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Jeffery K Tomberlin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • impact of ph and feeding system on black soldier fly hermetia illucens l diptera stratiomyidae larval development
    PLOS ONE, 2018
    Co-Authors: Marco Meneguz, Laura Gasco, Jeffery K Tomberlin
    Abstract:

    Black soldier fly (BSF) is a generalist species able to reduce large quantities of organic substrates and is thus considered as an interesting solution for waste management. Moreover, as BSF larvae accumulate high quantities of nutrients during their growth, they are valued because of their potential to produce products such as protein meal or fat for livestock feeds. Abiotic factors can influence larva growth, and a more detailed knowledge and control of these parameters can lead to the development of mass BSF breeding for the production of innovative products for animal feeds. As little information is available on the effects of the pH of substrates and feeding systems, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these two factors on the activities of BSF larvae, Prepupae, and adults. An experiment was performed with two fixed factors: i) pH (4.0; 6.1; 7.5; 9.5) and ii) feeding system (batch feeding system (TFS) or daily feeding system (DFS)). The pH treatments impacted larval weight on the first, third, and fifth day, but not at the end of the trial. Larval activity increased pH values from the fourth day onward, with final values of around 8.9–9.4 in all the treatments. The weight of the Prepupae ranged from between 0.094 and 0.100 g. The final weight of the larvae and pupae, sex ratio, ingested food, larval mortality, percentage of emergence, and time to reach the pupa stadium were all affected by the feeding system. DFS showed the heaviest final larval weight (0.149 g), but required a longer time (11.3 d) than TFS to reach the prepupa stadium. The findings of this research could be useful for the mass production of BSF. Evaluation of an appropriate feeding system and initial pH value of the substrate are important parameters to reduce the time and to increase the weight in the production of larvae.

  • bioconversion of organic wastes into biodiesel and animal feed via insect farming
    Renewable Energy, 2016
    Co-Authors: K C Surendra, Robert Olivier, Rajesh Jha, Jeffery K Tomberlin, Samir Kumar Khanal
    Abstract:

    Approximately one-third of all food produced for human consumption worldwide is wasted. The current waste management practices are not only costly but also have adverse impact on environment. In this study, black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) larvae were grown on food wastes to produce fat and protein-rich BSF Prepupae as a novel strategy for efficient organic waste management. The lipid content in BSF Prepupae was characterized for fatty acids profile. Whole BSF Prepupae, pressed cake, and meal were analyzed for important animal feed characteristics. BSF-derived oil has high concentration of medium chain saturated fatty acids (67% total fatty acids) and low concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (13% total fatty acids), which makes it potentially an ideal substrate for producing high quality biodiesel. BSF (Prepupae, pressed cake, and meal) has feed value comparable to commercial feed sources. Thus, the bioconversion of organic waste into BSF Prepupae has significant potential in generating high-value products with simultaneous waste valorization.

  • selected life history traits of black soldier flies diptera stratiomyidae reared on three artificial diets
    Annals of The Entomological Society of America, 2002
    Co-Authors: Jeffery K Tomberlin, Craig D Sheppard, John A Joyce
    Abstract:

    Hermetia illucens (L.) was reared on three larval diets to determine their effects on preimaginal development and selected adult life-history traits. Prepupal and adult characteristics were examined for individuals reared on each diet and compared with field-collected Prepupae and corresponding emergent adults. Diet did not significantly influence development or survivorship to the prepupal stage. However, adult emergence for all diets was significantly less than that determined for the wild population. Development time from egg to adult for individuals reared on the diets at 27°C ranged from 40 to 43 d with the larval stage lasting 22–24 d. We observed >96% larval survivorship to the prepupal stage and 21–27% adult emergence. Females accounted for 55–60% of emergent adults across treatments. Specimens reared on each diet were reduced in size, longevity, and calorie content in comparison to specimens from the wild population. Males within diet treatments and field-collected specimens were significantly smaller than females and emerged 1–2 d before females. Additionally, males reared on the diets and provided water lived for 9 d, whereas females lived for 8 d. This information indicates the diets might be used for rearing soldier flies. However, further refinement is needed to produce adults similar to those found in nature.

