Temporary Employment

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Jussi Vahtera - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • is Temporary Employment a risk factor for work disability due to depressive disorders and delayed return to work the finnish public sector study
    Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 2014
    Co-Authors: Jenni Ervasti, Jussi Vahtera, Mika Kivimaki, Pekka Virtanen, Jaana Pentti, Tuula Oksanen, Kirsi Ahola, Marianna Virtanen
    Abstract:

    Objectives Research on Temporary Employment as a risk factor for work disability due to depression is mixed, and few studies have measured work disability outcome in detail. We separately examined the associations of Temporary Employment with (i) the onset of work disability due to depression, (ii) the length of disability episodes, and (iii) the recurrence of work disability, taking into account the possible effect modification of sociodemographic factors. Methods We linked the prospective cohort study data of 107 828 Finnish public sector employees to national registers on work disability (>9 days) due to depression from January 2005 to December 2011. Results Disability episodes were longer among Temporary than permanent employees after adjustment for age, sex, level of education, chronic somatic disease, and history of mental/behavioral disorders [cumulative odds ratio (COR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.25–51). The association between Temporary Employment and the length of depression-related disability episodes was more pronounced among participants with a low educational level (COR 1.95, 95% CI 1.54–2.48) and older employees (>52 years; COR 3.67, 95% CI 2.83–4.76). The association was weaker in a subgroup of employees employed for ≥50% of the follow-up period (95% of the original sample). Temporary Employment was not associated with the onset or recurrence of depression-related work disability. Conclusions Temporary Employment is associated with slower return to work, indicated by longer depression-related disability episodes, especially among older workers and those with a low level of education. Continuous Employment might protect Temporary employees from prolonged work disability.

  • Temporary Employment and antidepressant medication: A register linkage study
    J PSYCHIATR RES, 2008
    Co-Authors: Jussi Vahtera
    Abstract:

    Evidence on the association between Temporary Employment and mental health is mixed. This study examined associations of Temporary Employment with register-based antidepressant medication by type and length of Temporary job contract and socioeconomic position. Antidepressant prescriptions (1998-2002) were linked to register data for 17,071 men and 48,137 women in 10 Finnish municipalities. Repeated measures analyses over time were adjusted for age, socioeconomic position, and calendar year. After adjustments, Temporary Employment with a job contract more than 6 months was associated with odds ratio (OR) of 1.18 (95% confidence interval CI 1.03-1.37) for antidepressant use in men and 0.99 (0.93-1.06) in women. Among Temporary employees with a job contract of 6 months or less the corresponding odds ratio was higher (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.19-1.73 in men, OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.09-1.28 in women). Long-term unemployed who were in short-term government-subsidised Temporary Employment had the highest odds of antidepressant use (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.23-2.02 in men, OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.20-1.59 in women). During the study period, increase in the prevalence of antidepressant medication was more rapid among women in government-subsidised Temporary Employment than among permanently employed women. Among men, the association between Temporary Employment and antidepressant use was stronger within lower grade occupations. The results suggest that using antidepressants is more pronounced when Temporary Employment is unstable. (C) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  • Temporary Employment and health a review
    International Journal of Epidemiology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Marianna Virtanen, Mika Kivimaki, Matti Joensuu, Pekka Virtanen, Marko Elovainio, Jussi Vahtera
    Abstract:

    Objectives We aimed to review evidence on the relationship between Temporary Employment and health, and to see whether the association is dependent on outcome measure, instability of Employment, and contextual factors. Method We systematically searched for studies of Temporary Employment and various health outcomes and critically appraised 27 studies. Results The review suggests higher psychological morbidity among Temporary workers compared with permanent employees. According to some studies, Temporary workers also have a higher risk of occupational injuries but their sickness absence is lower. Morbidity may be higher in Temporary jobs with high Employment instability and in countries with a lower number of Temporary workers and unemployed workers. Conclusions The evidence indicates an association between Temporary Employment and psychological morbidity. The health risk may depend on instability of Temporary Employment and the context. Confounding by occupation may have biased some of the studies. Additional research to clarify the role of Employment instability, hazard accumulation, and selection is recommended.

