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P D Carvalho - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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methods for and implementation of Pregnancy Diagnosis in dairy cows
Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice, 2016Co-Authors: P M Fricke, Alessandro Ricci, J O Giordano, P D CarvalhoAbstract:The first part of this article defines the attributes of the ideal Pregnancy test and describes the direct and indirect methods for Pregnancy Diagnosis in dairy cows that are currently available that have the potential to replace transrectal palpation. Second, this new technology must be practically integrated into a systematic on-farm reproductive management strategy and empirically demonstrated to exceed the status quo of the industry in reproductive performance. Finally a future direction for research and technology in the area of early Pregnancy Diagnosis in dairy cows is presented, and the overall conclusions of the ideas presented herein are drawn.
J O Giordano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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methods for and implementation of Pregnancy Diagnosis in dairy cows
Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice, 2016Co-Authors: P M Fricke, Alessandro Ricci, J O Giordano, P D CarvalhoAbstract:The first part of this article defines the attributes of the ideal Pregnancy test and describes the direct and indirect methods for Pregnancy Diagnosis in dairy cows that are currently available that have the potential to replace transrectal palpation. Second, this new technology must be practically integrated into a systematic on-farm reproductive management strategy and empirically demonstrated to exceed the status quo of the industry in reproductive performance. Finally a future direction for research and technology in the area of early Pregnancy Diagnosis in dairy cows is presented, and the overall conclusions of the ideas presented herein are drawn.
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Reproductive performance of dairy cows resynchronized after Pregnancy Diagnosis at 31 (±3 days) after artificial insemination (AI) compared with resynchronization at 31 (±3 days) after AI with Pregnancy Diagnosis at 38 (±3 days) after AI
Journal of Dairy Science, 2013Co-Authors: Richard Van Vleck Pereira, J O Giordano, L. S. Caixeta, C.l. Guard, Rodrigo C. BicalhoAbstract:Abstract An important part of reproductive management programs on dairy farms is identification of nonpregnant cows and early re-insemination to achieve higher Pregnancy rates. The objective of this study was to compare the effect on reproductive performance and Pregnancy loss of 2 Pregnancy Diagnosis protocols: (1) Pregnancy Diagnosis performed 31±3 d after artificial insemination (AI) by ultrasonography (ULTRA), and (2) resynchronization started 31±3 d after AI but with Pregnancy Diagnosis performed 38±3 d after AI by palpation per rectum (PALP). Cows were randomly allocated into 1 of the 2 management programs. For cows enrolled in ULTRA, the initial Pregnancy Diagnosis (P1) was performed by transrectal ultrasonography at 31±3 d after AI, and nonpregnant cows were enrolled in the Ovsynch protocol for resynchronization of ovulation to receive timed AI (TAI). For cows enrolled in PALP, the Ovsynch protocol for resynchronization of ovulation to receive TAI was initiated at 31±3 d after AI regardless of Pregnancy status, with the initial Pregnancy Diagnosis (P1) performed by palpation per rectum at 38±3 d after AI. For both groups, reconfirmation of Pregnancy was performed by palpation per rectum at 63±3 d after AI (P2). Cows were inseminated after detection of estrus by use of activity monitors at any time during the study. Two levels of activity were used as a reference for cows AI after detection of estrus based on activity: an activity level of ≥2 when a cow was coded in DairyComp 305 (Valley Agricultural Software, Tulare, CA) as open (nonpregnant) and an activity level of ≥3 when the Pregnancy status of the cow was unknown. Our findings showed that the odds of Pregnancy loss cows in ULTRA was 2 times higher between P1 and P2 compared with that of cows in PALP. Furthermore, Pregnancy Diagnosis method (ULTRA vs. PALP) did not have a significant effect on the Cox proportional hazard of Pregnancy at P2. The occurrence of assisted parturition, metritis, or retained placenta was associated with a reduced hazard of Pregnancy at P2. An economic analysis was performed by simulating a 1,000-cow commercial dairy herd using a decision support tool to estimate the net present value (NPV; $/cow per yr) from using the 2 different Pregnancy Diagnosis methods. The analysis revealed minor differences in NPV between the programs, depending on the cost to perform ULTRA or PALP. In summary, we observed no difference in the reproductive performance and only a minor and fluctuating economic difference when using either PALP or ULTRA for Pregnancy Diagnosis of dairy cows.
