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Joan Benach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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measuring precarious employment type of contract can lead to serious misclassification error
Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 2020Co-Authors: Alejandra Vives, Francisca Gonzalez Lopez, Joan BenachAbstract:This study aims to assess the accuracy of temporary employment as indicator or proxy measure of precarious employment. Using sensitivity and specificity analysis, we compared type of contract (temporary versus permanent) with the Chilean version of the multidimensional Employment Precariousness Scale. Temporary employment exhibited very low sensitivity ( 90%), resulting in roughly 38% of false negative results. Different EPRES-Ch cut-off scores produced similar results. The main implication of these findings is that the public health relevance of precarious employment is being underestimated both in terms of prevalence and of its association with health, making it critical that valid multidimensional measures of precarious employment be implemented.
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s05 5 employment conditions as determinants of psychological wellbeing among workers in chile association of temporary employment job insecurity and employment Precariousness with job satisfaction and mental health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Alejandra Vives, Joan Benach, Francisca GonzálezAbstract:Introduction Transformations in the world of work have led to a growth of temporary employment, job instability and perceived of job insecurity, and an overall precarisation of employment relations. In Chile, transformations in employment relations go back to the 1979 Plan Nacional, but scarce epidemiologic research has addressed the effects on psychological wellbeing. This study assesses the associations between different measures of insecure or precarious employment conditions and the job satisfaction and mental health of workers in Chile. Methods Subsample of 2679 formally employed workers from the first Chilean Work, employment health and quality of life survey (2009–2010). Prevalence rate ratios were estimated via Poisson regressions for each exposure (perceived job and income insecurity; self-reported job instability; temporary contract; employment Precariousness (Employment Precariousness scale) and outcome (job satisfaction and mental health (GHQ-12)). Age, education, occupation and previous unemployment were included as potential confounders. Results Job satisfaction increased slightly in women with temporary contracts, decreased significantly with job insecurity in men and with income insecurity, self-reported job instability and employment Precariousness in both women and men. Mental health showed no significant association with type of contract, decreased significantly with job insecurity, especially in men, and with income insecurity and self-reported job instability in women and men, and, in a graded manner, with employment Precariousness in women. Conclusion As elsewhere, in Chile poor employment conditions are associated with decreased worker wellbeing. However, well-known exposure measures such as type of contract showed no associations, and job insecurity exhibited less consistent „associations than self-reported employment stability. The multidimensional employment Precariousness scale demonstrated associations only for women. Results highlight the importance of employment conditions for workers’ psychological wellbeing and of the theoretical and operational approach to their measurement for occupational health research.
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o03 2 informal employees in the european union working conditions employment Precariousness and health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Joan Benach, Alejandra Vives, Mireia Julia, Francesc Belvis, Gemma TarafaAbstract:Introduction Informal employment, despite infrequent in the European Union compared with middle and low-income countries, affects an important number of workers. However, little is known about informal employment and its association with health. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of informal employment in the EU-27, a well as their associated working and employment conditions (extent of employment Precariousness), and to analyse its relationship with health compared to other employment arrangements. Methods Data from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was used. A subsample of 27,076 salaried workers from EU-27 on working age people (15–64 years) was selected. As dependent variables we selected psychological well-being and self-related health. We calculated the prevalence of poor working conditions (i.e. psychosocial risk variables, job satisfaction, place of work,…) and employment Precariousness across three classes of employment arrangements: permanent, temporary and informal. Logistic regression models were fitted in order to test the association between psychological well-being and self-related health with contract arrangements. Results The proportion of informal employees in the EU-27 was 4% among men and 5% among women. A gradient of poor working conditions and employment Precariousness was present according to type of contract, where the best conditions were observed among permanent employees and the worst among informal employees. In spite of this gradient, temporary and informal employees had similar risks compared with permanent workers regarding both poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health for both sexes. Conclusions Informal employment is also present in high-income countries and is characterised by worse working conditions and higher employment Precariousness than formal employment. However, their risk of poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health was similar to that of temporary employees, both being higher than that of permanent employees.