  • Temporary Employment and health: a review.
    Int J Epidemiol, 2005
    Co-Authors: Jussi Vahtera
    Abstract:

    We aimed to review evidence on the relationship between Temporary Employment and health, and to see whether the association is dependent on outcome measure, instability of Employment, and contextual factors.

  • Temporary Employment and risk of overall and cause specific mortality
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Mika Kivimaki, Jussi Vahtera, Marianna Virtanen, Marko Elovainio, Jaana Pentti, Jane E Ferrie
    Abstract:

    The number of nonpermanent employees is rising, but mortality in this group has received little attention. The authors examined the associations between Temporary Employment and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Longitudinal data from 10 towns in Finland related to 26,592 men and 65,759 women, of whom 1,332 died between 1990 and 2001. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, occupational status, salary, and change in occupational title showed that overall mortality was 1.2–1.6 times higher among male and female Temporary employees compared with permanent employees. Temporary Employment was associated with increased deaths from alcohol-related causes (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 2.9 for men; HR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.5 for women) and, for men, smoking-related cancer (HR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 6.0). Corresponding risks were greater for the unemployed. Moving from Temporary to permanent Employment was associated with a lower risk of death than remaining continuously in permanent Employment (HR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 0.9 for men and women combined). These findings suggest that the conventional research practice of treating the employed as a single group may attenuate the associations between Employment status and mortality. alcohol drinking; Employment; longitudinal studies; mortality; occupational groups; smoking; socioeconomic factors

Pekka Virtanen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Michael Gebel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Temporary Employment in Central- and Eastern Europe : Individual Risk Patterns and Institutional Context
    2020
    Co-Authors: Anna Baranowska, Michael Gebel
    Abstract:

    This article uses data from the European Union Labour Force Survey (EULFS) 2004 for a comparative analysis of individual and contextual determinants of Temporary Employment contracts in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Descriptive analyses reveal that Temporary contracts are more often involuntary by nature and associated with relatively lower occupational status than permanent contracts in CEE countries compared to Western European average. Individual-level logistic regressions show that the general determinants of Temporary Employment are rather similar in both parts of Europe, but vary in their strength between countries. To evaluate the impact of macro-level influences on these cross-country differences in Temporary Employment risks, we focus on the risk of young people as one group of potential labour market outsiders. In general, young persons have a higher Temporary Employment risk, but their relative risk varies between countries. We use multi-level models implemented in a two-step estimation procedure and try to explain this cross-country variation with the intervening role of institutional influences under control of macro-structural conditions. Comparing CEE countries and Western European countries shows that neither Employment protection of regular contracts nor its interaction with the level of Employment protection of Temporary contracts affects the young people’s risk. Instead, we find a positive association between collective bargaining coverage as a measure of insider-outsider cleavages and the relative Temporary Employment risk of young persons.

  • Early career consequences of Temporary Employment in Germany and the United Kingdom
    2020
    Co-Authors: Michael Gebel
    Abstract:

    This article seeks to reveal the early career effects of Temporary versus permanent contract at labour market entry in Germany and the UK, namely in terms of unEmployment, inactivity risks, further education, wages and chances of finding a Temporary job. There are two main theories on the individual effects of Temporary Employment. Segmentation theory suggest that the labour market is divided into insiders who hold permanent contracts at the primary segment, and the outsiders who enter the labour market via Temporary contracts at the secondary segment. Jobs in the secondary segment offer lower wages, lower training and opportunity to invest in skills, and might also have a stigma effect on workers. From this perspective the authors expect wage penalties, repeated Temporary Employment cycles and unEmployment risks, and less further education for Temporary workers, which is formulated as Hypothesis 1. Second theory is called the integration theory and assumes that Temporary contracts may be some sort of prolonged probationary period where employers screen employees’ skills. This perspective predicts lower wages at the beginning followed by compensation, partly through skill investments, and higher unEmployment risks for graduates with Temporary Employment but converge after screening to the permanent positions (formulated as Hypothesis 2).

