (1 to 3 ng/mL) within 2 hours of consumption. In addition, 3 of 6 onsite opiate sweat tests revealed positive results 6.5 hours after ingestion. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that neither noscapine (NOS) nor papaverine (PAP) was detectable in urine or blood samples after the consumption of Poppy Seeds containing up to 94 microg NOS and up to 3.3 mug PAP. NOS and PAP were rapidly metabolized, whereas desmethylpapaverine and, especially, its glucuronide were found in urine samples of Poppy Seed consumers even 48 hours after consumption. According to these results PAP metabolites should not be regarded as markers of illicit HER abuse. In conclusion, only acetylcodeine can be regarded as a specific marker but has the problem of a short half-life. Therefore, we suggest that NOS and PAP, but not their metabolites, might be used cautiously as additional markers of illicit HER abuse as they have not been detected after oral intake of Poppy Seeds in normal doses. But it must be kept in mind that in some cases Poppy Seeds with an unusually high content of these alkaloids could be available, and that these substances are also agents in some pharmaceuticals.

Emine Özbunar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Morphine Concentrations in Human Urine Following Poppy Seed Paste Consumption.
    Forensic science international, 2018
    Co-Authors: Emine Özbunar, Melike Aydoğdu, Rukiye Döğer, Halil İbrahim Bostancı, Meryem Koruyucu, Serap Annette Akgür
    Abstract:

    Abstract Papaver somniferum (opium Poppy) is one of the world’s oldest medicinal plants which are widely used for medicinal, nutritive and scientific purposes. Turkey is one of the major legal opium Poppy producer countries in the world and the Seed paste of the poppies is consumed in great deal, even more than 100 g per meal. The main objective of this study is to investigate the influence of Poppy Seed paste ingestion on urine tests for opiates whether or not could lead to opiate positive urine test results. For this purpose, a variety of poppies were used and the morphine content of white, yellow and blue-black poppies were determined as 1.9, 4.0 and 2.6 mg/kg, respectively. 100 g of these Seed pastes were consumed in the breakfast by ten healthy adults enrolled in the study over three days and urine samples were collected before and after the breakfast. Opiate screening analysis was carried out by enzyme immunoassay method and the results were evaluated by two different cut-off values (300 and 2000 ng/mL). Morphine confirmation analysis was made by GC–MS system and the chromatographic method was validated in terms of selectivity, extraction efficiency, linearity (25–2000 ng/ml), intra-assay precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) (3 and 10 ng/ml), carryover, matrix effect, dilution integrity and stability. According to cut-off value 300 ng/ml, opiate concentrations were found positive up to 48 h. For cut-off value 2000 ng/mL; this time was up to 12 h in collected urine samples after consumption of three different colored Poppy Seed pastes. In all urine samples, thebaine was detected while the heroin abuse metabolite 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM) was not. Urine drug testing legislation was revised on 2016 in Turkey and opiate screening cut-off values increased from 300 to 2000 ng/mL. Overall results have shown that Poppy Seed paste as food consumption could lead to opiate positive urine test result even if increased cut off levels are used. It can also be deduced that thebaine can be taken as supportive biomarker for Poppy Seed paste consumption. Awareness of interpretation of urine test results and defining the procedures especially for forensic drug testing must be done in legal aspect to ensure justice for each individual (workplace, traffic, court etc.).

Manfred R Moeller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Poppy Seed consumption and toxicological analysis of blood and urine samples.
    Forensic science international, 2004
    Co-Authors: Manfred R Moeller, Karin Hammer, Oliver Engel
    Abstract:

    Poppy Seeds contain morphine in different amounts. Reported concentrations are up to 294 mg morphine/kg Poppy Seeds. Since penalties based on Street Traffic Law (parapgraph 24a StVG) in Germany (administrative offence) require definitive proof of morphine in blood samples, and the "Grenzwertkommission" in consultation with the Ministry of Transportation recommended a threshold of free morphine of 10 ng/mL, the question arose whether the consumption of Poppy Seeds can lead to a blood concentrations equal or higher than 10 ng/mL of free morphine. Therefore, five volunteers ate Poppy Seed products (50 mg morphine/kg Poppy Seeds). In urine, all on-site tests were enzyme immunologically positive for opiates and were positive to morphine by GC/MS. All the blood samples were negative to morphine by EIA and to free morphine by GC/MS. However, after hydrolysis, morphine was detected by GC/MS in all cases. Accordingly, in Germany, penalties based on parapgraph 24a StVG are not likely to cause road users any concerns should they have consumed Poppy Seeds. Driver Licensing Authorities, however, should be advised of this problem to avoid unjustified legal measures.

  • Poppy Seed consumption and toxicological analysis of blood and urine samples
    Forensic Science International, 2004
    Co-Authors: Manfred R Moeller, Karin P. Hammer, Oliver Engel
    Abstract:

    Poppy Seeds contain morphine in different amounts. Reported concentrations are up to 294 mg morphine/kg Poppy Seeds. Since penalties based on Street Traffic Law (parapgraph 24a StVG) in Germany (administrative offence) require definitive proof of morphine in blood samples, and the "Grenzwertkommission" in consultation with the Ministry of Transportation recommended a threshold of free morphine of 10 ng/mL, the question arose whether the consumption of Poppy Seeds can lead to a blood concentrations equal or higher than 10 ng/mL of free morphine. Therefore, five volunteers ate Poppy Seed products (50 mg morphine/kg Poppy Seeds). In urine, all on-site tests were enzyme immunologically positive for opiates and were positive to morphine by GC/MS. All the blood samples were negative to morphine by EIA and to free morphine by GC/MS. However, after hydrolysis, morphine was detected by GC/MS in all cases. Accordingly, in Germany, penalties based on parapgraph 24a StVG are not likely to cause road users any concerns should they have consumed Poppy Seeds. Driver Licensing Authorities, however, should be advised of this problem to avoid unjustified legal measures. Language: en