Rabies Transmission

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Hervé Bourhy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Rabies Transmission risks during peripartum--Two cases and a review of the literature.
    Vaccine, 2016
    Co-Authors: Christiane Tshabu Aguèmon, Arnaud Tarantola, Eugène Zoumènou, Sophie Goyet, Pamphile Assouto, Serge Mewanou, Hervé Bourhy, Betty Dodet, Abdou-rahmann Aguèmon
    Abstract:

    We report two cases of probable Rabies in near-term/at-term pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. One baby was delivered by caesarean section and the other one vaginally. Both received post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), including RIG and vaccine and both are alive and healthy, at 9 and 24 months, respectively. We found 14 other published cases of infants born from rabid mothers. One confirmed case of Rabies Transmission occurred. The other children born from rabid mothers, with or without caesarean section, did not acquire Rabies, and were still healthy at the time of reporting, with or without post-exposure prophylaxis. Mother-to-child Transmission of Rabies is possible, but rare, because Rabies virus is not present in blood and exposure of the baby's mucosa to maternal infectious fluids and tissue seems limited. A conservative approach should however, be adopted, and Rabies PEP, including RIG, be administered as soon as possible to babies born from probably rabid mothers. Whether cesarean-section clearly provides prevention remains unclear. Rabies can be prevented in pregnant women by PEP administration. Rabies cell-culture vaccines are safe and effective and can be administered to pregnant and lactating women, as well as newborns. Efforts must focus on raising Rabies awareness in the general population, as well as in healthcare workers.

  • Rabies Transmission risks during peripartum – Two cases and a review of the literature
    Vaccine, 2016
    Co-Authors: Christiane Tshabu Aguèmon, Arnaud Tarantola, Eugène Zoumènou, Sophie Goyet, Pamphile Assouto, Serge Mewanou, Hervé Bourhy, Betty Dodet, Abdou-rahmann Aguèmon
    Abstract:

    We report two cases of probable Rabies in near-term/at-term pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. One baby was delivered by caesarean section and the other one vaginally. Both received post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), including RIG and vaccine and both are alive and healthy, at 9 and 24 months, respectively. We found 14 other published cases of infants born from rabid mothers. One confirmed case of Rabies Transmission occurred. The other children born from rabid mothers, with or without caesarean section, did not acquire Rabies, and were still healthy at the time of reporting, with or without post-exposure prophylaxis. Mother-to-child Transmission of Rabies is possible, but rare, because Rabies virus is not present in blood and exposure of the baby's mucosa to maternal infectious fluids and tissue seems limited. A conservative approach should however, be adopted, and Rabies PEP, including RIG, be administered as soon as possible to babies born from probably rabid mothers. Whether cesarean-section clearly provides prevention remains unclear. Rabies can be prevented in pregnant women by PEP administration. Rabies cell-culture vaccines are safe and effective and can be administered to pregnant and lactating women, as well as newborns. Efforts must focus on raising Rabies awareness in the general population, as well as in healthcare workers.