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s09 1 what measure to use for monitoring and research on precarious employment comparison of the multidimensional employment Precariousness scale and the temporary employment indicator
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Alejandra Vives, Joan Benach, Francisca GonzálezAbstract:Objective Temporary employment is the most frequently used indicator of precarious employment for both monitoring and epidemiologic research. However, concerns have been raised regarding its capacity to correctly identify subjects, given temporary jobs are heterogeneous and not always precarious, and there is a spill-over of employment Precariousness onto permanent jobs, traditionally considered the unexposed group. The aim of this study is to assess accuracy of temporary employment as indicator of precarious employment using sensitivity and specificity analysis. Methods Analysis were performed on data from a sample of salaried workers with a formal contract (n = 3691) from the 2009–2010 Chilean Employment conditions, work, health and quality of life survey (ENETS). Type of contract was the index test (temporary employment being the exposure category) and the Chilean version of the multidimensional Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES-Ch), the reference standard. We examined alternative cut-off scores for the EPRES. Results Sensitivity was low, 29.1% (95% CI: 25.0%–33.4%) and specificity high, 92.3% (95% CI: 89.1%–94.6%). There was a 4% (95% CI: 2.9%–5.9%) of false positive results and 33% (95% CI: 29.6%–36.3%) of false negative results. Conclusions Low sensitivity, irrespective of good specificity, results in non-differential exposure misclassification, with a large proportion of workers in precarious jobs classified as non-precarious irrespective of the cut-off score applied to the Employment Precariousness Scale. This study does not imply that contract type is unimportant. Most temporary jobs are precarious and the intensity of Precariousness is higher among them than among permanent jobs. However, used as a monitoring instrument, temporary employment will underestimate the magnitude of the problem, and epidemiologic studies affected by exposure misclassification will produce results that underestimate its association with workers’ health. For properly informing policy, it is critical for both research and monitoring that multidimensional measures of precarious employment be implemented as well.
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precarious employment understanding an emerging social determinant of health
Annual Review of Public Health, 2014Co-Authors: Joan Benach, Alejandra Vives, Christophe Vanroelen, Gemma Tarafa, Marcelo Amable, Carles MuntanerAbstract:Employment Precariousness is a social determinant that affects the health of workers, families, and communities. Its recent popularity has been spearheaded by three main developments: the surge in “flexible employment” and its associated erosion of workers' employment and working conditions since the mid-1970s; the growing interest in social determinants of health, including employment conditions; and the availability of new data and information systems. This article identifies the historical, economic, and political factors that link precarious employment to health and health equity; reviews concepts, models, instruments, and findings on precarious employment and health inequalities; summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of this literature; and highlights substantive and methodological challenges that need to be addressed. We identify two crucial future aims: to provide a compelling research program that expands our understanding of employment Precariousness and to develop and evaluate policy programs ...
Gemma Tarafa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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informal employees in the european union working conditions employment Precariousness and health
Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Mireia Julia, Francesc Belvis, Gemma TarafaAbstract:Background The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of informal workers and their working conditions and employment Precariousness in the EU-27; and to explore the association of different contract arrangements with health outcomes and how they are influenced by working and employment conditions. Methods A sample of 27 245 working-age employees from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was analysed. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the contribution of different contract arrangement (permanent, temporary and informal) and working and employment Precariousness variables on health outcomes (psychosocial well-being and self-rated health). Results Prevalence of informal employees in the EU-27 is 4.1% among men and 5.1% among women. Although informal employees have the poorest working conditions and employment Precariousness, they did not seem to reflect poorer health. Precariousness employment variables have a greater impact than working conditions variables in reducing the association between health outcomes and type of contract arrangement, especially in the case of informal employees. Conclusions Informal employment in the EU-27 is characterized by worse working conditions and employment Precariousness than the conditions for formal employees. There is no evidence at all that being in informal employment implies better health outcomes compared to permanent employees.
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o03 2 informal employees in the european union working conditions employment Precariousness and health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Joan Benach, Alejandra Vives, Mireia Julia, Francesc Belvis, Gemma TarafaAbstract:Introduction Informal employment, despite infrequent in the European Union compared with middle and low-income countries, affects an important number of workers. However, little is known about informal employment and its association with health. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of informal employment in the EU-27, a well as their associated working and employment conditions (extent of employment Precariousness), and to analyse its relationship with health compared to other employment arrangements. Methods Data from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was used. A subsample of 27,076 salaried workers from EU-27 on working age people (15–64 years) was selected. As dependent variables we selected psychological well-being and self-related health. We calculated the prevalence of poor working conditions (i.e. psychosocial risk variables, job satisfaction, place of work,…) and employment Precariousness across three classes of employment arrangements: permanent, temporary and informal. Logistic regression models were fitted in order to test the association between psychological well-being and self-related health with contract arrangements. Results The proportion of informal employees in the EU-27 was 4% among men and 5% among women. A gradient of poor working conditions and employment Precariousness was present according to type of contract, where the best conditions were observed among permanent employees and the worst among informal employees. In spite of this gradient, temporary and informal employees had similar risks compared with permanent workers regarding both poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health for both sexes. Conclusions Informal employment is also present in high-income countries and is characterised by worse working conditions and higher employment Precariousness than formal employment. However, their risk of poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health was similar to that of temporary employees, both being higher than that of permanent employees.
