The Experts below are selected from a list of 135 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Marcus Clauss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
methane production by two non ruminant foregut fermenting herbivores the collared peccary pecari tajacu and the Pygmy Hippopotamus hexaprotodon liberiensis
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2016Co-Authors: Catharina Vendl, Sylvia Ortmann, Samuel Frei, Marie T Dittmann, Samuel Furrer, Arne Lawrenz, Bastian Lange, Adam J Munn, Michael Kreuzer, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Methane (CH4) production varies between herbivore species, but reasons for this variation remain to be elucidated. Here, we report open-circuit chamber respiration measurements of CH4 production in four specimens each of two non-ruminant mammalian herbivores with a complex forestomach but largely differing in body size, the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu, mean body mass 17kg) and the Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis, 229kg) fed lucerne-based diets. In addition, food intake, digestibility and mean retention times were measured in the same experiments. CH4 production averaged 8 and 72L/d, 18 and 19L/kg dry matter intake, and 4.0 and 4.2% of gross energy intake for the two species, respectively. When compared with previously reported data on CH4 production in other non-ruminant and ruminant foregut-fermenting as well as hindgut-fermenting species, it is evident that neither the question whether a species is a foregut fermenter or not, or whether it ruminates or not, is of the relevance previously suggested to explain variation in CH4 production between species. Rather, differences in CH4 production between species on similar diets appear related to species-specific differences in food intake and digesta retention kinetics.
-
polycystic kidney disease in the Pygmy Hippopotamus hexaprotodon liberiensis
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Stephanie Nees, Marcus Clauss, Benjamin Schade, Hanspeter W Steinmetz, F Ehrensperger, Beatrice Steck, Jean-michel HattAbstract:Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) was diagnosed at necropsy in a captive aged female Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis), which presented with numerous cysts in both kidneys, the liver, and the duodenum and with one single cyst in the pancreas. There were no premonitory clinical signs of a nephropathy observed prior to its death. Similar findings were made in a male cage mate 6 mo later. Both animals had been wild caught. A literature review revealed that another seven cases of PKD have been reported in Pygmy Hippopotamuses, and an additional screening of records available from the international studbook for the species revealed yet another six cases. In all cases, aged females were affected, and in several instances, affected animals were related to each other. These patterns indicated familiar transmission similar that associated with PKD in humans and other animals. The disease, and especially the presumptive bias in diagnosis toward females, indicated that the male animal of this report was the first case of PKD reported in a male Pygmy Hippopotamus; thus, further investigation is warranted. The status of the kidneys with respect to PKD should be assessed (including histology) in every deceased Pygmy Hippopotamus, and whenever possible by ultrasonography in live animals.
-
More efficient mastication allows increasing intake without compromising digestibility or necessitating a larger gut: Comparative feeding trials in banteng (Bos javanicus) and Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis)
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A Molecular & integrative physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Angela Schwarm, Sylvia Ortmann, Christian Wolf, W. Jürgen Streich, Marcus ClaussAbstract:The digestion of plant material in mammalian herbivores basically depends on the chemical and structural composition of the diet, the mean particle size to which the forage is processed, and the ingesta retention time. These different factors can be influenced by the animal, and they can presumably compensate for each other. The Pygmy Hippopotamus, a non-ruminating foregut fermenter, has longer mean retention times than ruminants; however hippos do not achieve higher (fibre) digestibilities on comparable diets, which could be due to ineffective mastication. We performed feeding trials with six Pygmy hippos (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) and six banteng cattle (Bos javanicus) on a grass diet. As predicted, both species achieved similar dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and gross energy digestibilities. However, neutral and acid detergent fibre digestibility was lower in Pygmy hippos. Apparently, in these species, fibre digestibility was more influenced by particle size, which was larger in Pygmy hippos compared to banteng, than by retention time. In spite of their higher relative food intake, the banteng in this study did not have greater relative gut fills than the hippos. Ruminants traditionally appear intake-limited when compared to equids, because feed particles above a certain size cannot leave the rumen. But when compared to nonruminating foregut fermenters, rumination seems to free foregut fermenters from an intrinsic food intake limitation. The higher energy intakes and metabolic rates in wild cattle compared to hippos could have life-history consequences, such as a higher relative reproductive rate.