  • Correction: Rabies in nonhuman primates and potential for Transmission to humans: a literature review and examination of selected French national data.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015
    Co-Authors: Philippe Gautret, Laurent Dacheux, Florence Ribadeau-dumas, Philippe Brouqui, Philippe Parola, Douglas H Esposito, Jesse D. Blanton, Hervé Bourhy
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND: The nonhuman primate (NHP)-related injuries in Rabies-enzootic countries is a public health problem of increasing importance. The aims of this work are to collect data concerning Rabies Transmission from NHPs to humans; to collate medical practices regarding Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in different countries, and to provide an evidence base to support the decision to apply Rabies PEP in this context. METHODOLOGY: To retrieve information, we conducted a literature search from 1960 to January 2013. All reports of Rabies in NHPs and Rabies Transmission to humans by infected NHPs were included. Also included were studies of travelers seeking care for Rabies PEP in various settings. Data collected by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies concerning NHPs submitted for Rabies diagnosis in France and human Rabies exposure to NHPs in travelers returning to France were analyzed for the periods 1999-2012 and 1994-2011, respectively. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 159 reports of Rabies in NHPs have been retrieved from various sources in South America, Africa, and Asia, including 13 cases in animals imported to Europe and the US. 134 were laboratory confirmed cases. 25 cases of human Rabies following NHP-related injuries were reported, including 20 from Brazil. Among more than 2000 international travelers from various settings, the proportion of injuries related to NHP exposures was about 31%. NHPs rank second, following dogs in most studies and first in studies conducted in travelers returning from Southeast Asia. In France, 15.6% of 1606 travelers seeking PEP for exposure to any animal were injured by monkeys. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although less frequently reported in published literature than human Rabies, confirmed Rabies cases in NHPs occur. The occurrence of documented Transmission of Rabies from NHPs to human suggests that Rabies PEP is indicated in patients injured by NHPs in Rabies-enzootic countries.

  • Rabies in nonhuman primates and potential for Transmission to humans: a literature review and examination of selected French national data.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2014
    Co-Authors: Philippe Gautret, Jesse Blanton, Laurent Dacheux, Florence Ribadeau-dumas, Philippe Brouqui, Philippe Parola, Douglas H Esposito, Hervé Bourhy
    Abstract:

    The nonhuman primate (NHP)-related injuries in Rabies-enzootic countries is a public health problem of increasing importance. The aims of this work are to collect data concerning Rabies Transmission from NHPs to humans; to collate medical practices regarding Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in different countries, and to provide an evidence base to support the decision to apply Rabies PEP in this context. To retrieve information, we conducted a literature search from 1960 to January 2013. All reports of Rabies in NHPs and Rabies Transmission to humans by infected NHPs were included. Also included were studies of travelers seeking care for Rabies PEP in various settings. Data collected by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies concerning NHPs submitted for Rabies diagnosis in France and human Rabies exposure to NHPs in travelers returning to France were analyzed for the periods 1999-2012 and 1994-2011, respectively. A total of 159 reports of Rabies in NHPs have been retrieved from various sources in South America, Africa, and Asia, including 13 cases in animals imported to Europe and the US. 134 were laboratory confirmed cases. 25 cases of human Rabies following NHP-related injuries were reported, including 20 from Brazil. Among more than 2000 international travelers from various settings, the proportion of injuries related to NHP exposures was about 31%. NHPs rank second, following dogs in most studies and first in studies conducted in travelers returning from Southeast Asia. In France, 15.6% of 1606 travelers seeking PEP for exposure to any animal were injured by monkeys. Although less frequently reported in published literature than human Rabies, confirmed Rabies cases in NHPs occur. The occurrence of documented Transmission of Rabies from NHPs to human suggests that Rabies PEP is indicated in patients injured by NHPs in Rabies-enzootic countries.

Philippe Gautret - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Correction: Rabies in nonhuman primates and potential for Transmission to humans: a literature review and examination of selected French national data.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015
    Co-Authors: Philippe Gautret, Laurent Dacheux, Florence Ribadeau-dumas, Philippe Brouqui, Philippe Parola, Douglas H Esposito, Jesse D. Blanton, Hervé Bourhy
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND: The nonhuman primate (NHP)-related injuries in Rabies-enzootic countries is a public health problem of increasing importance. The aims of this work are to collect data concerning Rabies Transmission from NHPs to humans; to collate medical practices regarding Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in different countries, and to provide an evidence base to support the decision to apply Rabies PEP in this context. METHODOLOGY: To retrieve information, we conducted a literature search from 1960 to January 2013. All reports of Rabies in NHPs and Rabies Transmission to humans by infected NHPs were included. Also included were studies of travelers seeking care for Rabies PEP in various settings. Data collected by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies concerning NHPs submitted for Rabies diagnosis in France and human Rabies exposure to NHPs in travelers returning to France were analyzed for the periods 1999-2012 and 1994-2011, respectively. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 159 reports of Rabies in NHPs have been retrieved from various sources in South America, Africa, and Asia, including 13 cases in animals imported to Europe and the US. 134 were laboratory confirmed cases. 25 cases of human Rabies following NHP-related injuries were reported, including 20 from Brazil. Among more than 2000 international travelers from various settings, the proportion of injuries related to NHP exposures was about 31%. NHPs rank second, following dogs in most studies and first in studies conducted in travelers returning from Southeast Asia. In France, 15.6% of 1606 travelers seeking PEP for exposure to any animal were injured by monkeys. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although less frequently reported in published literature than human Rabies, confirmed Rabies cases in NHPs occur. The occurrence of documented Transmission of Rabies from NHPs to human suggests that Rabies PEP is indicated in patients injured by NHPs in Rabies-enzootic countries.