Thomas Spranghers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • gut antimicrobial effects and nutritional value of black soldier fly hermetia illucens l Prepupae for weaned piglets
    Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Thomas Spranghers, Patrick De Clercq, Mia Eeckhout, Anneke Ovyn, Joris Michiels, Joachim Vrancx, Stefaan De Smet
    Abstract:

    Abstract Prepupae of the black soldier fly (BSF) are a potential source of high value protein that could be incorporated in feed for monogastric farm animals. These Prepupae are also rich in fat, with lauric acid (C12:0) as the predominant fatty acid, known for its antimicrobial effects on Gram positive bacteria. First, the effects of BSF fat on the porcine gut microbiota were assessed in vitro by simulating digestion in the upper small intestine of piglets. Different amounts of BSF fat were added to an incubation medium, which contained a synthetic diet, a phosphate buffer (pH 5) and a microbial inoculum from one donor piglet. The medium was incubated at 37 °C for 4 h. Using selective media, coliforms, D-streptococci, lactobacilli and total anaerobic bacteria were counted on aliquots taken at the end of the incubations. Second, weaned piglets were reared on diets including full-fat (4 and 8%) and defatted (5.4%) BSF Prepupae and compared to a control diet (i.e. with soybean as protein and fat source). Next to the effects on gut microbiota, selected gut health parameters were investigated, performance was recorded and digestibility of the diets was calculated. In vitro , the prepupal fat at 0.58 g C12:0/100 mL, suppressed growth of lactobacilli, but the most substantial antibacterial effects were recorded against D-streptococci. At the highest inclusion level (equivalent to 0.87 g C12:0/100 mL), around 2 log fold reductions of D-streptococci were observed. From the animal trial, only 0.5 log fold reductions were observed for D-streptococci in the gut of piglets fed BSF containing diets. No differences were recorded for daily gain, feed intake and feed to gain ratio among treatments. The apparent fecal digestibility of the control feed did not differ significantly to that of the insect-containing feed (protein digestibility between 77 and 78% for all treatments). Whereas the ileal protein digestibility of the 8% full-fat BSF diet (67.4%) was lower than that of the control (69.7%), the values for the 4% full-fat and the defatted BSF diets were higher (73.3%). In conclusion, our trial with piglets showed that a substantial amount of soybean products (meal and/or toasted beans) can be replaced by BSF without adverse effects on performance. However, given that the current price of BSF Prepupae is substantially higher than that of soybean, future research should focus on exploring the potential added value of BSF compared to conventional protein sources.

  • Inclusion of Hermetia Illucens larvae or Prepupae in an experimental extruded feed: process optimisation and impact on in vitro digestibility
    Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2017
    Co-Authors: Matteo Ottoboni, Thomas Spranghers, Luciano Pinotti, Antonella Baldi, W. De Jaeghere, Mia Eeckhout
    Abstract:

    This study investigated the effect of extrusion on digestibility of different blends containing Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae or Prepupae. Five blends of HI larvae or Prepupae and wheat flour, in a...

  • cold hardiness of the black soldier fly diptera stratiomyidae
    Journal of Economic Entomology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Thomas Spranghers, Annelies Noyez, Kristof Schildermans, Patrick De Clercq
    Abstract:

    The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.), shows potential as a resource for animal feed. However, industrial production in regions where the insect is not native, like northwestern Europe, could lead to permanent establishment, which might entail environmental risks. In temperate climates, establishment depends on the insect's ability to overwinter. This study assessed the insect's cold hardiness by determining the supercooling point (SCP) and lower lethal time at 5 degrees C (LTime(10,50,90)) for different life stages. As diet or acclimation can influence cold hardiness, Prepupae reared on different substrates and acclimated Prepupae were tested in separate experiments. The SCP ranged from -7.3 degrees C for late-instar larvae to -13.7 degrees C for pupae. Prepupae reared on a highly nutritional substrate had a lower SCP compared with a control diet composed of chicken feed (-14.1 degrees C vs. -12.4 degrees C, respectively), whereas the SCP was unaffected by acclimation. Based on the LTime, Prepupae and pupae were the most cold hardy life stages. Acclimated Prepupae were most cold tolerant, with a LTime(50) of 23 d. Based on an empirical relationship between LTime50 and field survival of various arthropods, it was predicted that H. illucens would survive about 47 d in the field during northwestern European winters. The results from this laboratory study suggest that H. illucens is rather unlikely to overwinter in northwestern Europe. However, caution is warranted given that diet and acclimation can influence the insect's cold hardiness and in the field the insect may survive in a diapausing state or in protected hibernacula.

