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Emmalee S. Bandstra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in 18 to 20 year old african americans
    Ethnicity & Disease, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sarah E Messiah, Veronica H Accornero, Lihua Xue, Tracie L Miller, Steven E Lipshultz, David A Ludwig, Denise C Vidot, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Objective: The long-term effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE) on physical health are largely unknown. No human studies support or refute a relationship between PCE and the long-term risk for cardiovascu­lar and/or metabolic disease. We investi­gated the association of PCE on primary car­diometabolic disease risk factors in African Americans (AA) aged 18 to 20 years. Design: Cohort, longitudinal, prospective. Setting: Miami-Dade County, Florida, and the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center. Participants: Healthy full-term inner-city AA adolescents (aged 18 to 20 years, N =350) previously enrolled at birth from 1990-1993. Main Outcome Measures: Fasting serum insulin, glucose, lipids, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; systolic and diastolic blood pressures; and the components and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Results: There were no PCE-associated differences in cardiometabolic disease risk factors including the metabolic syndrome and its individual components in AAs aged 18 to 20 years. Conclusions: The results of our study do not support an association between PCE and increased cardiometabolic disease risk in AAs aged 18 to 20 years. Whether PCE is associated with cardiovascular or metabolic disease in adulthood would require further investigation. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(4):419- 426; doi:10.18865/ed.25.4.419

  • assessing latent effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on growth and risk of cardiometabolic disease in late adolescence design and methods
    International Journal of Pediatrics, 2012
    Co-Authors: Sarah E Messiah, Veronica H Accornero, Tracie L Miller, Steven E Lipshultz, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Prenatal Cocaine Exposure has been linked to neurocognitive and developmental outcomes throughout childhood. The cardiovascular toxicity of Cocaine is also markedly increased in pregnancy, but it is unknown whether this toxicity affects anthropometric growth and the development of cardiometabolic disease risk factors in the offspring across the lifespan. During the early 1990s, the Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study enrolled a cohort of 476 African American children (253 Cocaine-exposed, 223 non-Cocaine-exposed) and their biological mothers at delivery in a prospective, longitudinal study. The MPCS has collected 12 prior waves of multidomain data on over 400 infants and their mothers/alternate caregivers through mid-adolescence and is now embarking on an additional wave of data collection at ages 18-19 years. We describe here the analytical methods for examining the relationship between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, anthropometric growth, and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in late adolescence in this minority, urban cohort. Findings from this investigation should inform both the fields of substance use and cardiovascular research about subsequent risks of Cocaine ingestion during pregnancy in offspring.

  • estimated effect of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on examiner rated behavior at age 7 years
    Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Elana Mansoor, Arnise L Johnson, Clyde B Mccoy, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Abstract Prenatal Cocaine Exposure has been linked to increased child behavior difficulties in some studies but not others. Objective The primary aim was to estimate the relationship between in utero Cocaine Exposure and child behavioral functioning at age 7 years with ratings made by blinded examiners during a structured testing session. A second aim was to examine whether caregiver drug use and psychological problems might mediate suspected relationships between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and aspects of examiner-rated behavior. Methods 407 children (212 Cocaine-exposed, 195 non-exposed) participating in the longitudinal Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study (MPCS) were rated with regard to their behavior during a neuropsychological assessment conducted at age 7 years. Raters were trained research psychometricians blinded to drug Exposure status. Individual behavioral items were summarized and the Cocaine–behavior relationship was estimated within the context of latent variable modeling, using Mplus software. Results Two latent variables, Behavioral Regulation and Sociability, were derived via exploratory latent structure analysis with promax rotation. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, statistically controlling for child sex, test age, and Prenatal Exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, was associated with Behavioral Regulation (estimated slope s = − 0.25; 95% CI = − 0.48, − 0.02; p = 0.04) but not Sociability (estimated slope s = − 0.03; 95% CI = − 0.26, 0.20; p = 0.79). Neither postnatal drug use by caregivers nor the severity of their psychological problems at age 5 follow-up predicted levels of child Behavioral Regulation or Sociability at age 7 years (p > 0.10). Conclusions Examiner ratings of child behavior at age 7 revealed less optimal behavioral regulation for Prenatally Cocaine-exposed compared to non-exposed children, in contrast with what had been previously found from parent-report data. This evidence highlights the potential value of trained observers in assessing behavioral outcomes of children exposed in utero to drugs and other toxicants.

