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Robert W. Mccarley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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learning and memory are impaired in the object recognition task during metestrus diestrus and after sleep deprivation
Behavioural Brain Research, 2018Co-Authors: Joshua Cordeira, Sai Saroja Kolluru, Heather Rosenblatt, Robert E Strecker, Robert W. MccarleyAbstract:Abstract Females are an under-represented research model and the mechanisms through which sleep loss impairs cognition are not clear. Since levels of reproductive hormones and the estrous cycle are sensitive to sleep loss and necessary for learning and memory, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation impacts learning and memory in female mice by interfering with the estrous cycle. We used the object recognition task to assess learning and memory in female mice during separate phases of the estrous cycle and after sleep loss. Mice in metestrus/diestrus attended to sample objects less than mice in Proestrus/estrus during object acquisition, the first phase of the object recognition task. Subsequently, during the recognition phase of the task, only mice in Proestrus/estrus displayed a preference for the novel object. Sleep deprivation for 12 h immediately before the object recognition task reduced time attending to sample objects and novel object preference for mice in Proestrus/estrus, without changing length of the estrous cycle. These results show that sleep deprived mice in Proestrus/estrus had learning deficits and memory impairments, like mice in metestrus/diestrus. Since sleep deprivation did not disrupt the estrous cycle, however, results did not support the hypothesis. Cognitive impairments due to acute sleep loss were not due to alterations to the estrous cycle.
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Learning and memory are impaired in the object recognition task during metestrus/diestrus and after sleep deprivation.
Behavioural Brain Research, 2017Co-Authors: Joshua Cordeira, Sai Saroja Kolluru, Heather Rosenblatt, Robert E Strecker, Robert W. MccarleyAbstract:Abstract Females are an under-represented research model and the mechanisms through which sleep loss impairs cognition are not clear. Since levels of reproductive hormones and the estrous cycle are sensitive to sleep loss and necessary for learning and memory, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation impacts learning and memory in female mice by interfering with the estrous cycle. We used the object recognition task to assess learning and memory in female mice during separate phases of the estrous cycle and after sleep loss. Mice in metestrus/diestrus attended to sample objects less than mice in Proestrus/estrus during object acquisition, the first phase of the object recognition task. Subsequently, during the recognition phase of the task, only mice in Proestrus/estrus displayed a preference for the novel object. Sleep deprivation for 12 h immediately before the object recognition task reduced time attending to sample objects and novel object preference for mice in Proestrus/estrus, without changing length of the estrous cycle. These results show that sleep deprived mice in Proestrus/estrus had learning deficits and memory impairments, like mice in metestrus/diestrus. Since sleep deprivation did not disrupt the estrous cycle, however, results did not support the hypothesis. Cognitive impairments due to acute sleep loss were not due to alterations to the estrous cycle.
Zsolt Liposits - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Proestrus Differentially Regulates Expression of Ion Channel and Calcium Homeostasis Genes in GnRH Neurons of Mice.
Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 2019Co-Authors: Csaba Vastagh, Imre Farkas, Norbert Solymosi, Zsolt LipositsAbstract:In Proestrus, the changing gonadal hormone milieu alters the physiological properties of GnRH neurons and contributes to the development of the GnRH surge. We hypothesized that Proestrus also influences the expression of different ion channel genes in mouse GnRH neurons. Therefore, we performed gene expression profiling of GnRH neurons collected from intact, proestrous and metestrous GnRH-GFP transgenic mice, respectively. Proestrus changed the expression of 37 ion channel and 8 calcium homeostasis-regulating genes. Voltage-gated sodium channels responded with upregulation of three alpha subunits (Scn2a1, Scn3a, and Scn9a). Within the voltage-gated potassium channel class, Kcna1, Kcnd3, Kcnh3, and Kcnq2 were upregulated, while others (Kcna4, Kcnc3, Kcnd2, and Kcng1) underwent downregulation. Proestrus also had impact on inwardly rectifying potassium channel subunits manifested in enhanced expression of Kcnj9 and Kcnj10 genes, whereas Kcnj1, Kcnj11, and Kcnj12 subunit genes were downregulated. The two-pore domain potassium channels also showed differential expression with upregulation of Kcnk1 and reduced expression of three subunit genes (Kcnk7, Kcnk12, and Kcnk16). Changes in expression of chloride channels involved both the voltage-gated (Clcn3 and Clcn6) and the intracellular (Clic1) subtypes. Regarding the pore-forming alpha-1 subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels, two (Cacna1b and Cacna1h) were upregulated, while Cacna1g showed downregulation. The ancillary subunits were also differentially regulated (Cacna2d1, Cacna2d2, Cacnb1, Cacnb3, Cacnb4, Cacng5, Cacng6, and Cacng8). In addition, ryanodine receptor 1 (Ryr1) gene was downregulated, while a transient receptor potential cation channel (Trpm3) gene showed enhanced expression. Genes encoding proteins regulating the intracellular calcium homeostasis were also influenced (Calb1, Hpca, Hpcal1, Hpcal4, Cabp7, Cab 39l, and Cib2). The differential expression of genes coding for ion channel proteins in GnRH neurons at late Proestrus indicates that the altering hormone milieu contributes to remodeling of different kinds of ion channels of GnRH neurons, which might be a prerequisite of enhanced cellular activity of GnRH neurons and the subsequent surge release of the neurohormone.