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precarious employment understanding an emerging social determinant of health
Annual Review of Public Health, 2014Co-Authors: Joan Benach, Alejandra Vives, Christophe Vanroelen, Gemma Tarafa, Marcelo Amable, Carles MuntanerAbstract:Employment Precariousness is a social determinant that affects the health of workers, families, and communities. Its recent popularity has been spearheaded by three main developments: the surge in “flexible employment” and its associated erosion of workers' employment and working conditions since the mid-1970s; the growing interest in social determinants of health, including employment conditions; and the availability of new data and information systems. This article identifies the historical, economic, and political factors that link precarious employment to health and health equity; reviews concepts, models, instruments, and findings on precarious employment and health inequalities; summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of this literature; and highlights substantive and methodological challenges that need to be addressed. We identify two crucial future aims: to provide a compelling research program that expands our understanding of employment Precariousness and to develop and evaluate policy programs ...
Mireia Julia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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informal employees in the european union working conditions employment Precariousness and health
Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Mireia Julia, Francesc Belvis, Gemma TarafaAbstract:Background The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of informal workers and their working conditions and employment Precariousness in the EU-27; and to explore the association of different contract arrangements with health outcomes and how they are influenced by working and employment conditions. Methods A sample of 27 245 working-age employees from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was analysed. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the contribution of different contract arrangement (permanent, temporary and informal) and working and employment Precariousness variables on health outcomes (psychosocial well-being and self-rated health). Results Prevalence of informal employees in the EU-27 is 4.1% among men and 5.1% among women. Although informal employees have the poorest working conditions and employment Precariousness, they did not seem to reflect poorer health. Precariousness employment variables have a greater impact than working conditions variables in reducing the association between health outcomes and type of contract arrangement, especially in the case of informal employees. Conclusions Informal employment in the EU-27 is characterized by worse working conditions and employment Precariousness than the conditions for formal employees. There is no evidence at all that being in informal employment implies better health outcomes compared to permanent employees.
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o03 2 informal employees in the european union working conditions employment Precariousness and health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Joan Benach, Alejandra Vives, Mireia Julia, Francesc Belvis, Gemma TarafaAbstract:Introduction Informal employment, despite infrequent in the European Union compared with middle and low-income countries, affects an important number of workers. However, little is known about informal employment and its association with health. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of informal employment in the EU-27, a well as their associated working and employment conditions (extent of employment Precariousness), and to analyse its relationship with health compared to other employment arrangements. Methods Data from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was used. A subsample of 27,076 salaried workers from EU-27 on working age people (15–64 years) was selected. As dependent variables we selected psychological well-being and self-related health. We calculated the prevalence of poor working conditions (i.e. psychosocial risk variables, job satisfaction, place of work,…) and employment Precariousness across three classes of employment arrangements: permanent, temporary and informal. Logistic regression models were fitted in order to test the association between psychological well-being and self-related health with contract arrangements. Results The proportion of informal employees in the EU-27 was 4% among men and 5% among women. A gradient of poor working conditions and employment Precariousness was present according to type of contract, where the best conditions were observed among permanent employees and the worst among informal employees. In spite of this gradient, temporary and informal employees had similar risks compared with permanent workers regarding both poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health for both sexes. Conclusions Informal employment is also present in high-income countries and is characterised by worse working conditions and higher employment Precariousness than formal employment. However, their risk of poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health was similar to that of temporary employees, both being higher than that of permanent employees.
Alejandra Vives - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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measuring precarious employment type of contract can lead to serious misclassification error
Annals of Work Exposures and Health, 2020Co-Authors: Alejandra Vives, Francisca Gonzalez Lopez, Joan BenachAbstract:This study aims to assess the accuracy of temporary employment as indicator or proxy measure of precarious employment. Using sensitivity and specificity analysis, we compared type of contract (temporary versus permanent) with the Chilean version of the multidimensional Employment Precariousness Scale. Temporary employment exhibited very low sensitivity ( 90%), resulting in roughly 38% of false negative results. Different EPRES-Ch cut-off scores produced similar results. The main implication of these findings is that the public health relevance of precarious employment is being underestimated both in terms of prevalence and of its association with health, making it critical that valid multidimensional measures of precarious employment be implemented.