  • potential latent effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on growth and the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in childhood
    Progress in Pediatric Cardiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Sarah E Messiah, Tracie L Miller, Steven E Lipshultz, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    The literature strongly suggests that Prenatal Exposure to certain medications and substances does not cause major malformations in early childhood. However, these Exposures may have far-reaching latent health effects, such as restricted growth, hypertension, and cardiovascular events in adulthood. We reviewed the literature to identify the effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on growth and the risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in late adolescence and early adulthood by examining studies that were published in peer-reviewed English-language journals from 1990 through 2009 and indexed in MEDLINE. We found that animal and clinical studies of the influence of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on child and adolescent growth and the subsequent development of myocardial and cardiometabolic disease risk factors are few and inconclusive. Studies support the hypothesis that vascular and hemodynamic functions are partially programmed in early life and thus substantially influence vascular aging and arterial stiffening in later life. Sub-optimal fetal nutrition and growth may increase blood pressure and the development of cardiovascular and metabolic disease in late life. How Prenatal Cocaine and other drug Exposure effects this relationship is currently unknown. Despite high rates of Cocaine and other drug use during pregnancy (up to 18% in some studies), little is known about the health effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure in adolescence and early adulthood. The few studies of early growth deficits persisting into adolescence are inconclusive. The literature provides little information on how exposed children grow into adulthood and about their subsequent risk of cardiometabolic and vascular disease.

  • estimated risk of developing selected dsm iv disorders among 5 year old children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
    Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2009
    Co-Authors: Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Veronica H Accornero, Lihua Xue, Jan L Culbertson, Sudha Manjunath, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    We estimated childhood risk of developing selected DSM-IV Disorders, including Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), in children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE). Children were enrolled prospectively at birth (n = 476) with Prenatal drug Exposures documented by maternal interview, urine and meconium assays. Study participants included 400 African-American children from the birth cohort, 208 Cocaine-exposed (CE) and 192 non-Cocaine-exposed (NCE), who attended a 5-year follow-up assessment and whose caregiver completed the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Under a generalized linear model (logistic link), Fisher’s exact methods were used to estimate the PCE-associated relative risk (RR) of these disorders. Our results indicated a modest but statistically robust elevation of ADHD risk associated with increasing levels of PCE (p < 0.05). Binary comparison of CE versus NCE children indicated no PCE-associated RR. Estimated cumulative incidence proportions among CE children were 2.9% for ADHD (vs 3.1% NCE); 1.4% for SAD (vs 1.6% NCE); and 4.3% for ODD (vs 6.8% NCE). Our findings suggest evidence of increased risk of ADHD (but not ODD or SAD) in relation to an increasing gradient of PCE during gestation.

Connie E. Morrow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • estimated effect of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on examiner rated behavior at age 7 years
    Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Elana Mansoor, Arnise L Johnson, Clyde B Mccoy, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Abstract Prenatal Cocaine Exposure has been linked to increased child behavior difficulties in some studies but not others. Objective The primary aim was to estimate the relationship between in utero Cocaine Exposure and child behavioral functioning at age 7 years with ratings made by blinded examiners during a structured testing session. A second aim was to examine whether caregiver drug use and psychological problems might mediate suspected relationships between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and aspects of examiner-rated behavior. Methods 407 children (212 Cocaine-exposed, 195 non-exposed) participating in the longitudinal Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study (MPCS) were rated with regard to their behavior during a neuropsychological assessment conducted at age 7 years. Raters were trained research psychometricians blinded to drug Exposure status. Individual behavioral items were summarized and the Cocaine–behavior relationship was estimated within the context of latent variable modeling, using Mplus software. Results Two latent variables, Behavioral Regulation and Sociability, were derived via exploratory latent structure analysis with promax rotation. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, statistically controlling for child sex, test age, and Prenatal Exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, was associated with Behavioral Regulation (estimated slope s = − 0.25; 95% CI = − 0.48, − 0.02; p = 0.04) but not Sociability (estimated slope s = − 0.03; 95% CI = − 0.26, 0.20; p = 0.79). Neither postnatal drug use by caregivers nor the severity of their psychological problems at age 5 follow-up predicted levels of child Behavioral Regulation or Sociability at age 7 years (p > 0.10). Conclusions Examiner ratings of child behavior at age 7 revealed less optimal behavioral regulation for Prenatally Cocaine-exposed compared to non-exposed children, in contrast with what had been previously found from parent-report data. This evidence highlights the potential value of trained observers in assessing behavioral outcomes of children exposed in utero to drugs and other toxicants.