  • Rabies in nonhuman primates and potential for Transmission to humans: a literature review and examination of selected French national data.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2014
    Co-Authors: Philippe Gautret, Jesse Blanton, Laurent Dacheux, Florence Ribadeau-dumas, Philippe Brouqui, Philippe Parola, Douglas H Esposito, Hervé Bourhy
    Abstract:

    The nonhuman primate (NHP)-related injuries in Rabies-enzootic countries is a public health problem of increasing importance. The aims of this work are to collect data concerning Rabies Transmission from NHPs to humans; to collate medical practices regarding Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in different countries, and to provide an evidence base to support the decision to apply Rabies PEP in this context. To retrieve information, we conducted a literature search from 1960 to January 2013. All reports of Rabies in NHPs and Rabies Transmission to humans by infected NHPs were included. Also included were studies of travelers seeking care for Rabies PEP in various settings. Data collected by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies concerning NHPs submitted for Rabies diagnosis in France and human Rabies exposure to NHPs in travelers returning to France were analyzed for the periods 1999-2012 and 1994-2011, respectively. A total of 159 reports of Rabies in NHPs have been retrieved from various sources in South America, Africa, and Asia, including 13 cases in animals imported to Europe and the US. 134 were laboratory confirmed cases. 25 cases of human Rabies following NHP-related injuries were reported, including 20 from Brazil. Among more than 2000 international travelers from various settings, the proportion of injuries related to NHP exposures was about 31%. NHPs rank second, following dogs in most studies and first in studies conducted in travelers returning from Southeast Asia. In France, 15.6% of 1606 travelers seeking PEP for exposure to any animal were injured by monkeys. Although less frequently reported in published literature than human Rabies, confirmed Rabies cases in NHPs occur. The occurrence of documented Transmission of Rabies from NHPs to human suggests that Rabies PEP is indicated in patients injured by NHPs in Rabies-enzootic countries.

Daniel G Streicker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • foraging choices of vampire bats in diverse landscapes potential implications for land use change and disease Transmission
    Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Daniel G Streicker, Jacob E Allgeier
    Abstract:

    In Latin America, the common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus is the primary reservoir of Rabies, a zoonotic virus that kills thousands of livestock annually and causes sporadic and lethal human Rabies outbreaks. The proliferation of livestock provides an abundant food resource for this obligate blood‐feeding species that could alter its foraging behaviour and Rabies Transmission, but poor understanding of the dietary plasticity of vampire bats limits understanding of how livestock influences Rabies risk. We analysed individual‐ and population‐level foraging behaviour by applying δ13C and δ15N stable isotope analysis to hair samples from 183 vampire bats captured from nine colonies in Peru. We also assessed the isotopic distributions of realized prey by analysing blood meals extracted from engorged bats and samples collected from potential prey species. In two adjacent but contrasting areas of the Amazon with scarce and abundant livestock, we used questionnaires to evaluate the incidence of feeding on humans. Population‐level isotopic signatures suggested substantial among‐site variation in feeding behaviour, including reliance on livestock in some colonies and feeding on combinations of domestic and wild prey in others. Isotopic heterogeneity within bat colonies was among the largest recorded in vertebrate populations, indicating that individuals consistently fed on distinct prey resources and across distinct trophic levels. In some sites, isotopic values of realized prey spanned broad ranges, suggesting that bats with intermediate isotopic values could plausibly be dietary specialists rather than generalists. Bayesian estimates of isotopic niche width varied up to ninefold among colonies and were maximized where wildlife and livestock were present at low levels, but declined with greater availability of livestock. In the Amazon, the absence of livestock was associated with feeding on humans and wildlife. Policy implications. We provide the first insights into the foraging behaviour of vampire bats in habitats with common depredation on humans and show how vampire bat foraging may respond to land‐use change. Our results demonstrate risks of Rabies Transmission from bats to other wildlife and are consistent with the hypothesis that introducing livestock might reduce the burden of human Rabies in high‐risk communities.

Katie Hampson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Local Rabies Transmission and regional spatial coupling in European foxes.
    PloS one, 2020
    Co-Authors: Laurie Baker, Jason Matthiopoulos, Thomas Müller, Conrad M. Freuling, Katie Hampson
    Abstract:

    Infectious diseases are often transmitted through local interactions. Yet, both surveillance and control measures are implemented within administrative units. Capturing local Transmission processes and spatial coupling between regions from aggregate level data is therefore a technical challenge that can shed light on both theoretical questions and practical decisions. Fox Rabies has been eliminated from much of Europe through oral Rabies vaccination (ORV) programmes. The European Union (EU) co-finances ORV to maintain Rabies freedom in EU member and border states via a cordon sanitaire. Models to capture local Transmission dynamics and spatial coupling have immediate application to the planning of these ORV campaigns and to other parts of the world considering oral vaccination. We fitted a hierarchical Bayesian state-space model to data on three decades of fox Rabies cases and ORV campaigns from Eastern Germany. Specifically, we find that (i) combining regional spatial coupling and heterogeneous local Transmission allows us to capture regional Rabies dynamics; (ii) incursions from other regions account for less than 1% of cases, but allow for re-emergence of disease; (iii) herd immunity achieved through bi-annual vaccination campaigns is short-lived due to population turnover. Together, these findings highlight the need for regular and sustained vaccination efforts and our modelling approach can be used to provide strategic guidance for ORV delivery. Moreover, we show that biological understanding can be gained from inference from partially observed data on wildlife disease.

  • Dog health and demographic surveillance survey in Western Kenya: Demography and management practices relevant for Rabies Transmission and control
    AAS Open Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Emmah Kwoba, Philip Kitala, Linus Ochieng, Elkanah Otiang, Robert Ndung’u, Gati Wambura, Katie Hampson, Samuel M. Thumbi
    Abstract:

    Background: Domestic dogs transmit 99% of the estimated 59,000 human Rabies deaths occurring globally annually. To achieve the global target of zero human deaths from Rabies by 2030, effective mass dog vaccination campaigns that break Rabies Transmission cycles in dog populations are required. This study describes the design of a dog health and demographic surveillance study established within a human health and demographic surveillance study in Western Kenya. Using baseline data from the dog cohort study, we quantify demographic parameters and describe management practices relevant for Rabies Transmission. Methods: All dogs in 1213 households participating in a linked human and animal health syndromic surveillance study were recruited. Data on household demographics, dog ownership, dog age and sex ratios, reproductive indices, Rabies vaccination, management practices, dog movement and health status were collected at least monthly. Results: 460 of 1213 (38%) of the study households owned dogs (mean 2 dogs/household), and 526 (70%) of those without dogs had owned dogs previously. 802 dogs were recruited into the study, more than half (52%) of those with known ages were ≤ 1 year old. The dog:human ratio in the study population was 1:7, the dog density 54 dogs/km 2 , and the female: male dog sex ratio was 1:1.3. Rabies vaccination was low (5% coverage), and only 48 (12%) male dogs and 13 (5%) female dogs were castrated and spayed, respectively. Dogs were predominantly local breed (99%), mainly kept for security purposes, almost always (97%) left to scavenge for leftovers and 61% roamed freely. Conclusion: Low vaccination coverage, unrestricted dog movement, and high dog population turnover with a large proportion of dogs below one-year-old support endemic Rabies circulation in this population. These gaps present opportunities for the design of effective dog Rabies control plans to break Rabies Transmission cycles in this part of Kenya.