-
excretion patterns of fluid and different sized particle passage markers in banteng bos javanicus and Pygmy Hippopotamus hexaprotodon liberiensis two functionally different foregut fermenters
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Angela Schwarm, Sylvia Ortmann, Christian Wolf, Jurgen W Streich, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Abstract Processing of ingesta particles plays a crucial role in the digestive physiology of herbivores. In the ruminant forestomach different sized particles are stratified into a small and a large particle fraction and only the latter is regurgitated and remasticated to smaller, easier-to-digest particles. In contrast, it has been suggested that in non-ruminating foregut fermenters, such as Hippopotamuses, larger particles should be selectively excreted since they tend to be digested at a slower rate and hence can be considered intake-limiting bulk. In our study we determined the mean retention time (MRT) of fluids and different sized particles (2 mm and 10 mm) in six Pygmy hippos ( Hexaprotodon liberiensis ) and six banteng ( Bos javanicus ) on a diet of fresh grass at two intake levels. We used cobalt ethylendiamintetraacetate (Co-EDTA) as fluid and chromium (Cr)-mordanted fibre (2 mm) and cerium (Ce)-mordanted fibre (10 mm) as particle markers, mixed in the food. Average total tract MRT for fluid, small and large particles at the high intake level was 32, 76 and 73 h in Pygmy hippos and 25, 56 and 60 h in banteng, and at the low intake level 39, 109, and 105 h in Pygmy hippos and 22, 51 and 58 h in banteng, respectively. In accordance with the prediction, large particles moved faster than, or as fast as the small particles, through the gut of Pygmy hippos. In contrast, large particles were excreted slower than the small particles in the ruminant of this study, the banteng. Pygmy hippos had longer retention times than the banteng, which probably compensate for the less efficient particle size reduction. Although the results were not as distinct as expected, most likely due to the fact that ingestive mastication of the larger particle marker could not be prevented, they confirm our hypothesis of a functional difference in selective particle retention between ruminating and non-ruminating foregut fermenters.
Sylvia Ortmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
methane production by two non ruminant foregut fermenting herbivores the collared peccary pecari tajacu and the Pygmy Hippopotamus hexaprotodon liberiensis
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2016Co-Authors: Catharina Vendl, Sylvia Ortmann, Samuel Frei, Marie T Dittmann, Samuel Furrer, Arne Lawrenz, Bastian Lange, Adam J Munn, Michael Kreuzer, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Methane (CH4) production varies between herbivore species, but reasons for this variation remain to be elucidated. Here, we report open-circuit chamber respiration measurements of CH4 production in four specimens each of two non-ruminant mammalian herbivores with a complex forestomach but largely differing in body size, the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu, mean body mass 17kg) and the Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis, 229kg) fed lucerne-based diets. In addition, food intake, digestibility and mean retention times were measured in the same experiments. CH4 production averaged 8 and 72L/d, 18 and 19L/kg dry matter intake, and 4.0 and 4.2% of gross energy intake for the two species, respectively. When compared with previously reported data on CH4 production in other non-ruminant and ruminant foregut-fermenting as well as hindgut-fermenting species, it is evident that neither the question whether a species is a foregut fermenter or not, or whether it ruminates or not, is of the relevance previously suggested to explain variation in CH4 production between species. Rather, differences in CH4 production between species on similar diets appear related to species-specific differences in food intake and digesta retention kinetics.