  • estimated risk of developing selected dsm iv disorders among 5 year old children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
    Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2009
    Co-Authors: Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Veronica H Accornero, Lihua Xue, Jan L Culbertson, Sudha Manjunath, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    We estimated childhood risk of developing selected DSM-IV Disorders, including Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), in children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE). Children were enrolled prospectively at birth (n = 476) with Prenatal drug Exposures documented by maternal interview, urine and meconium assays. Study participants included 400 African-American children from the birth cohort, 208 Cocaine-exposed (CE) and 192 non-Cocaine-exposed (NCE), who attended a 5-year follow-up assessment and whose caregiver completed the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Under a generalized linear model (logistic link), Fisher’s exact methods were used to estimate the PCE-associated relative risk (RR) of these disorders. Our results indicated a modest but statistically robust elevation of ADHD risk associated with increasing levels of PCE (p < 0.05). Binary comparison of CE versus NCE children indicated no PCE-associated RR. Estimated cumulative incidence proportions among CE children were 2.9% for ADHD (vs 3.1% NCE); 1.4% for SAD (vs 1.6% NCE); and 4.3% for ODD (vs 6.8% NCE). Our findings suggest evidence of increased risk of ADHD (but not ODD or SAD) in relation to an increasing gradient of PCE during gestation.

  • impact of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on attention and response inhibition as assessed by continuous performance tests
    Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2007
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Alfred J Amado, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Objective: This study examined the influence of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on attention and response inhibition measured by continuous performance tests (CPTs) at ages 5 and 7 years. Methods: The baseline sample consisted of 253 Cocaine-exposed and 223 non-Cocaine-exposed children enrolled prospec- tively at birth and assessed comprehensively through age 7 years in the longitudinal Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study. This report includes a subsample of 415 children (219 Cocaine-exposed, 196 non-Cocaine-exposed) who completed at least one CPT assessment at ages 5 and/or 7 years. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure was measured by maternal self-report and maternal and infant bioassays. Deficits in attention and response inhibition are estimated in relation to Prenatal Cocaine Exposure using generalized estimating equations within the general linear model. Results: Results indicate Cocaine-associated increases in omission errors at ages 5 and 7 as well as increases in response times for target tasks (i.e., slower reaction times) and decreased consistency in performance at age 7. There were no demonstrable Cocaine-associated deficits in commission errors. Estimates did not change markedly with statistical adjustment for selected Prenatal and postnatal covariates. Conclusion: Evidence supports Cocaine-associated deficits in attention processing through age 7 years.

  • Prenatal Cocaine Exposure an examination of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at age 7 years
    Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 2006
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Aim – This study examines the relationship between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and parent-reported child behavior problems at age 7 years. Methods – Data are from 407 African-American children (210 Cocaine-exposed, 197 non-Cocaine-exposed) enrolled prospectively at birth in a longitudinal study on the neurodevelopmental consequences of in utero Exposure to Cocaine. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure was assessed at delivery through maternal self-report and bioassays (maternal and infant urine and infant meconium). The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a measure of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, was completed by the child's current primary caregiver during an assessment visit scheduled when the child was seven years old. Results – Structural equation and GLM/GEE models disclosed no association linking Prenatal Cocaine Exposure status or level of Cocaine Exposure to child behavior (CBCL Externalizing and Internalizing scores or the eight CBCL sub-scale scores). Conclusions – This evidence, based on standardized ratings by the current primary caregiver, fails to support hypothesized Cocaine-associated behavioral problems in school-aged children with in utero Cocaine Exposure. A next step in this line of research is to secure standardized ratings from other informants (e.g., teachers, youth self-report).Declaration of Interest: This research was conducted in the context of an ongoing longitudinal study funded by the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA 06556). Support was also provided by a NIDA career development award (K01 DA 16720), a NIDA research training award (T32 DA 07292), the General Clinical Research Center (MOI RR 16587), and the Health Foundation of South Florida.