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s05 5 employment conditions as determinants of psychological wellbeing among workers in chile association of temporary employment job insecurity and employment Precariousness with job satisfaction and mental health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Alejandra Vives, Joan Benach, Francisca GonzálezAbstract:Introduction Transformations in the world of work have led to a growth of temporary employment, job instability and perceived of job insecurity, and an overall precarisation of employment relations. In Chile, transformations in employment relations go back to the 1979 Plan Nacional, but scarce epidemiologic research has addressed the effects on psychological wellbeing. This study assesses the associations between different measures of insecure or precarious employment conditions and the job satisfaction and mental health of workers in Chile. Methods Subsample of 2679 formally employed workers from the first Chilean Work, employment health and quality of life survey (2009–2010). Prevalence rate ratios were estimated via Poisson regressions for each exposure (perceived job and income insecurity; self-reported job instability; temporary contract; employment Precariousness (Employment Precariousness scale) and outcome (job satisfaction and mental health (GHQ-12)). Age, education, occupation and previous unemployment were included as potential confounders. Results Job satisfaction increased slightly in women with temporary contracts, decreased significantly with job insecurity in men and with income insecurity, self-reported job instability and employment Precariousness in both women and men. Mental health showed no significant association with type of contract, decreased significantly with job insecurity, especially in men, and with income insecurity and self-reported job instability in women and men, and, in a graded manner, with employment Precariousness in women. Conclusion As elsewhere, in Chile poor employment conditions are associated with decreased worker wellbeing. However, well-known exposure measures such as type of contract showed no associations, and job insecurity exhibited less consistent „associations than self-reported employment stability. The multidimensional employment Precariousness scale demonstrated associations only for women. Results highlight the importance of employment conditions for workers’ psychological wellbeing and of the theoretical and operational approach to their measurement for occupational health research.
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o03 2 informal employees in the european union working conditions employment Precariousness and health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Joan Benach, Alejandra Vives, Mireia Julia, Francesc Belvis, Gemma TarafaAbstract:Introduction Informal employment, despite infrequent in the European Union compared with middle and low-income countries, affects an important number of workers. However, little is known about informal employment and its association with health. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of informal employment in the EU-27, a well as their associated working and employment conditions (extent of employment Precariousness), and to analyse its relationship with health compared to other employment arrangements. Methods Data from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was used. A subsample of 27,076 salaried workers from EU-27 on working age people (15–64 years) was selected. As dependent variables we selected psychological well-being and self-related health. We calculated the prevalence of poor working conditions (i.e. psychosocial risk variables, job satisfaction, place of work,…) and employment Precariousness across three classes of employment arrangements: permanent, temporary and informal. Logistic regression models were fitted in order to test the association between psychological well-being and self-related health with contract arrangements. Results The proportion of informal employees in the EU-27 was 4% among men and 5% among women. A gradient of poor working conditions and employment Precariousness was present according to type of contract, where the best conditions were observed among permanent employees and the worst among informal employees. In spite of this gradient, temporary and informal employees had similar risks compared with permanent workers regarding both poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health for both sexes. Conclusions Informal employment is also present in high-income countries and is characterised by worse working conditions and higher employment Precariousness than formal employment. However, their risk of poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health was similar to that of temporary employees, both being higher than that of permanent employees.