Ottó Szenci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Pregnancy Diagnosis in sheep: Review of the most practical methods
Acta Veterinaria Brno, 2020Co-Authors: A. Karen, Jean-françois Beckers, P. Kovács, Ottó SzenciAbstract:Karen A. , P. Kovacs, J .F. Beckers , O. Szenci : Pregnancy Diagnosis in Sheep: Review of the Most Practical Methods. Acta Vet. Brno 2001, 70: 115-126. Various practical methods have been used for Pregnancy Diagnosis in sheep. Both Pregnancy and fetal numbers are accurately diagnosed by using radiography after day 70 of gestation. Rectal abdominal technique detects Pregnancy with an accuracy of 66 to 100% from d 49 to 109 of gestation, however, it has a low (17 to 57%) accuracy for determining multiple fetuses. Progesterone assays have a high sensitivity (88% to 100%) and a low specificity (60% to 72%) at d 16 to 18. Estrone sulphate assay accurately detects pregnant ewe at d 30 to 35. Ovine Pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB) assay accurately (100%) detects Pregnancy from d 26 after breeding onwards. The accuracy of progesterone, estrone sulphate and oPSPB assays for determining fetal numbers is relatively low. A-mode and Doppler ultrasonic techniques accurately detect Pregnancy during the second half of gestation. Fetal numbers cannot be determined by A-mode ultrasound, while the Doppler technique needs experience to achieve high accuracy. Transrectal B-mode, real time ultrasonography identifies the embryonic vesicles as early as d 12.8 after mating, but the sensitivity of the technique for Pregnancy is very low (12%) earlier than 25 d after mating. Transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography achieved high accuracy for Pregnancy Diagnosis (94% to 100%) and the determination of fetal numbers (92% to 99%) on d 29 to 106 of gestation. Realtime, B-mode ultrasonography appears to be the most practical and accurate method for diagnosing Pregnancy and determining fetal numbers in sheep. Pregnancy Diagnosis, ewe, radiography, rectal-abdominal palpation, hormonal assays, Pregnancy proteins, ultrasonography Early detection of Pregnancy is of considerable economic value to sheep industry. Nonpregnant ewes could be sold, reducing feed expenses, while non-pregnant lambs could be marketed at higher price than they would bring as mature ewes (Gearhart et al. 1988). Separation of the sheep herd into pregnant and non-pregnant ewes might reduce reproductive and production losses in form of abortions, stillbirths and production of weak lambs (Wani et al. 1998). Predictions of the number of fetuses would allow appropriate nutritional management of the ewes in late gestation that will prevent Pregnancy toxemia (Ford 1983), minimize prelambing feeding costs, optimize birth weight, weaning weight and survivability of lambs and reduce the incidence of dystocia (Gearhart et al. 1988). In addition, the accurate information on the stage of gestation would be useful to dry off lactating females at adequate period and to monitor the females near term (Doize et al. 1997). Methods of Pregnancy Diagnosis Various methods have been used to diagnose Pregnancy in sheep. These methods can be classified as less practical such as the management method (non-return to estrus), abdominal ACTA VET. BRNO 2001, 70: 115–126 Address for correspondence: Aly Karen Department of Obstetrics and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent Istvan University, Istvan ut., H-1400 Budapest, P. O. Box 2, Hungary Phone: +361-4784206 Fax : +361-478-4207 e-mail: akaren@univet.hu
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REVIEW ARTICLE Pregnancy Diagnosis IN SHEEP: REVIEW OF THE MOST PRACTICAL METHODS