  • learning disabilities and intellectual functioning in school aged children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
    Developmental Neuropsychology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Veronica H Accornero, Lihua Xue, Jan L Culbertson, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Risk for developing a learning disability (LD) or impaired intellectual functioning by age 7 was assessed in full-term children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure drawn from a cohort of 476 children born full term and enrolled prospectively at birth. Intellectual functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (Wechsler, 1991) short form, and academic functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT; Wechsler, 1993) Screener by examiners blind to Exposure status. LDs were categorized based on ability-achievement discrepancy scores, using the regression-based predicted achievement method described in the WIAT manual. The sample in this report included 409 children (212 Cocaine-exposed, 197 non-Cocaine-exposed) from the birth cohort with available data. Cumulative incidence proportions and relative risk values were estimated using STATA software (Statacorp, 2003). No differences were found in the estimate of relative risk for impaired intellectual functioning (IQ below 70) between children with and without Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (estimated relative risk = .95; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.65, 1.39; p = .79). The Cocaine-exposed children had 2.8 times greater risk of developing a LD by age 7 than non-Cocaine-exposed children (95% CI = 1.05, 7.67; p = .038; IQ >/= 70 cutoff). Results remained stable with adjustment for multiple child and caregiver covariates, suggesting that children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure are at increased risk for developing a learning disability by age 7 when compared to their non-Cocaine-exposed peers.

James C. Anthony - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • estimated effect of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on examiner rated behavior at age 7 years
    Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Elana Mansoor, Arnise L Johnson, Clyde B Mccoy, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Abstract Prenatal Cocaine Exposure has been linked to increased child behavior difficulties in some studies but not others. Objective The primary aim was to estimate the relationship between in utero Cocaine Exposure and child behavioral functioning at age 7 years with ratings made by blinded examiners during a structured testing session. A second aim was to examine whether caregiver drug use and psychological problems might mediate suspected relationships between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and aspects of examiner-rated behavior. Methods 407 children (212 Cocaine-exposed, 195 non-exposed) participating in the longitudinal Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study (MPCS) were rated with regard to their behavior during a neuropsychological assessment conducted at age 7 years. Raters were trained research psychometricians blinded to drug Exposure status. Individual behavioral items were summarized and the Cocaine–behavior relationship was estimated within the context of latent variable modeling, using Mplus software. Results Two latent variables, Behavioral Regulation and Sociability, were derived via exploratory latent structure analysis with promax rotation. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, statistically controlling for child sex, test age, and Prenatal Exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, was associated with Behavioral Regulation (estimated slope s = − 0.25; 95% CI = − 0.48, − 0.02; p = 0.04) but not Sociability (estimated slope s = − 0.03; 95% CI = − 0.26, 0.20; p = 0.79). Neither postnatal drug use by caregivers nor the severity of their psychological problems at age 5 follow-up predicted levels of child Behavioral Regulation or Sociability at age 7 years (p > 0.10). Conclusions Examiner ratings of child behavior at age 7 revealed less optimal behavioral regulation for Prenatally Cocaine-exposed compared to non-exposed children, in contrast with what had been previously found from parent-report data. This evidence highlights the potential value of trained observers in assessing behavioral outcomes of children exposed in utero to drugs and other toxicants.

  • estimated risk of developing selected dsm iv disorders among 5 year old children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
    Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2009
    Co-Authors: Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Veronica H Accornero, Lihua Xue, Jan L Culbertson, Sudha Manjunath, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    We estimated childhood risk of developing selected DSM-IV Disorders, including Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), in children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE). Children were enrolled prospectively at birth (n = 476) with Prenatal drug Exposures documented by maternal interview, urine and meconium assays. Study participants included 400 African-American children from the birth cohort, 208 Cocaine-exposed (CE) and 192 non-Cocaine-exposed (NCE), who attended a 5-year follow-up assessment and whose caregiver completed the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Under a generalized linear model (logistic link), Fisher’s exact methods were used to estimate the PCE-associated relative risk (RR) of these disorders. Our results indicated a modest but statistically robust elevation of ADHD risk associated with increasing levels of PCE (p < 0.05). Binary comparison of CE versus NCE children indicated no PCE-associated RR. Estimated cumulative incidence proportions among CE children were 2.9% for ADHD (vs 3.1% NCE); 1.4% for SAD (vs 1.6% NCE); and 4.3% for ODD (vs 6.8% NCE). Our findings suggest evidence of increased risk of ADHD (but not ODD or SAD) in relation to an increasing gradient of PCE during gestation.