-
More efficient mastication allows increasing intake without compromising digestibility or necessitating a larger gut: Comparative feeding trials in banteng (Bos javanicus) and Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis)
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A Molecular & integrative physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Angela Schwarm, Sylvia Ortmann, Christian Wolf, W. Jürgen Streich, Marcus ClaussAbstract:The digestion of plant material in mammalian herbivores basically depends on the chemical and structural composition of the diet, the mean particle size to which the forage is processed, and the ingesta retention time. These different factors can be influenced by the animal, and they can presumably compensate for each other. The Pygmy Hippopotamus, a non-ruminating foregut fermenter, has longer mean retention times than ruminants; however hippos do not achieve higher (fibre) digestibilities on comparable diets, which could be due to ineffective mastication. We performed feeding trials with six Pygmy hippos (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) and six banteng cattle (Bos javanicus) on a grass diet. As predicted, both species achieved similar dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and gross energy digestibilities. However, neutral and acid detergent fibre digestibility was lower in Pygmy hippos. Apparently, in these species, fibre digestibility was more influenced by particle size, which was larger in Pygmy hippos compared to banteng, than by retention time. In spite of their higher relative food intake, the banteng in this study did not have greater relative gut fills than the hippos. Ruminants traditionally appear intake-limited when compared to equids, because feed particles above a certain size cannot leave the rumen. But when compared to nonruminating foregut fermenters, rumination seems to free foregut fermenters from an intrinsic food intake limitation. The higher energy intakes and metabolic rates in wild cattle compared to hippos could have life-history consequences, such as a higher relative reproductive rate.
-
excretion patterns of fluid and different sized particle passage markers in banteng bos javanicus and Pygmy Hippopotamus hexaprotodon liberiensis two functionally different foregut fermenters
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Angela Schwarm, Sylvia Ortmann, Christian Wolf, Jurgen W Streich, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Abstract Processing of ingesta particles plays a crucial role in the digestive physiology of herbivores. In the ruminant forestomach different sized particles are stratified into a small and a large particle fraction and only the latter is regurgitated and remasticated to smaller, easier-to-digest particles. In contrast, it has been suggested that in non-ruminating foregut fermenters, such as Hippopotamuses, larger particles should be selectively excreted since they tend to be digested at a slower rate and hence can be considered intake-limiting bulk. In our study we determined the mean retention time (MRT) of fluids and different sized particles (2 mm and 10 mm) in six Pygmy hippos ( Hexaprotodon liberiensis ) and six banteng ( Bos javanicus ) on a diet of fresh grass at two intake levels. We used cobalt ethylendiamintetraacetate (Co-EDTA) as fluid and chromium (Cr)-mordanted fibre (2 mm) and cerium (Ce)-mordanted fibre (10 mm) as particle markers, mixed in the food. Average total tract MRT for fluid, small and large particles at the high intake level was 32, 76 and 73 h in Pygmy hippos and 25, 56 and 60 h in banteng, and at the low intake level 39, 109, and 105 h in Pygmy hippos and 22, 51 and 58 h in banteng, respectively. In accordance with the prediction, large particles moved faster than, or as fast as the small particles, through the gut of Pygmy hippos. In contrast, large particles were excreted slower than the small particles in the ruminant of this study, the banteng. Pygmy hippos had longer retention times than the banteng, which probably compensate for the less efficient particle size reduction. Although the results were not as distinct as expected, most likely due to the fact that ingestive mastication of the larger particle marker could not be prevented, they confirm our hypothesis of a functional difference in selective particle retention between ruminating and non-ruminating foregut fermenters.
Angela Schwarm - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
More efficient mastication allows increasing intake without compromising digestibility or necessitating a larger gut: Comparative feeding trials in banteng (Bos javanicus) and Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis)
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A Molecular & integrative physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Angela Schwarm, Sylvia Ortmann, Christian Wolf, W. Jürgen Streich, Marcus ClaussAbstract:The digestion of plant material in mammalian herbivores basically depends on the chemical and structural composition of the diet, the mean particle size to which the forage is processed, and the ingesta retention time. These different factors can be influenced by the animal, and they can presumably compensate for each other. The Pygmy Hippopotamus, a non-ruminating foregut fermenter, has longer mean retention times than ruminants; however hippos do not achieve higher (fibre) digestibilities on comparable diets, which could be due to ineffective mastication. We performed feeding trials with six Pygmy hippos (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) and six banteng cattle (Bos javanicus) on a grass diet. As predicted, both species achieved similar dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and gross energy digestibilities. However, neutral and acid detergent fibre digestibility was lower in Pygmy hippos. Apparently, in these species, fibre digestibility was more influenced by particle size, which was larger in Pygmy hippos compared to banteng, than by retention time. In spite of their higher relative food intake, the banteng in this study did not have greater relative gut fills than the hippos. Ruminants traditionally appear intake-limited when compared to equids, because feed particles above a certain size cannot leave the rumen. But when compared to nonruminating foregut fermenters, rumination seems to free foregut fermenters from an intrinsic food intake limitation. The higher energy intakes and metabolic rates in wild cattle compared to hippos could have life-history consequences, such as a higher relative reproductive rate.