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impact of Proestrus on gene expression in the medial preoptic area of mice
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Csaba Vastagh, Zsolt LipositsAbstract:The antero-ventral periventricular zone (AVPV) and medial preoptic area (MPOA) have been recognized as gonadal hormone receptive regions of the rodent brain that - via wiring to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons - contribute to orchestration of the preovulatory GnRH surge. We hypothesized that neural genes regulating the induction of GnRH surge show altered expression in Proestrus. Therefore, we compared the expression of 48 genes obtained from intact proestrous and metestrous mice, respectively, by quantitative real-time PCR method. Differential expression of 24 genes reached significance (p<0.05). Genes upregulated in Proestrus encoded neuropeptides (kisspeptin, galanin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin), hormone receptors (growth hormone secretagogue receptor, u-opioid receptor), gonadal steroid receptors (estrogen receptor alpha, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor), solute carrier family proteins (vesicular glutamate transporter 2, vesicular monoamine transporter 2), proteins of transmitter synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase) and transmitter receptor subunit (AMPA4), and other proteins (uncoupling protein 2, nuclear receptor related 1 protein). Proestrus evoked a marked downregulation of genes coding for adenosine A2a receptor, vesicular GABA transporter, 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, tachykinin precursor 1, neurotensin receptor 3, arginine vasopressin receptor 1A, cannabinoid receptor 1, ephrin receptor A3 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L1. Immunocytochemistry was used to visualize the proteins encoded by Kiss1, Gal, Cck and Th genes in neuronal subsets of the AVPV /MPOA of the proestrous mice. The results indicate that gene expression of the AVPV/MPOA is significantly modified at late Proestrus including genes that code for neuropeptides, gonadal steroid hormone receptors and synaptic vesicle transporters. These events support cellular and neuronal network requirements of the positive estradiol feedback action and contribute to preparation of the GnRH neuron system for the pre-ovulatory surge release.
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Impact of Proestrus on Gene Expression in the Medial Preoptic Area of Mice.
Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Csaba Vastagh, Zsolt LipositsAbstract:The antero-ventral periventricular zone (AVPV) and medial preoptic area (MPOA) have been recognized as gonadal hormone receptive regions of the rodent brain that - via wiring to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons - contribute to orchestration of the preovulatory GnRH surge. We hypothesized that neural genes regulating the induction of GnRH surge show altered expression in Proestrus. Therefore, we compared the expression of 48 genes obtained from intact proestrous and metestrous mice, respectively, by quantitative real-time PCR method. Differential expression of 24 genes reached significance (p
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Impact of Proestrus on Gene Expression in the Medial Preoptic Area of Mice
Frontiers Media S.A., 2017Co-Authors: Csaba Vastagh, Zsolt LipositsAbstract:The antero-ventral periventricular zone (AVPV) and medial preoptic area (MPOA) have been recognized as gonadal hormone receptive regions of the rodent brain that—via wiring to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons—contribute to orchestration of the preovulatory GnRH surge. We hypothesized that neural genes regulating the induction of GnRH surge show altered expression in Proestrus. Therefore, we compared the expression of 48 genes obtained from intact proestrous and metestrous mice, respectively, by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method. Differential expression of 24 genes reached significance (p < 0.05). Genes upregulated in Proestrus encoded neuropeptides (kisspeptin (KP), galanin (GAL), neurotensin (NT), cholecystokinin (CCK)), hormone receptors (growth hormone secretagogue receptor, μ-opioid receptor), gonadal steroid receptors (estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor (AR)), solute carrier family proteins (vesicular glutamate transporter 2, vesicular monoamine transporter 2), proteins of transmitter synthesis (tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)) and transmitter receptor subunit (AMPA4), and other proteins (uncoupling protein 2, nuclear receptor related 1 protein). Proestrus evoked a marked downregulation of genes coding for adenosine A2a receptor, vesicular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter, 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, tachykinin precursor 1, NT receptor 3, arginine vasopressin receptor 1A, cannabinoid receptor 1, ephrin receptor A3 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member L1. Immunocytochemistry was used to visualize the proteins encoded by Kiss1, Gal, Cck and Th genes in neuronal subsets of the AVPV/MPOA of the proestrous mice. The results indicate that gene expression of the AVPV/MPOA is significantly modified at late Proestrus including genes that code for neuropeptides, gonadal steroid hormone receptors and synaptic vesicle transporters. These events support cellular and neuronal network requirements of the positive estradiol feedback action and contribute to preparation of the GnRH neuron system for the pre-ovulatory surge release
José E. Sánchez-criado - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Both Prolactin and Progesterone in Proestrus Are Necessary for the Induction of Apoptosis in the Regressing Corpus Luteum of the Rat
Biology of reproduction, 1998Co-Authors: F. Gaytan, Carmina Bellido, Concepción Morales, José E. Sánchez-criadoAbstract:This study was conducted to analyze the roles of prolactin (PRL) and progesterone in the induction of luteal cell apoptosis and accumulation of macrophages in the regressing corpus luteum. We studied the number of apoptotic cells and macrophages in regressing corpora lutea in estrus 1) in cycling rats or after blocking PRL secretion with the dopaminergic agonist CB154, and 2) after blocking progesterone actions with the progesterone receptor antagonists RU-486 or ZK98299. Cells showing the morphological features characteristic of apoptosis contained fragmented DNA as indicated by in situ 3' end labeling. In cycling rats, a 100-fold increase in the number of apoptotic cells and a 4-fold increase in the number of macrophages was found from the evening (1600 h) of Proestrus to the morning (1100 h) of estrus. Both increases were blocked by PRL suppression with CB154. Furthermore, blocking progesterone actions with progesterone receptor antagonists RU-486 or ZK98299 without affecting PRL secretion inhibited apoptosis but did not affect the accumulation of macrophages, whether treatment was started on the morning of metestrus (blocking diestrous and proestrous progesterone) or on Proestrus (blocking only proestrous progesterone). Otherwise, exogenous progesterone was not effective in inducing apoptosis in the absence of PRL. These results indicate that both PRL and progesterone in Proestrus are necessary for the induction of apoptosis in the regressing corpora lutea, whereas the accumulation of macrophages seemed to be dependent exclusively on the PRL surge.
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Ovary mediates the effects of RU486 given during Proestrus on the diestrous secretion of luteinizing hormone in the rat.