  • impact of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on attention and response inhibition as assessed by continuous performance tests
    Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2007
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Alfred J Amado, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Objective: This study examined the influence of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on attention and response inhibition measured by continuous performance tests (CPTs) at ages 5 and 7 years. Methods: The baseline sample consisted of 253 Cocaine-exposed and 223 non-Cocaine-exposed children enrolled prospec- tively at birth and assessed comprehensively through age 7 years in the longitudinal Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study. This report includes a subsample of 415 children (219 Cocaine-exposed, 196 non-Cocaine-exposed) who completed at least one CPT assessment at ages 5 and/or 7 years. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure was measured by maternal self-report and maternal and infant bioassays. Deficits in attention and response inhibition are estimated in relation to Prenatal Cocaine Exposure using generalized estimating equations within the general linear model. Results: Results indicate Cocaine-associated increases in omission errors at ages 5 and 7 as well as increases in response times for target tasks (i.e., slower reaction times) and decreased consistency in performance at age 7. There were no demonstrable Cocaine-associated deficits in commission errors. Estimates did not change markedly with statistical adjustment for selected Prenatal and postnatal covariates. Conclusion: Evidence supports Cocaine-associated deficits in attention processing through age 7 years.

  • Prenatal Cocaine Exposure an examination of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at age 7 years
    Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 2006
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Aim – This study examines the relationship between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and parent-reported child behavior problems at age 7 years. Methods – Data are from 407 African-American children (210 Cocaine-exposed, 197 non-Cocaine-exposed) enrolled prospectively at birth in a longitudinal study on the neurodevelopmental consequences of in utero Exposure to Cocaine. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure was assessed at delivery through maternal self-report and bioassays (maternal and infant urine and infant meconium). The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a measure of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, was completed by the child's current primary caregiver during an assessment visit scheduled when the child was seven years old. Results – Structural equation and GLM/GEE models disclosed no association linking Prenatal Cocaine Exposure status or level of Cocaine Exposure to child behavior (CBCL Externalizing and Internalizing scores or the eight CBCL sub-scale scores). Conclusions – This evidence, based on standardized ratings by the current primary caregiver, fails to support hypothesized Cocaine-associated behavioral problems in school-aged children with in utero Cocaine Exposure. A next step in this line of research is to secure standardized ratings from other informants (e.g., teachers, youth self-report).Declaration of Interest: This research was conducted in the context of an ongoing longitudinal study funded by the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA 06556). Support was also provided by a NIDA career development award (K01 DA 16720), a NIDA research training award (T32 DA 07292), the General Clinical Research Center (MOI RR 16587), and the Health Foundation of South Florida.

  • learning disabilities and intellectual functioning in school aged children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
    Developmental Neuropsychology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Veronica H Accornero, Lihua Xue, Jan L Culbertson, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Risk for developing a learning disability (LD) or impaired intellectual functioning by age 7 was assessed in full-term children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure drawn from a cohort of 476 children born full term and enrolled prospectively at birth. Intellectual functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (Wechsler, 1991) short form, and academic functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT; Wechsler, 1993) Screener by examiners blind to Exposure status. LDs were categorized based on ability-achievement discrepancy scores, using the regression-based predicted achievement method described in the WIAT manual. The sample in this report included 409 children (212 Cocaine-exposed, 197 non-Cocaine-exposed) from the birth cohort with available data. Cumulative incidence proportions and relative risk values were estimated using STATA software (Statacorp, 2003). No differences were found in the estimate of relative risk for impaired intellectual functioning (IQ below 70) between children with and without Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (estimated relative risk = .95; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.65, 1.39; p = .79). The Cocaine-exposed children had 2.8 times greater risk of developing a LD by age 7 than non-Cocaine-exposed children (95% CI = 1.05, 7.67; p = .038; IQ >/= 70 cutoff). Results remained stable with adjustment for multiple child and caregiver covariates, suggesting that children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure are at increased risk for developing a learning disability by age 7 when compared to their non-Cocaine-exposed peers.