2020Co-Authors: A. Karen, P. Kovács, J.f. Beckers, Ottó SzenciAbstract:Karen A., P. Kovacs, J.F. Beckers, O. Szenci: Pregnancy Diagnosis in Sheep: Review of the Most Practical Methods. Acta Vet. Brno 2001, 70: 115-126. Various practical methods have been used for Pregnancy Diagnosis in sheep. Both Pregnancy and fetal numbers are accurately diagnosed by using radiography after day 70 of gestation. Rectal abdominal technique detects Pregnancy with an accuracy of 66 to 100% from d 49 to 109 of gestation, however, it has a low (17 to 57%) accuracy for determining multiple fetuses. Progesterone assays have a high sensitivity (88% to 100%) and a low specificity (60% to 72%) at d 16 to 18. Estrone sulphate assay accurately detects pregnant ewe at d 30 to 35. Ovine Pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB) assay accurately (100%) detects Pregnancy from d 26 after breeding onwards. The accuracy of progesterone, estrone sulphate and oPSPB assays for determining fetal numbers is relatively low. A-mode and Doppler ultrasonic techniques accurately detect Pregnancy during the second half of gestation. Fetal numbers cannot be determined by A-mode ultrasound, while the Doppler technique needs experience to achieve high accuracy. Transrectal B-mode, real time ultrasonography identifies the embryonic vesicles as early as d 12.8 after mating, but the sensitivity of the technique for Pregnancy is very low (12%) earlier than 25 d after mating. Transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography achieved high accuracy for Pregnancy Diagnosis (94% to 100%) and the determination of fetal numbers (92% to 99%) on d 29 to 106 of gestation. Realtime, B-mode ultrasonography appears to be the most practical and accurate method for diagnosing Pregnancy and determining fetal numbers in sheep.
Jean-françois Beckers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estrus synchronization, artificial insemination, and Pregnancy Diagnosis in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Reproduction Fertility and Development, 2020Co-Authors: Nguyen Van Hanh, B. X. Nguyen, Joseph Sulon, Noelita Melo De Sousa, Jean-françois BeckersAbstract:One of the big obstacles in management of reproductive activity in water buffaloes is their silent estrus. This characteristic prevents the determination of time for artificial insemination (AI), resulting in lengthening of the calving interval (Nguyen et al. 1990 Proc. FAO Workshop, Bulgaria, 210–216). Pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) measurement in maternal blood is an effective method of early Pregnancy Diagnosis in ruminant species (Zoli et al. 1992 Biol. Reprod. 46, 83–92). The present study describes a preliminary attempt to improve buffalo reproductive performance by association of three different approaches: synchronization of estrus by hormonal treatment, followed by two AI, and finally Pregnancy Diagnosis based on PAG measurements. A total of 33 buffalo females (4 to 15 years old), with no apparent estrus during a period of 9 to 36 months after last calving, were used. Each female received 2 injections of 5 mL of PGF2α (Intervet, France) 10 days apart (Day −12 and Day −2), one injection of 500 IU of PMSG (SABC, Vietnam) at Day −5, and 1000 IU of hCG (Intervet, France) on the day of AI (Day 0). A second AI was performed 8 h after hCG injection. Blood samples (9 mL) were collected from each female at Days 20, 25, 40, and 45 after AI. Blood samples were withdrawn by jugular venipuncture (heparinized Vacutainer tubes) and kept in a cool box until centrifugation (500g, 10 min). Plasma samples were stored at −20°C until assayed for PAG. Pregnancy Diagnosis was considered negative, doubtful, or positive according to the PAG concentrations ( 0.8 ng mL−1, respectively). Clinical observation of females after insemination showed that the total rate of animals that exhibited signs of estrus until Day 45 was 9.1% (3/33). These 3 females were not considered for Pregnancy Diagnosis. Table 1 shows the results of Pregnancy Diagnosis in 30 water buffalo females. These results show that fertilization is easily obtained after estrus synchronization in buffaloes and that measurement of PAG concentrations in maternal plasma can be used for Pregnancy Diagnosis from Day 40 after AI. Table 1.Number of water buffalo females considered as non-pregnant, doubtful or pregnant on the basis of PAG concentrations This work was supported by a grant from the Belgian Technical Cooperation.