Biology of reproduction, 1996Co-Authors: M. Tébar, Antonio Ruiz, Carmina Bellido, José E. Sánchez-criadoAbstract:The aim of these experiments was to study the action of proestrous afternoon follicular progesterone secretion on the preovulatory secretion of gonadotropins in the rat. Four-day-cycling rats were given 4 mg of the antiprogestagen RU486 in the morning of Proestrus (Day 1), and its effects on the pituitary function during diestrus were compared with those of RU486 given in the morning of estrus (Day 2). The pituitary function was assessed by measuring basal secretion of LH and FSH as well as the pituitary response to either estradiol benzoate (EB) (3 pg/100 g BW at 1300 h on Day 3) or LHRH (100 ng/rat at 1200 h on Day 4). In all experiments, trunk blood was taken at 1300 h on Day 4 to measure serum gonadotropin concentrations. In rats receiving an injection of RU486 on estrus, the absence of only the diestrous progesterone actions increased basal serum concentrations of LH and decreased those of FSH, and, as in vehicle-treated controls, EB inhibited and LHRH stimulated LH secretion. In contrast, the absence of both proestrous afternoon and diestrous progesterone actions (as characterized rats treated with RU486 on Proestrus) antagonized the inhibitory effect of EB and sensitized the pituitary to LHRH. These effects of RU486 on Proestrus are ovarydependent and eliminated by ovariectomy on metestrus. The increased ovarian secretion of testosterone and estradiol-17P during diestrus does not mediate the effects of Proestrus-administered RU486 on pituitary function: no differences were found in the serum concentrations of estradiol-173 in diestrus between the groups of rats treated with RU486, and administration of the antiandrogen flutamide (2 mg/rat at 0900 h on Days 2 and 3) did not reverse the effects of RU486 on Proestrus. In conclusion, the results suggest that in the absence of proestrous afternoon progesterone action, the ovaries of the 4-day-cyclic rat keep the pituitary gland in a state of low sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of estradiol and high sensitivity to the stimulatory effects of LHRH. Moreover, the results suggest that the putative ovarian factors involved are factors other than progesterone, androgens, or estradiol17).
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Hypersecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on estrous afternoon in rats treated with RU486 in Proestrus.
Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 1996Co-Authors: M. Tébar, Antonio Ruiz, José E. Sánchez-criadoAbstract:1. Intact or ovariectomized (OVX) cyclic rats injected or not with RU486 (4 mg/0.2 ml oil) from Proestrus onwards were bled at 0800 and 1800 h on Proestrus, estrus and metestrus. Additional RU486-treated rats were injected with: LHRH antagonist (LHRHa), estradiol benzoate (EB) or bovine follicular fluid (bFF) and sacrificed at 1800 h in estrous afternoon. LH and FSH serum levels were determined by RIA. 2. RU486-treated intact or OVX rats had decreased preovulatory surges of LH and FSH, abolished secondary secretion of FSH and hypersecretion of FSH in estrous afternoon. The latter was decreased by LHRHa and abolished by EB or bFF. In contrast, EB induced an hypersecretion of LH in RU486-treated rats at 1800 h in estrus. 3. It can be concluded that in the absence of the proestrous progesterone actions, the absence of the inhibitory effect of the ovary in estrus evoked a LHRH independent secretion of FSH.
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One day estrous cycle shortening induced by antiprogestagen RU486 administration in Proestrus to 4-day cyclic rats.
Revista espanola de fisiologia, 1995Co-Authors: M. Tébar, Ruiz A, José E. Sánchez-criadoAbstract:Administration of 4 mg of the antiprogestagen RU486 to 4-day cyclic rats in Proestrus, which blocks proestrous and diestrous progesterone actions, induced a one day shortening of the ovarian cycle and a reduction of the ovulation rate in the following cycle. These effects were not present when RU486 was administered in estrus or metestrus. RU486 injections either in Proestrus or estrus increased the serum levels of LH and 17 beta-estradiol during metestrus. However, only rats injected with RU486 in Proestrus presented a 24 hour advancement of the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins and a lack of the LH-inhibiting effect of exogenous estradiol. These results suggest that, in 4-day cyclic rats, the secretion of progesterone by the corpora lutea during diestrous phase retards the follicular development by lowering the serum concentrations of LH, whereas progesterone secretion by the preovulatory follicles in Proestrus regulates the estrous cycle length by antagonizing the desensitization of the pituitary to the estrogen negative feedback on LH secretion.
M. Tébar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ovary mediates the effects of RU486 given during Proestrus on the diestrous secretion of luteinizing hormone in the rat.