Lihua Xue - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in 18 to 20 year old african americans
    Ethnicity & Disease, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sarah E Messiah, Veronica H Accornero, Lihua Xue, Tracie L Miller, Steven E Lipshultz, David A Ludwig, Denise C Vidot, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Objective: The long-term effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE) on physical health are largely unknown. No human studies support or refute a relationship between PCE and the long-term risk for cardiovascu­lar and/or metabolic disease. We investi­gated the association of PCE on primary car­diometabolic disease risk factors in African Americans (AA) aged 18 to 20 years. Design: Cohort, longitudinal, prospective. Setting: Miami-Dade County, Florida, and the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Jackson Memorial Medical Center. Participants: Healthy full-term inner-city AA adolescents (aged 18 to 20 years, N =350) previously enrolled at birth from 1990-1993. Main Outcome Measures: Fasting serum insulin, glucose, lipids, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; systolic and diastolic blood pressures; and the components and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Results: There were no PCE-associated differences in cardiometabolic disease risk factors including the metabolic syndrome and its individual components in AAs aged 18 to 20 years. Conclusions: The results of our study do not support an association between PCE and increased cardiometabolic disease risk in AAs aged 18 to 20 years. Whether PCE is associated with cardiovascular or metabolic disease in adulthood would require further investigation. Ethn Dis. 2015;25(4):419- 426; doi:10.18865/ed.25.4.419

  • estimated effect of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on examiner rated behavior at age 7 years
    Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Elana Mansoor, Arnise L Johnson, Clyde B Mccoy, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Abstract Prenatal Cocaine Exposure has been linked to increased child behavior difficulties in some studies but not others. Objective The primary aim was to estimate the relationship between in utero Cocaine Exposure and child behavioral functioning at age 7 years with ratings made by blinded examiners during a structured testing session. A second aim was to examine whether caregiver drug use and psychological problems might mediate suspected relationships between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and aspects of examiner-rated behavior. Methods 407 children (212 Cocaine-exposed, 195 non-exposed) participating in the longitudinal Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study (MPCS) were rated with regard to their behavior during a neuropsychological assessment conducted at age 7 years. Raters were trained research psychometricians blinded to drug Exposure status. Individual behavioral items were summarized and the Cocaine–behavior relationship was estimated within the context of latent variable modeling, using Mplus software. Results Two latent variables, Behavioral Regulation and Sociability, were derived via exploratory latent structure analysis with promax rotation. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, statistically controlling for child sex, test age, and Prenatal Exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, was associated with Behavioral Regulation (estimated slope s = − 0.25; 95% CI = − 0.48, − 0.02; p = 0.04) but not Sociability (estimated slope s = − 0.03; 95% CI = − 0.26, 0.20; p = 0.79). Neither postnatal drug use by caregivers nor the severity of their psychological problems at age 5 follow-up predicted levels of child Behavioral Regulation or Sociability at age 7 years (p > 0.10). Conclusions Examiner ratings of child behavior at age 7 revealed less optimal behavioral regulation for Prenatally Cocaine-exposed compared to non-exposed children, in contrast with what had been previously found from parent-report data. This evidence highlights the potential value of trained observers in assessing behavioral outcomes of children exposed in utero to drugs and other toxicants.

  • estimated risk of developing selected dsm iv disorders among 5 year old children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
    Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2009
    Co-Authors: Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Veronica H Accornero, Lihua Xue, Jan L Culbertson, Sudha Manjunath, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    We estimated childhood risk of developing selected DSM-IV Disorders, including Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), in children with Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE). Children were enrolled prospectively at birth (n = 476) with Prenatal drug Exposures documented by maternal interview, urine and meconium assays. Study participants included 400 African-American children from the birth cohort, 208 Cocaine-exposed (CE) and 192 non-Cocaine-exposed (NCE), who attended a 5-year follow-up assessment and whose caregiver completed the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Under a generalized linear model (logistic link), Fisher’s exact methods were used to estimate the PCE-associated relative risk (RR) of these disorders. Our results indicated a modest but statistically robust elevation of ADHD risk associated with increasing levels of PCE (p < 0.05). Binary comparison of CE versus NCE children indicated no PCE-associated RR. Estimated cumulative incidence proportions among CE children were 2.9% for ADHD (vs 3.1% NCE); 1.4% for SAD (vs 1.6% NCE); and 4.3% for ODD (vs 6.8% NCE). Our findings suggest evidence of increased risk of ADHD (but not ODD or SAD) in relation to an increasing gradient of PCE during gestation.