  • nutritional composition of black soldier fly hermetia illucens Prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates
    Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2017
    Co-Authors: Thomas Spranghers, Patrick De Clercq, Matteo Ottoboni, Mia Eeckhout, C W Klootwijk, Anneke Ovyn, Stefaan Deboosere, Bruno De Meulenaer, Joris Michiels, Stefaan De Smet
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Black soldier fly larvae are converters of organic waste into edible biomass, of which the composition may depend on the substrate. In this study, larvae were grown on four substrates: chicken feed, vegetable waste, biogas digestate, and restaurant waste. Samples of Prepupae and substrates were freeze-dried and proximate, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral analyses were performed. RESULTS Protein content of Prepupae varied between 399 and 431 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) among treatments. Differences in amino acid profile of Prepupae were small. On the other hand, the ether extract (EE) and ash contents differed substantially. Prepupae reared on digestate were low in EE and high in ash (218 and 197 g kg−1 DM, respectively) compared to those reared on vegetable waste (371 and 96 g kg−1 DM, respectively), chicken feed (336 and 100 g kg−1 DM, respectively) and restaurant waste (386 and 27 g kg−1 DM, respectively). Prepupal fatty acid profiles were characterised by high levels of C12:0 in all treatments. CONCLUSION Since protein content and quality were high and comparable for Prepupae reared on different substrates, black soldier fly could be an interesting protein source for animal feeds. However, differences in EE and ash content as a function of substrate should be considered. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Carolina G Santos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the mekre93 methoprene tolerant kruppel homolog 1 e93 pathway in the regulation of insect metamorphosis and the homology of the pupal stage
    Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Xavier Belles, Carolina G Santos
    Abstract:

    Recent studies on transcription factor E93 revealed that it triggers adult morphogenesis in Blattella germanica, Tribolium castaneum and Drosophila melanogaster. Moreover, we show here that Kruppel homolog 1 (Kr-h1), a transducer of the antimetamorphic action of juvenile hormone (JH), represses E93 expression. Kr-h1 is upstream of E93, and upstream of Kr-h1 is Methoprene-tolerant (Met), the latter being the JH receptor in hemimetabolan and holometabolan species. As such, the Met – Kr-h1 – E93 pathway (hereinafter named “MEKRE93 pathway”) appears to be central to the status quo action of JH, which switch adult morphogenesis off and on in species ranging from cockroaches to flies. The decrease in Kr-h1 mRNA and the rise of E93 expression that triggers adult morphogenesis occur at the beginning of the last instar nymph or in the Prepupae of hemimetabolan and holometabolan species, respectively. This suggests that the hemimetabolan last nymph (considering the entire stage, from the apolysis to the last instar until the next apolysis that gives rise to the adult) is ontogenetically homologous to the holometabolan pupa (also considered between two apolyses, thus comprising the prepupal stage).

Stefaan De Smet - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • gut antimicrobial effects and nutritional value of black soldier fly hermetia illucens l Prepupae for weaned piglets
    Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Thomas Spranghers, Patrick De Clercq, Mia Eeckhout, Anneke Ovyn, Joris Michiels, Joachim Vrancx, Stefaan De Smet
    Abstract:

    Abstract Prepupae of the black soldier fly (BSF) are a potential source of high value protein that could be incorporated in feed for monogastric farm animals. These Prepupae are also rich in fat, with lauric acid (C12:0) as the predominant fatty acid, known for its antimicrobial effects on Gram positive bacteria. First, the effects of BSF fat on the porcine gut microbiota were assessed in vitro by simulating digestion in the upper small intestine of piglets. Different amounts of BSF fat were added to an incubation medium, which contained a synthetic diet, a phosphate buffer (pH 5) and a microbial inoculum from one donor piglet. The medium was incubated at 37 °C for 4 h. Using selective media, coliforms, D-streptococci, lactobacilli and total anaerobic bacteria were counted on aliquots taken at the end of the incubations. Second, weaned piglets were reared on diets including full-fat (4 and 8%) and defatted (5.4%) BSF Prepupae and compared to a control diet (i.e. with soybean as protein and fat source). Next to the effects on gut microbiota, selected gut health parameters were investigated, performance was recorded and digestibility of the diets was calculated. In vitro , the prepupal fat at 0.58 g C12:0/100 mL, suppressed growth of lactobacilli, but the most substantial antibacterial effects were recorded against D-streptococci. At the highest inclusion level (equivalent to 0.87 g C12:0/100 mL), around 2 log fold reductions of D-streptococci were observed. From the animal trial, only 0.5 log fold reductions were observed for D-streptococci in the gut of piglets fed BSF containing diets. No differences were recorded for daily gain, feed intake and feed to gain ratio among treatments. The apparent fecal digestibility of the control feed did not differ significantly to that of the insect-containing feed (protein digestibility between 77 and 78% for all treatments). Whereas the ileal protein digestibility of the 8% full-fat BSF diet (67.4%) was lower than that of the control (69.7%), the values for the 4% full-fat and the defatted BSF diets were higher (73.3%). In conclusion, our trial with piglets showed that a substantial amount of soybean products (meal and/or toasted beans) can be replaced by BSF without adverse effects on performance. However, given that the current price of BSF Prepupae is substantially higher than that of soybean, future research should focus on exploring the potential added value of BSF compared to conventional protein sources.

  • nutritional composition of black soldier fly hermetia illucens Prepupae reared on different organic waste substrates
    Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2017
    Co-Authors: Thomas Spranghers, Patrick De Clercq, Matteo Ottoboni, Mia Eeckhout, C W Klootwijk, Anneke Ovyn, Stefaan Deboosere, Bruno De Meulenaer, Joris Michiels, Stefaan De Smet
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Black soldier fly larvae are converters of organic waste into edible biomass, of which the composition may depend on the substrate. In this study, larvae were grown on four substrates: chicken feed, vegetable waste, biogas digestate, and restaurant waste. Samples of Prepupae and substrates were freeze-dried and proximate, amino acid, fatty acid and mineral analyses were performed. RESULTS Protein content of Prepupae varied between 399 and 431 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) among treatments. Differences in amino acid profile of Prepupae were small. On the other hand, the ether extract (EE) and ash contents differed substantially. Prepupae reared on digestate were low in EE and high in ash (218 and 197 g kg−1 DM, respectively) compared to those reared on vegetable waste (371 and 96 g kg−1 DM, respectively), chicken feed (336 and 100 g kg−1 DM, respectively) and restaurant waste (386 and 27 g kg−1 DM, respectively). Prepupal fatty acid profiles were characterised by high levels of C12:0 in all treatments. CONCLUSION Since protein content and quality were high and comparable for Prepupae reared on different substrates, black soldier fly could be an interesting protein source for animal feeds. However, differences in EE and ash content as a function of substrate should be considered. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry

Antonelli Andrea - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Lipid profile and growth of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens, Stratiomyidae) reared on by‐products from different food chains
    'Wiley', 2020
    Co-Authors: Hadj Saadoun Jasmine, Macavei, Laura Ioana, Maistrello Lara, Montevecchi Giuseppe, Zanasi Luca, Bortolini Sara, Masino Francesca, Antonelli Andrea
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND The total amount of bio\u2010waste produced annually in the EU by the food and beverage chains is estimated at 37 Mtons. The possibility to use insects for the valorization of by\u2010products from these value chains may represent a sustainable solution. This study aims at investigating the by\u2010products obtained from different food chains for the rearing of black soldier fly Prepupae to evaluate lipid content and profile and outline its possible applications. The substrates used in this experiment were: (i) industrial by\u2010products (brewery spent grains, cow's milk whey, grape stalks, and tomato peels and seeds) and (ii) by\u2010products from retailers (bread dough, fish scraps, and spent coffee ground). Fat extracted from Prepupae using an adjusted Folch method was utilized for total lipid content and fatty acids profile. RESULTS Best larval performances were obtained from beer (0.22\u2009gweight per prepupa), tomato (0.19 gweight per prepupa), and cheese (0.14 gweight per prepupa) food\u2010chain by\u2010products. The extremely different composition of the substrate was reflected in the differentiated lipid profile of black soldier fly Prepupae and in a range of ratios between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids comprised from 0.37 for cow's milk way to 1.34 for tomato peels and seeds. CONCLUSION The high content and type of lipids, together with the proteins, and chitin extracted from Prepupae are high\u2010value bio\u2010based products that could be used in the feed/food industry or for the development of innovative biomaterials, such as biodiesel. These results suggest that food chain by\u2010products are the best candidate for insect\u2010bioconversion purposes

  • Lipid profile and growth of black soldier flies (Hermetia illucens, Stratiomyidae) reared on by‐products from different food chains
    2020
    Co-Authors: Hadj Saadou Jasmine, Macavei, Laura Ioana, Maistrello Lara, Montevecchi Giuseppe, Zanasi Luca, Masino Francesca, Ortolini Sara, Antonelli Andrea
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND The total amount of bio‐waste produced annually in the EU by the food and beverage chains is estimated at 37 Mtons. The possibility to use insects for the valorization of by‐products from these value chains may represent a sustainable solution. This study aims at investigating the by‐products obtained from different food chains for the rearing of black soldier fly Prepupae to evaluate lipid content and profile and outline its possible applications. The substrates used in this experiment were: (i) industrial by‐products (brewery spent grains, cow's milk whey, grape stalks, and tomato peels and seeds) and (ii) by‐products from retailers (bread dough, fish scraps, and spent coffee ground). Fat extracted from Prepupae using an adjusted Folch method was utilized for total lipid content and fatty acids profile. RESULTS Best larval performances were obtained from beer (0.22 gweight per prepupa), tomato (0.19 gweight per prepupa), and cheese (0.14 gweight per prepupa) food‐chain by‐products. The extremely different composition of the substrate was reflected in the differentiated lipid profile of black soldier fly Prepupae and in a range of ratios between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids comprised from 0.37 for cow's milk way to 1.34 for tomato peels and seeds. CONCLUSION The high content and type of lipids, together with the proteins, and chitin extracted from Prepupae are high‐value bio‐based products that could be used in the feed/food industry or for the development of innovative biomaterials, such as biodiesel. These results suggest that food chain by‐products are the best candidate for insect‐bioconversion purposes

  • Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.): effect on the fat integrity using different approaches to the killing of the Prepupae
    'Wageningen Academic Publishers', 2020
    Co-Authors: Montevecchi Giuseppe, Maistrello Lara, Zanasi Luca, Masino Francesca, Antonelli Andrea
    Abstract:

    The increase of waste, due to the rise of the world population, renders the use of the black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) as agri-food leftover biotransformer very attractive. Indeed, feeding on these substrates, BSF is capable of transforming them into valuable fat, proteins, and chitin. The present study is aimed at evaluating different approaches to the killing of the Prepupae in order to assess which is associated with the lowest production of artefacts, notably free fatty acids. Folch extraction method, via an Ultra-Turrax homogeniser, was selected to isolate and analyse prepupal fat. The same method was also applied for a direct grinding method to kill black soldier fly Prepupae. The integrity of fat originated from this direct grinding approach to the killing was compared in terms of fatty acid profile with the samples obtained with two other killing procedures, i.e. freezing and blanching. Direct grinding proved to be a better preservative of fat integrity in terms of lowest amount of free fatty acids (about 2.5%) in comparison with freezing (about 15%), but also with blanching (about 10%). Furthermore, the direct grinding is a killing strategy that reduces energetic demand and process time and helps lower analytical costs