Biology of reproduction, 1996Co-Authors: M. Tébar, Antonio Ruiz, Carmina Bellido, José E. Sánchez-criadoAbstract:The aim of these experiments was to study the action of proestrous afternoon follicular progesterone secretion on the preovulatory secretion of gonadotropins in the rat. Four-day-cycling rats were given 4 mg of the antiprogestagen RU486 in the morning of Proestrus (Day 1), and its effects on the pituitary function during diestrus were compared with those of RU486 given in the morning of estrus (Day 2). The pituitary function was assessed by measuring basal secretion of LH and FSH as well as the pituitary response to either estradiol benzoate (EB) (3 pg/100 g BW at 1300 h on Day 3) or LHRH (100 ng/rat at 1200 h on Day 4). In all experiments, trunk blood was taken at 1300 h on Day 4 to measure serum gonadotropin concentrations. In rats receiving an injection of RU486 on estrus, the absence of only the diestrous progesterone actions increased basal serum concentrations of LH and decreased those of FSH, and, as in vehicle-treated controls, EB inhibited and LHRH stimulated LH secretion. In contrast, the absence of both proestrous afternoon and diestrous progesterone actions (as characterized rats treated with RU486 on Proestrus) antagonized the inhibitory effect of EB and sensitized the pituitary to LHRH. These effects of RU486 on Proestrus are ovarydependent and eliminated by ovariectomy on metestrus. The increased ovarian secretion of testosterone and estradiol-17P during diestrus does not mediate the effects of Proestrus-administered RU486 on pituitary function: no differences were found in the serum concentrations of estradiol-173 in diestrus between the groups of rats treated with RU486, and administration of the antiandrogen flutamide (2 mg/rat at 0900 h on Days 2 and 3) did not reverse the effects of RU486 on Proestrus. In conclusion, the results suggest that in the absence of proestrous afternoon progesterone action, the ovaries of the 4-day-cyclic rat keep the pituitary gland in a state of low sensitivity to the inhibitory effects of estradiol and high sensitivity to the stimulatory effects of LHRH. Moreover, the results suggest that the putative ovarian factors involved are factors other than progesterone, androgens, or estradiol17).
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Antiprogestagen RU486 prevents the LH-dependent decrease in the serum concentrations of inhibin in the rat
Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 1996Co-Authors: M. Tébar, C. Bellido, J. Th. J. Uilenbroek, J. E. Sánchez-criadoAbstract:1. In the rat, the LH-dependent ovarian progesterone rise mediates several actions of the primary surge of LH on the ovary. This experiment was aimed at elucidating the effects of the antiprogestagen RU486 on the LH-dependent decrease in both the serum concentrations and the ovarian content of inhibin. 2. All rats in this experiment were treated with an antagonist of LHRH (1 mg/200 µl saline at 0800 h in Proestrus) to supress the endogenous release of LH. One group of rats received 32 µg LH/250 µl saline at 1200 h in Proestrus. Other group was given 4 mg RU486/200 µl oil at 0800 h in Proestrus. The third group was injected with both RU486 and LH. Rats from the control group were injected with 250 µl saline and 200 µl oil. Animals were decapitated at 1700 h in Proestrus and trunk blood and ovaries collected to determine the serum concentrations of LH, FSH, progesterone, 17ß-estradiol and inhibin as well as the ovarian content of inhibin. 3. The ovulatory dose of LH in LHRHa-treated rats decreased both the serum concentrations and the ovarian content of inhibin and increased the serum concentrations of FSH. The administration of RU486 blocked the effect of LH on the serum concentrations of inhibin but not that on the ovarian content of inhibin. 4. Since the antiprogestagen RU486 blocked the effect of LH on the serum concentrations of inhibin, we conclude that ovarian progesterone, besides mediating the effects of the primary LH surge on the ovulatory process and luteinization, participates in the LH-dependent drop in the serum concentrations of inhibin in proestrous afternoon.
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Hypersecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on estrous afternoon in rats treated with RU486 in Proestrus.
Cellular and molecular neurobiology, 1996Co-Authors: M. Tébar, Antonio Ruiz, José E. Sánchez-criadoAbstract:1. Intact or ovariectomized (OVX) cyclic rats injected or not with RU486 (4 mg/0.2 ml oil) from Proestrus onwards were bled at 0800 and 1800 h on Proestrus, estrus and metestrus. Additional RU486-treated rats were injected with: LHRH antagonist (LHRHa), estradiol benzoate (EB) or bovine follicular fluid (bFF) and sacrificed at 1800 h in estrous afternoon. LH and FSH serum levels were determined by RIA. 2. RU486-treated intact or OVX rats had decreased preovulatory surges of LH and FSH, abolished secondary secretion of FSH and hypersecretion of FSH in estrous afternoon. The latter was decreased by LHRHa and abolished by EB or bFF. In contrast, EB induced an hypersecretion of LH in RU486-treated rats at 1800 h in estrus. 3. It can be concluded that in the absence of the proestrous progesterone actions, the absence of the inhibitory effect of the ovary in estrus evoked a LHRH independent secretion of FSH.