  • impact of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on attention and response inhibition as assessed by continuous performance tests
    Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 2007
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Alfred J Amado, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Objective: This study examined the influence of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on attention and response inhibition measured by continuous performance tests (CPTs) at ages 5 and 7 years. Methods: The baseline sample consisted of 253 Cocaine-exposed and 223 non-Cocaine-exposed children enrolled prospec- tively at birth and assessed comprehensively through age 7 years in the longitudinal Miami Prenatal Cocaine Study. This report includes a subsample of 415 children (219 Cocaine-exposed, 196 non-Cocaine-exposed) who completed at least one CPT assessment at ages 5 and/or 7 years. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure was measured by maternal self-report and maternal and infant bioassays. Deficits in attention and response inhibition are estimated in relation to Prenatal Cocaine Exposure using generalized estimating equations within the general linear model. Results: Results indicate Cocaine-associated increases in omission errors at ages 5 and 7 as well as increases in response times for target tasks (i.e., slower reaction times) and decreased consistency in performance at age 7. There were no demonstrable Cocaine-associated deficits in commission errors. Estimates did not change markedly with statistical adjustment for selected Prenatal and postnatal covariates. Conclusion: Evidence supports Cocaine-associated deficits in attention processing through age 7 years.

  • Prenatal Cocaine Exposure an examination of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at age 7 years
    Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 2006
    Co-Authors: Veronica H Accornero, Connie E. Morrow, James C. Anthony, Lihua Xue, Emmalee S. Bandstra
    Abstract:

    Aim – This study examines the relationship between Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and parent-reported child behavior problems at age 7 years. Methods – Data are from 407 African-American children (210 Cocaine-exposed, 197 non-Cocaine-exposed) enrolled prospectively at birth in a longitudinal study on the neurodevelopmental consequences of in utero Exposure to Cocaine. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure was assessed at delivery through maternal self-report and bioassays (maternal and infant urine and infant meconium). The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a measure of childhood externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, was completed by the child's current primary caregiver during an assessment visit scheduled when the child was seven years old. Results – Structural equation and GLM/GEE models disclosed no association linking Prenatal Cocaine Exposure status or level of Cocaine Exposure to child behavior (CBCL Externalizing and Internalizing scores or the eight CBCL sub-scale scores). Conclusions – This evidence, based on standardized ratings by the current primary caregiver, fails to support hypothesized Cocaine-associated behavioral problems in school-aged children with in utero Cocaine Exposure. A next step in this line of research is to secure standardized ratings from other informants (e.g., teachers, youth self-report).Declaration of Interest: This research was conducted in the context of an ongoing longitudinal study funded by the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01 DA 06556). Support was also provided by a NIDA career development award (K01 DA 16720), a NIDA research training award (T32 DA 07292), the General Clinical Research Center (MOI RR 16587), and the Health Foundation of South Florida.

Gale A Richardson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Prenatal Cocaine Exposure direct and indirect associations with 21 year old offspring substance use and behavior problems
    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2019
    Co-Authors: Gale A Richardson, Cynthia Larkby, Lidush Goldschmidt, Natacha M De Genna, John E Donovan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE) has been linked to child/adolescent behavior problems and substance use in several longitudinal cohort studies. It is unclear whether these effects extend into adulthood and influence young adult behavior problems and substance use and, if so, whether they are mediated by childhood and adolescent experiences. Methods These data are from an ongoing longitudinal study of individuals born to women who were recruited early in pregnancy. Trimester-specific data on Prenatal drug Exposure were obtained. Caregivers and offspring were assessed at delivery and at 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, and 21 years postpartum. This report is from age 21, when 225 offspring (52% females; 54% African American, 46% Caucasian) reported on behavior problems, emotion regulation, and substance use. Results There were significant direct associations between PCE and early initiation of marijuana, 21-year emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder. The relation between PCE and young adult internalizing behavior was mediated by adolescent mood symptoms. The association between PCE and 21-year marijuana use was mediated by early initiation of marijuana use. Conclusions PCE has both direct and indirect long-term associations with young adult development. Using statistical models that considered the complex interrelationships among PCE and adult outcomes, we demonstrated that the direct effects of PCE on young adult emotion regulation problems, arrest history, and Conduct Disorder are not completely explained by earlier adolescent behavior. Moreover, the analyses suggesting mediated pathways from PCE to young adult problems identify crucial variables to target interventions for exposed children and adolescents.