-
excretion patterns of fluid and different sized particle passage markers in banteng bos javanicus and Pygmy Hippopotamus hexaprotodon liberiensis two functionally different foregut fermenters
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Angela Schwarm, Sylvia Ortmann, Christian Wolf, Jurgen W Streich, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Abstract Processing of ingesta particles plays a crucial role in the digestive physiology of herbivores. In the ruminant forestomach different sized particles are stratified into a small and a large particle fraction and only the latter is regurgitated and remasticated to smaller, easier-to-digest particles. In contrast, it has been suggested that in non-ruminating foregut fermenters, such as Hippopotamuses, larger particles should be selectively excreted since they tend to be digested at a slower rate and hence can be considered intake-limiting bulk. In our study we determined the mean retention time (MRT) of fluids and different sized particles (2 mm and 10 mm) in six Pygmy hippos ( Hexaprotodon liberiensis ) and six banteng ( Bos javanicus ) on a diet of fresh grass at two intake levels. We used cobalt ethylendiamintetraacetate (Co-EDTA) as fluid and chromium (Cr)-mordanted fibre (2 mm) and cerium (Ce)-mordanted fibre (10 mm) as particle markers, mixed in the food. Average total tract MRT for fluid, small and large particles at the high intake level was 32, 76 and 73 h in Pygmy hippos and 25, 56 and 60 h in banteng, and at the low intake level 39, 109, and 105 h in Pygmy hippos and 22, 51 and 58 h in banteng, respectively. In accordance with the prediction, large particles moved faster than, or as fast as the small particles, through the gut of Pygmy hippos. In contrast, large particles were excreted slower than the small particles in the ruminant of this study, the banteng. Pygmy hippos had longer retention times than the banteng, which probably compensate for the less efficient particle size reduction. Although the results were not as distinct as expected, most likely due to the fact that ingestive mastication of the larger particle marker could not be prevented, they confirm our hypothesis of a functional difference in selective particle retention between ruminating and non-ruminating foregut fermenters.
Christian Wolf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
More efficient mastication allows increasing intake without compromising digestibility or necessitating a larger gut: Comparative feeding trials in banteng (Bos javanicus) and Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis)
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A Molecular & integrative physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Angela Schwarm, Sylvia Ortmann, Christian Wolf, W. Jürgen Streich, Marcus ClaussAbstract:The digestion of plant material in mammalian herbivores basically depends on the chemical and structural composition of the diet, the mean particle size to which the forage is processed, and the ingesta retention time. These different factors can be influenced by the animal, and they can presumably compensate for each other. The Pygmy Hippopotamus, a non-ruminating foregut fermenter, has longer mean retention times than ruminants; however hippos do not achieve higher (fibre) digestibilities on comparable diets, which could be due to ineffective mastication. We performed feeding trials with six Pygmy hippos (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) and six banteng cattle (Bos javanicus) on a grass diet. As predicted, both species achieved similar dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and gross energy digestibilities. However, neutral and acid detergent fibre digestibility was lower in Pygmy hippos. Apparently, in these species, fibre digestibility was more influenced by particle size, which was larger in Pygmy hippos compared to banteng, than by retention time. In spite of their higher relative food intake, the banteng in this study did not have greater relative gut fills than the hippos. Ruminants traditionally appear intake-limited when compared to equids, because feed particles above a certain size cannot leave the rumen. But when compared to nonruminating foregut fermenters, rumination seems to free foregut fermenters from an intrinsic food intake limitation. The higher energy intakes and metabolic rates in wild cattle compared to hippos could have life-history consequences, such as a higher relative reproductive rate.