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Pregnancy Diagnosis in sheep: Review of the most practical methods
Acta Veterinaria Brno, 2020Co-Authors: A. Karen, Jean-françois Beckers, P. Kovács, Ottó SzenciAbstract:Karen A. , P. Kovacs, J .F. Beckers , O. Szenci : Pregnancy Diagnosis in Sheep: Review of the Most Practical Methods. Acta Vet. Brno 2001, 70: 115-126. Various practical methods have been used for Pregnancy Diagnosis in sheep. Both Pregnancy and fetal numbers are accurately diagnosed by using radiography after day 70 of gestation. Rectal abdominal technique detects Pregnancy with an accuracy of 66 to 100% from d 49 to 109 of gestation, however, it has a low (17 to 57%) accuracy for determining multiple fetuses. Progesterone assays have a high sensitivity (88% to 100%) and a low specificity (60% to 72%) at d 16 to 18. Estrone sulphate assay accurately detects pregnant ewe at d 30 to 35. Ovine Pregnancy specific protein B (PSPB) assay accurately (100%) detects Pregnancy from d 26 after breeding onwards. The accuracy of progesterone, estrone sulphate and oPSPB assays for determining fetal numbers is relatively low. A-mode and Doppler ultrasonic techniques accurately detect Pregnancy during the second half of gestation. Fetal numbers cannot be determined by A-mode ultrasound, while the Doppler technique needs experience to achieve high accuracy. Transrectal B-mode, real time ultrasonography identifies the embryonic vesicles as early as d 12.8 after mating, but the sensitivity of the technique for Pregnancy is very low (12%) earlier than 25 d after mating. Transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography achieved high accuracy for Pregnancy Diagnosis (94% to 100%) and the determination of fetal numbers (92% to 99%) on d 29 to 106 of gestation. Realtime, B-mode ultrasonography appears to be the most practical and accurate method for diagnosing Pregnancy and determining fetal numbers in sheep. Pregnancy Diagnosis, ewe, radiography, rectal-abdominal palpation, hormonal assays, Pregnancy proteins, ultrasonography Early detection of Pregnancy is of considerable economic value to sheep industry. Nonpregnant ewes could be sold, reducing feed expenses, while non-pregnant lambs could be marketed at higher price than they would bring as mature ewes (Gearhart et al. 1988). Separation of the sheep herd into pregnant and non-pregnant ewes might reduce reproductive and production losses in form of abortions, stillbirths and production of weak lambs (Wani et al. 1998). Predictions of the number of fetuses would allow appropriate nutritional management of the ewes in late gestation that will prevent Pregnancy toxemia (Ford 1983), minimize prelambing feeding costs, optimize birth weight, weaning weight and survivability of lambs and reduce the incidence of dystocia (Gearhart et al. 1988). In addition, the accurate information on the stage of gestation would be useful to dry off lactating females at adequate period and to monitor the females near term (Doize et al. 1997). Methods of Pregnancy Diagnosis Various methods have been used to diagnose Pregnancy in sheep. These methods can be classified as less practical such as the management method (non-return to estrus), abdominal ACTA VET. BRNO 2001, 70: 115–126 Address for correspondence: Aly Karen Department of Obstetrics and Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent Istvan University, Istvan ut., H-1400 Budapest, P. O. Box 2, Hungary Phone: +361-4784206 Fax : +361-478-4207 e-mail: akaren@univet.hu
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CONCENTRATION OF BOVINE Pregnancy ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN IN PLASMA AND MILK: ITS APPLICATION FOR Pregnancy Diagnosis IN COWS
Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2008Co-Authors: Zdzislaw Gajewski, Jean-françois Beckers, N.m. Sausa, Bartosz Pawliński, M. Olszewska, Rico Thun, M. KleczkowskiAbstract:Pregnancy Diagnosis is an important part in reproduction management of ruminants. The aim of the study was to use a new method for evaluating the bPAG and cPAG in milk and blood bPAG and compare this results with the other method for Pregnancy Diagnosis in the cows. The study was carried out in 220 Holstein Frisian cows. Heparinised blood samples were taken from the jugular vein and stored at -20°C until PAG assay by RIA. For bPAG and cPAG, RIA test, milk samples were homogenized. Pure bPAG was used as a standard tracer described by Zoli et al. (1992). The cows were diagnosed as pregnant by means of USG (Aloka SSD 210) and by rectal palpation. bPAG and cPAG concentration in milk increased after 28 day of Pregnancy and showed the rapid increase near the parturition. The same results of bPAG concentration we obtained in the blood samples. The decline of bPAG concentration was faster in the milk than in the blood. The data showed that the RIA method is precise enough to measure PAG concentrations in the maternal blood and milk of cows. The data indicate that milk samples can be used for Pregnancy Diagnosis in cows. The sensitivity and specificity of RIA measurement of PAG are very high.
Juan E Romano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of early Pregnancy Diagnosis by per rectal palpation of the amniotic sac on Pregnancy loss in dairy cattle
Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, 2013Co-Authors: Juan E Romano, Melvyn L FahningAbstract:Objective—To determine effects of per rectal amniotic sac palpation (ASP) for Pregnancy Diagnosis during early gestation on Pregnancy loss in lactating cows. Design—Controlled, randomized block design. Animals—368 pregnant dairy cows. Procedures—Pregnancy was detected via transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) at day 29 (day of estrus = day 0), and cows were allocated into a control group (n = 167 cows) and ASP group (180). Control cows were not subjected to Pregnancy Diagnosis via palpation per rectum. Per rectal ASP was performed between days 34 and 43 by only 1 experienced veterinarian. All cows were reevaluated with TRUS on days 45, 60, and 90. Results—21 cows were removed because of illness. Pregnancy loss between days 29 and 90 occurred in 44 of 347 (12.7%) cows. Pregnancy loss for the control and ASP groups from days 29 to 90 occurred in 22 of 167 (13.2%) and 22 of 180 (12.2%) cows, respectively. Late embryonic Pregnancy loss (days 29 to 45) for the control and ASP groups occurred in 18 (10.8%) and 15 ...
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Effects of early Pregnancy Diagnosis by palpation per rectum on Pregnancy loss in dairy cattle
Javma-journal of The American Veterinary Medical Association, 2011Co-Authors: Juan E Romano, James A. Thompson, Duane C. Kraemer, Mark Westhusin, Michael A. Tomaszweski, David W. ForrestAbstract:Objective—To determine the effect of palpation per rectum (PPR) by use of 1 or 2 fetal membrane slips (FMSs) for Pregnancy Diagnosis during early gestation on Pregnancy loss in dairy cattle. Design—Controlled, randomized block design. Animals—928 healthy pregnant cattle. Procedures—All cattle were determined to be pregnant by use of transrectal ultrasonography at approximately day 31 after estrus and randomly allocated into 2 groups (control group [n = 476 cows] and palpation group [452]). The control group was not subjected to Pregnancy Diagnosis via PPR. The palpation group was subdivided into 2 groups (PPR FMS 1 [n = 230 cows] and PPR FMS 2 [222]), which involved PPR and Pregnancy Diagnosis via 1 or 2 FMSs, respectively, during the same examination, which was performed by 1 veterinarian between days 34 and 43 after estrus. All cattle were reevaluated by use of transrectal ultrasonography on days 45 and 60 to determine viability of the embryo and fetus, respectively. Results—Overall Pregnancy loss betwe...