  • early career consequences of Temporary Employment in germany and the uk
    Work Employment & Society, 2010
    Co-Authors: Michael Gebel
    Abstract:

    This article investigates the effects of Temporary Employment at labour market entry on subsequent individual careers, drawing on data from the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) from the period 1991 to 2007. The results show that German temporarily employed entrants suffer from higher initial wage penalties and risks of Temporary Employment cycles but that all differences compared to entrants with permanent contracts diminish after five years. The integration scenario works more effectively in the UK, where disadvantages are less pronounced and Employment losses are primarily related to further education. Moreover, these tendencies vary by education groups and gender. Disadvantages of initial Temporary Employment are weaker for women in Germany, while gender differences in the UK apparently have less impact. Across borders, Temporary contracts are associated with greater initial but vanishing wage penalties and Temporary Employment cycles for tertiary graduates.

  • the determinants of youth Temporary Employment in the enlarged europe do labour market institutions matter
    European Societies, 2010
    Co-Authors: Anna Baranowska, Michael Gebel
    Abstract:

    This article uses comparative micro data from the 2004 European Union Labour Force Survey (EULFS) for 23 European countries to study the impact of labour market institutions on the youth relative Temporary Employment probability. We find relatively high Temporary Employment rates for young workers in all countries but also a large cross-country variation in this respect. The results of multi-level regression analyses confirm that neither Employment protection of regular contracts nor its interaction with the level of Employment protection of Temporary contracts affects the young people's relative risk. Instead, we find a positive association between collective bargaining coverage as a measure of insider–outsider cleavages and the relative Temporary Employment risk of young persons. These results remain robust even after controlling for macro-structural conditions, such as unEmployment rate and business uncertainty.

  • labour market flexibility and inequality the changing risk patterns of Temporary Employment in west germany
    Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung - Journal for Labour Market Research, 2009
    Co-Authors: Michael Gebel, Johannes Giesecke
    Abstract:

    While previous research on Temporary Employment has shown that certain labour market groups are more likely than others to enter this kind of Employment, there has been scant research on the question concerning to what extent these allocation patterns have changed over time. Against the background of pervasive structural and institutional changes which have affected the West German labour market since the beginning of the 1990s, there are reasons to believe that allocation patterns have changed as well. However, on a theoretical level there are different views regarding the quality of these changes. Whereas some scholars argue that social inequality has been exacerbated along the existing lines of social division, others maintain that risks are becoming less and less socially structured. To evaluate this question empirically, we use data from the German Mikrozensus for the period from 1989 to 2005. The analysis reveals first of all that, on the aggregate level, the overall proportion of Temporary Employment has increased only slightly during that period; secondly, the results show that especially those individuals belonging to groups that already had a weak labour market position have been allocated increasingly to Temporary jobs; thirdly, contrary to the thesis of a de-structuration of social inequality, the findings reveal no decline in the overall importance of “classical” determinants of Temporary Employment relationships.

Marianna Virtanen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • is Temporary Employment a risk factor for work disability due to depressive disorders and delayed return to work the finnish public sector study
    Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 2014
    Co-Authors: Jenni Ervasti, Jussi Vahtera, Mika Kivimaki, Pekka Virtanen, Jaana Pentti, Tuula Oksanen, Kirsi Ahola, Marianna Virtanen
    Abstract:

    Objectives Research on Temporary Employment as a risk factor for work disability due to depression is mixed, and few studies have measured work disability outcome in detail. We separately examined the associations of Temporary Employment with (i) the onset of work disability due to depression, (ii) the length of disability episodes, and (iii) the recurrence of work disability, taking into account the possible effect modification of sociodemographic factors. Methods We linked the prospective cohort study data of 107 828 Finnish public sector employees to national registers on work disability (>9 days) due to depression from January 2005 to December 2011. Results Disability episodes were longer among Temporary than permanent employees after adjustment for age, sex, level of education, chronic somatic disease, and history of mental/behavioral disorders [cumulative odds ratio (COR) 1.37, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.25–51). The association between Temporary Employment and the length of depression-related disability episodes was more pronounced among participants with a low educational level (COR 1.95, 95% CI 1.54–2.48) and older employees (>52 years; COR 3.67, 95% CI 2.83–4.76). The association was weaker in a subgroup of employees employed for ≥50% of the follow-up period (95% of the original sample). Temporary Employment was not associated with the onset or recurrence of depression-related work disability. Conclusions Temporary Employment is associated with slower return to work, indicated by longer depression-related disability episodes, especially among older workers and those with a low level of education. Continuous Employment might protect Temporary employees from prolonged work disability.