-
excretion patterns of fluid and different sized particle passage markers in banteng bos javanicus and Pygmy Hippopotamus hexaprotodon liberiensis two functionally different foregut fermenters
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2008Co-Authors: Angela Schwarm, Sylvia Ortmann, Christian Wolf, Jurgen W Streich, Marcus ClaussAbstract:Abstract Processing of ingesta particles plays a crucial role in the digestive physiology of herbivores. In the ruminant forestomach different sized particles are stratified into a small and a large particle fraction and only the latter is regurgitated and remasticated to smaller, easier-to-digest particles. In contrast, it has been suggested that in non-ruminating foregut fermenters, such as Hippopotamuses, larger particles should be selectively excreted since they tend to be digested at a slower rate and hence can be considered intake-limiting bulk. In our study we determined the mean retention time (MRT) of fluids and different sized particles (2 mm and 10 mm) in six Pygmy hippos ( Hexaprotodon liberiensis ) and six banteng ( Bos javanicus ) on a diet of fresh grass at two intake levels. We used cobalt ethylendiamintetraacetate (Co-EDTA) as fluid and chromium (Cr)-mordanted fibre (2 mm) and cerium (Ce)-mordanted fibre (10 mm) as particle markers, mixed in the food. Average total tract MRT for fluid, small and large particles at the high intake level was 32, 76 and 73 h in Pygmy hippos and 25, 56 and 60 h in banteng, and at the low intake level 39, 109, and 105 h in Pygmy hippos and 22, 51 and 58 h in banteng, respectively. In accordance with the prediction, large particles moved faster than, or as fast as the small particles, through the gut of Pygmy hippos. In contrast, large particles were excreted slower than the small particles in the ruminant of this study, the banteng. Pygmy hippos had longer retention times than the banteng, which probably compensate for the less efficient particle size reduction. Although the results were not as distinct as expected, most likely due to the fact that ingestive mastication of the larger particle marker could not be prevented, they confirm our hypothesis of a functional difference in selective particle retention between ruminating and non-ruminating foregut fermenters.
Jean-michel Hatt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
polycystic kidney disease in the Pygmy Hippopotamus hexaprotodon liberiensis
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Stephanie Nees, Marcus Clauss, Benjamin Schade, Hanspeter W Steinmetz, F Ehrensperger, Beatrice Steck, Jean-michel HattAbstract:Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) was diagnosed at necropsy in a captive aged female Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis), which presented with numerous cysts in both kidneys, the liver, and the duodenum and with one single cyst in the pancreas. There were no premonitory clinical signs of a nephropathy observed prior to its death. Similar findings were made in a male cage mate 6 mo later. Both animals had been wild caught. A literature review revealed that another seven cases of PKD have been reported in Pygmy Hippopotamuses, and an additional screening of records available from the international studbook for the species revealed yet another six cases. In all cases, aged females were affected, and in several instances, affected animals were related to each other. These patterns indicated familiar transmission similar that associated with PKD in humans and other animals. The disease, and especially the presumptive bias in diagnosis toward females, indicated that the male animal of this report was the first case of PKD reported in a male Pygmy Hippopotamus; thus, further investigation is warranted. The status of the kidneys with respect to PKD should be assessed (including histology) in every deceased Pygmy Hippopotamus, and whenever possible by ultrasonography in live animals.
-
Gastroliths in a Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis MORTON 1844)(Mammalia, Hippopotamidae)
2008Co-Authors: Oliver Wings, Jean-michel HattAbstract:During the necropsy of a geriatric, female Pygmy Hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) from a zoo, a large amount of gravel was detected in the stomach. Reasons are outlined why this finding is no evidence for a gastric mill in Hippopotamuses, but serves as a functional test of the hypothesis that Hippopotamus stomach structures can act as sedimentation traps.