  • longitudinal studies of the effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on development and behavior
    2018
    Co-Authors: Gale A Richardson, Nancy L Day
    Abstract:

    Abstract This chapter describes methodological challenges in studying the effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE), including issues of sample selection, assessment of substance use, selection of appropriate comparison groups, and measurement of covariates. The Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project, an ongoing longitudinal study investigating the long-term consequences of PCE, is described, followed by a review of findings from that study and other longitudinal studies of PCE. Associations between PCE and growth are inconsistent, with some studies reporting negative relations and others reporting no association. Most studies report that global cognitive development is not associated with PCE, although there are specific areas of central nervous system and cognitive development that are negatively affected by PCE. The most consistently reported associations are between PCE and behavior problems, such as aggression, delinquency, and substance use. Continued follow-up of these longitudinal cohorts into early and midadulthood is important to evaluate whether the observed deficits continue to increase or whether there is some amelioration with maturation, and what factors are associated with different developmental patterns.

  • Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and age of sexual initiation direct and indirect effects
    Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 2014
    Co-Authors: Natacha M De Genna, Lidush Goldschmidt, Gale A Richardson
    Abstract:

    Background Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE) has been linked to child behavior problems and risky behavior during adolescence such as early substance use. Behavior problems and early substance use are associated with earlier initiation of sexual behavior. The goal of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of PCE on sexual initiation in a longitudinal birth cohort, about half of whom were exposed to Cocaine in utero.

  • effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on child behavior and growth at 10 years of age
    Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Gale A Richardson, Cynthia Larkby, Lidush Goldschmidt, Nancy L Day
    Abstract:

    We examined physical growth and behavioral outcomes in 226 10-year-old children who were participants in a longitudinal study of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE), while controlling for other factors that affect development. During the first trimester, 42% of the women used Cocaine, with use declining across pregnancy. At the 10-year follow-up, the caregivers were 37years old, had 12.8years of education, and 50% were African American. First trimester Cocaine Exposure predicted decreased weight, height, and head circumference at 10years. First trimester Cocaine use also predicted maternal ratings of less sociability on the EAS Temperament Survey and more withdrawn behavior problems on the Child Behavior Checklist, more anxious/depressed behaviors on the Teacher Report Form, and more self-reported depressive symptoms on the Children's Depression Inventory. In addition, Exposure to violence mediated the effect of PCE on child and teacher reports of depressive symptoms, but not of maternal reports of sociability and withdrawn behaviors. These behaviors may be precursors of later psychiatric problems.

  • adolescent initiation of drug use effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
    Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Gale A Richardson, Cynthia Larkby, Lidush Goldschmidt, Nancy L Day
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective To investigate the direct effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure (PCE) on adolescent drug use, while controlling for other predictors of adolescent use. Method Data are from a longitudinal study of PCE in which women and their offspring were assessed throughout childhood. Adolescents were interviewed at 15 years about their age at initiation of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco. The sample consisted of 214 adolescents and their caregivers: 50% was of white ethnicity, and 50% African American. Results First trimester Cocaine Exposure significantly predicted earlier adolescent marijuana and alcohol initiation. The hazard of marijuana and alcohol initiation among exposed adolescents was almost two times greater than among nonexposed adolescents, adjusting for other significant factors. There were no differences in tobacco initiation. Other significant predictors of adolescent drug use were family history of alcohol problems, Exposure to violence, and childhood maltreatment. Conclusions Cocaine Exposure during early pregnancy was associated with initiation of marijuana and alcohol use. Exposure to violence, childhood maltreatment, and familial factors also predicted adolescent initiation, but did not mitigate the effects of PCE. The combination of these risk factors has significant implications for the development of later substance use, social, and psychiatric problems.