  • Temporary Employment and health a review
    International Journal of Epidemiology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Marianna Virtanen, Mika Kivimaki, Matti Joensuu, Pekka Virtanen, Marko Elovainio, Jussi Vahtera
    Abstract:

    Objectives We aimed to review evidence on the relationship between Temporary Employment and health, and to see whether the association is dependent on outcome measure, instability of Employment, and contextual factors. Method We systematically searched for studies of Temporary Employment and various health outcomes and critically appraised 27 studies. Results The review suggests higher psychological morbidity among Temporary workers compared with permanent employees. According to some studies, Temporary workers also have a higher risk of occupational injuries but their sickness absence is lower. Morbidity may be higher in Temporary jobs with high Employment instability and in countries with a lower number of Temporary workers and unemployed workers. Conclusions The evidence indicates an association between Temporary Employment and psychological morbidity. The health risk may depend on instability of Temporary Employment and the context. Confounding by occupation may have biased some of the studies. Additional research to clarify the role of Employment instability, hazard accumulation, and selection is recommended.

  • Temporary Employment and risk of overall and cause specific mortality
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Mika Kivimaki, Jussi Vahtera, Marianna Virtanen, Marko Elovainio, Jaana Pentti, Jane E Ferrie
    Abstract:

    The number of nonpermanent employees is rising, but mortality in this group has received little attention. The authors examined the associations between Temporary Employment and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Longitudinal data from 10 towns in Finland related to 26,592 men and 65,759 women, of whom 1,332 died between 1990 and 2001. Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, occupational status, salary, and change in occupational title showed that overall mortality was 1.2–1.6 times higher among male and female Temporary employees compared with permanent employees. Temporary Employment was associated with increased deaths from alcohol-related causes (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4, 2.9 for men; HR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1, 2.5 for women) and, for men, smoking-related cancer (HR = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.3, 6.0). Corresponding risks were greater for the unemployed. Moving from Temporary to permanent Employment was associated with a lower risk of death than remaining continuously in permanent Employment (HR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5, 0.9 for men and women combined). These findings suggest that the conventional research practice of treating the employed as a single group may attenuate the associations between Employment status and mortality. alcohol drinking; Employment; longitudinal studies; mortality; occupational groups; smoking; socioeconomic factors

Rebecca Bentley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Employment arrangements and mental health in a cohort of working australians are transitions from permanent to Temporary Employment associated with changes in mental health
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Anthony D Lamontagne, Allison Milner, Lauren Krnjacki, Anne M Kavanagh, Tony Blakely, Rebecca Bentley
    Abstract:

    We investigated whether being in Temporary Employment, as compared with permanent Employment, was associated with a difference in Short Form 36 mental health and whether transitions from permanent Employment to Temporary Employment were associated with mental health changes. We used fixed-effects regression in a nationally representative Australian sample with 10 waves of data collection (2001-2010). Interactions by age and sex were tested. Two forms of Temporary Employment were studied: "casual" (no paid leave entitlements or fixed hours) and "fixed-term contract" (a defined Employment period plus paid leave). There were no significant mental health differences between Temporary Employment and permanent Employment in standard fixed-effects analyses and no significant interactions by sex or age. For all age groups combined, there were no significant changes in mental health following transitions from stable permanent Employment to Temporary Employment, but there was a significant interaction with age (P = 0.03) for the stable-permanent-to-casual Employment transition, because of a small transition-associated improvement in mental health for workers aged 55-64 years (β = 1.61, 95% confidence interval: 0.34, 2.87; 16% of the standard deviation of mental health scores). Our analyses suggest that Temporary Employment is not harmful to mental health in the Australian context and that it may be beneficial for 55- to 64-year-olds transitioning from stable permanent Employment to casual Employment.

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