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One day estrous cycle shortening induced by antiprogestagen RU486 administration in Proestrus to 4-day cyclic rats.
Revista espanola de fisiologia, 1995Co-Authors: M. Tébar, Ruiz A, José E. Sánchez-criadoAbstract:Administration of 4 mg of the antiprogestagen RU486 to 4-day cyclic rats in Proestrus, which blocks proestrous and diestrous progesterone actions, induced a one day shortening of the ovarian cycle and a reduction of the ovulation rate in the following cycle. These effects were not present when RU486 was administered in estrus or metestrus. RU486 injections either in Proestrus or estrus increased the serum levels of LH and 17 beta-estradiol during metestrus. However, only rats injected with RU486 in Proestrus presented a 24 hour advancement of the preovulatory surge of gonadotropins and a lack of the LH-inhibiting effect of exogenous estradiol. These results suggest that, in 4-day cyclic rats, the secretion of progesterone by the corpora lutea during diestrous phase retards the follicular development by lowering the serum concentrations of LH, whereas progesterone secretion by the preovulatory follicles in Proestrus regulates the estrous cycle length by antagonizing the desensitization of the pituitary to the estrogen negative feedback on LH secretion.
Joshua Cordeira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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learning and memory are impaired in the object recognition task during metestrus diestrus and after sleep deprivation
Behavioural Brain Research, 2018Co-Authors: Joshua Cordeira, Sai Saroja Kolluru, Heather Rosenblatt, Robert E Strecker, Robert W. MccarleyAbstract:Abstract Females are an under-represented research model and the mechanisms through which sleep loss impairs cognition are not clear. Since levels of reproductive hormones and the estrous cycle are sensitive to sleep loss and necessary for learning and memory, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation impacts learning and memory in female mice by interfering with the estrous cycle. We used the object recognition task to assess learning and memory in female mice during separate phases of the estrous cycle and after sleep loss. Mice in metestrus/diestrus attended to sample objects less than mice in Proestrus/estrus during object acquisition, the first phase of the object recognition task. Subsequently, during the recognition phase of the task, only mice in Proestrus/estrus displayed a preference for the novel object. Sleep deprivation for 12 h immediately before the object recognition task reduced time attending to sample objects and novel object preference for mice in Proestrus/estrus, without changing length of the estrous cycle. These results show that sleep deprived mice in Proestrus/estrus had learning deficits and memory impairments, like mice in metestrus/diestrus. Since sleep deprivation did not disrupt the estrous cycle, however, results did not support the hypothesis. Cognitive impairments due to acute sleep loss were not due to alterations to the estrous cycle.
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Learning and memory are impaired in the object recognition task during metestrus/diestrus and after sleep deprivation.
Behavioural Brain Research, 2017Co-Authors: Joshua Cordeira, Sai Saroja Kolluru, Heather Rosenblatt, Robert E Strecker, Robert W. MccarleyAbstract:Abstract Females are an under-represented research model and the mechanisms through which sleep loss impairs cognition are not clear. Since levels of reproductive hormones and the estrous cycle are sensitive to sleep loss and necessary for learning and memory, we hypothesized that sleep deprivation impacts learning and memory in female mice by interfering with the estrous cycle. We used the object recognition task to assess learning and memory in female mice during separate phases of the estrous cycle and after sleep loss. Mice in metestrus/diestrus attended to sample objects less than mice in Proestrus/estrus during object acquisition, the first phase of the object recognition task. Subsequently, during the recognition phase of the task, only mice in Proestrus/estrus displayed a preference for the novel object. Sleep deprivation for 12 h immediately before the object recognition task reduced time attending to sample objects and novel object preference for mice in Proestrus/estrus, without changing length of the estrous cycle. These results show that sleep deprived mice in Proestrus/estrus had learning deficits and memory impairments, like mice in metestrus/diestrus. Since sleep deprivation did not disrupt the estrous cycle, however, results did not support the hypothesis. Cognitive impairments due to acute sleep loss were not due to alterations to the estrous cycle.