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s09 1 what measure to use for monitoring and research on precarious employment comparison of the multidimensional employment Precariousness scale and the temporary employment indicator
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Alejandra Vives, Joan Benach, Francisca GonzálezAbstract:Objective Temporary employment is the most frequently used indicator of precarious employment for both monitoring and epidemiologic research. However, concerns have been raised regarding its capacity to correctly identify subjects, given temporary jobs are heterogeneous and not always precarious, and there is a spill-over of employment Precariousness onto permanent jobs, traditionally considered the unexposed group. The aim of this study is to assess accuracy of temporary employment as indicator of precarious employment using sensitivity and specificity analysis. Methods Analysis were performed on data from a sample of salaried workers with a formal contract (n = 3691) from the 2009–2010 Chilean Employment conditions, work, health and quality of life survey (ENETS). Type of contract was the index test (temporary employment being the exposure category) and the Chilean version of the multidimensional Employment Precariousness Scale (EPRES-Ch), the reference standard. We examined alternative cut-off scores for the EPRES. Results Sensitivity was low, 29.1% (95% CI: 25.0%–33.4%) and specificity high, 92.3% (95% CI: 89.1%–94.6%). There was a 4% (95% CI: 2.9%–5.9%) of false positive results and 33% (95% CI: 29.6%–36.3%) of false negative results. Conclusions Low sensitivity, irrespective of good specificity, results in non-differential exposure misclassification, with a large proportion of workers in precarious jobs classified as non-precarious irrespective of the cut-off score applied to the Employment Precariousness Scale. This study does not imply that contract type is unimportant. Most temporary jobs are precarious and the intensity of Precariousness is higher among them than among permanent jobs. However, used as a monitoring instrument, temporary employment will underestimate the magnitude of the problem, and epidemiologic studies affected by exposure misclassification will produce results that underestimate its association with workers’ health. For properly informing policy, it is critical for both research and monitoring that multidimensional measures of precarious employment be implemented as well.
-
precarious employment understanding an emerging social determinant of health
Annual Review of Public Health, 2014Co-Authors: Joan Benach, Alejandra Vives, Christophe Vanroelen, Gemma Tarafa, Marcelo Amable, Carles MuntanerAbstract:Employment Precariousness is a social determinant that affects the health of workers, families, and communities. Its recent popularity has been spearheaded by three main developments: the surge in “flexible employment” and its associated erosion of workers' employment and working conditions since the mid-1970s; the growing interest in social determinants of health, including employment conditions; and the availability of new data and information systems. This article identifies the historical, economic, and political factors that link precarious employment to health and health equity; reviews concepts, models, instruments, and findings on precarious employment and health inequalities; summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of this literature; and highlights substantive and methodological challenges that need to be addressed. We identify two crucial future aims: to provide a compelling research program that expands our understanding of employment Precariousness and to develop and evaluate policy programs ...
Francesc Belvis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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informal employees in the european union working conditions employment Precariousness and health
Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Mireia Julia, Francesc Belvis, Gemma TarafaAbstract:Background The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of informal workers and their working conditions and employment Precariousness in the EU-27; and to explore the association of different contract arrangements with health outcomes and how they are influenced by working and employment conditions. Methods A sample of 27 245 working-age employees from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was analysed. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the contribution of different contract arrangement (permanent, temporary and informal) and working and employment Precariousness variables on health outcomes (psychosocial well-being and self-rated health). Results Prevalence of informal employees in the EU-27 is 4.1% among men and 5.1% among women. Although informal employees have the poorest working conditions and employment Precariousness, they did not seem to reflect poorer health. Precariousness employment variables have a greater impact than working conditions variables in reducing the association between health outcomes and type of contract arrangement, especially in the case of informal employees. Conclusions Informal employment in the EU-27 is characterized by worse working conditions and employment Precariousness than the conditions for formal employees. There is no evidence at all that being in informal employment implies better health outcomes compared to permanent employees.
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o03 2 informal employees in the european union working conditions employment Precariousness and health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Joan Benach, Alejandra Vives, Mireia Julia, Francesc Belvis, Gemma TarafaAbstract:Introduction Informal employment, despite infrequent in the European Union compared with middle and low-income countries, affects an important number of workers. However, little is known about informal employment and its association with health. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of informal employment in the EU-27, a well as their associated working and employment conditions (extent of employment Precariousness), and to analyse its relationship with health compared to other employment arrangements. Methods Data from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was used. A subsample of 27,076 salaried workers from EU-27 on working age people (15–64 years) was selected. As dependent variables we selected psychological well-being and self-related health. We calculated the prevalence of poor working conditions (i.e. psychosocial risk variables, job satisfaction, place of work,…) and employment Precariousness across three classes of employment arrangements: permanent, temporary and informal. Logistic regression models were fitted in order to test the association between psychological well-being and self-related health with contract arrangements. Results The proportion of informal employees in the EU-27 was 4% among men and 5% among women. A gradient of poor working conditions and employment Precariousness was present according to type of contract, where the best conditions were observed among permanent employees and the worst among informal employees. In spite of this gradient, temporary and informal employees had similar risks compared with permanent workers regarding both poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health for both sexes. Conclusions Informal employment is also present in high-income countries and is characterised by worse working conditions and higher employment Precariousness than formal employment. However, their risk of poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health was similar to that of temporary employees, both being higher than that of permanent employees.