  • Role of dog sterilisation and vaccination in Rabies control programmes.
    The Veterinary record, 2014
    Co-Authors: Sarah Cleaveland, Katie Hampson, Tiziana Lembo, Sunny E. Townsend, Felix Lankester
    Abstract:

    Sarah Cleaveland and colleagues comment: We are grateful to Andrew Rowan and colleagues for raising several important points about Rabies Transmission and the role of dog sterilisation programmes in Rabies prevention and control programmes. We would like to emphasise our support for efforts towards humane management of dog populations and applaud the health and welfare achievements of the Jaipur and Chennai programmes. ![Graphic][1] Owners wait for their dogs to be vaccinated against Rabies at a mass vaccination organised under an NGO-funded programme near the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania In response to some of the specific issues raised, we agree the geographical scales of empirical dog density estimates are crude. Nonetheless, across these scales (spanning two orders of magnitude) there is no evidence of density-dependent Transmission. This is important because it underlines the fact that culling (the first line of response in many Rabies … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif

  • evidence based control of canine Rabies a critical review of population density reduction
    Journal of Animal Ecology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Michelle K Morters, Katie Hampson, Olivier Restif, Sarah Cleaveland, J L N Wood, Andrew J K Conlan
    Abstract:

    Summary 1. Control measures for canine Rabies include vaccination and reducing population density through culling or sterilization. 2. Despite the evidence that culling fails to control canine Rabies, efforts to reduce canine population density continue in many parts of the world. 3. The rationale for reducing population density is that Rabies Transmission is density-dependent, with disease incidence increasing directly with host density. This may be based, in part, on an incomplete interpretation of historical field data for wildlife, with important implications for disease control in dog populations. Here, we examine historical and more recent field data, in the context of host ecology and epidemic theory, to understand better the role of density in Rabies Transmission and the reasons why culling fails to control Rabies. 4. We conclude that the relationship between host density, disease incidence and other factors is complex and may differ between species. This highlights the difficulties of interpreting field data and the constraints of extrapolations between species, particularly in terms of control policies. 5. We also propose that the complex interactions between dogs and people may render culling of free-roaming dogs ineffective irrespective of the relationship between host density and disease incidence. 6. We conclude that vaccination is the most effective means to control Rabies in all species.

  • Evidence‐based control of canine Rabies: a critical review of population density reduction
    The Journal of animal ecology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Michelle K Morters, Katie Hampson, Olivier Restif, Sarah Cleaveland, J L N Wood, Andrew J K Conlan
    Abstract:

    Summary 1. Control measures for canine Rabies include vaccination and reducing population density through culling or sterilization. 2. Despite the evidence that culling fails to control canine Rabies, efforts to reduce canine population density continue in many parts of the world. 3. The rationale for reducing population density is that Rabies Transmission is density-dependent, with disease incidence increasing directly with host density. This may be based, in part, on an incomplete interpretation of historical field data for wildlife, with important implications for disease control in dog populations. Here, we examine historical and more recent field data, in the context of host ecology and epidemic theory, to understand better the role of density in Rabies Transmission and the reasons why culling fails to control Rabies. 4. We conclude that the relationship between host density, disease incidence and other factors is complex and may differ between species. This highlights the difficulties of interpreting field data and the constraints of extrapolations between species, particularly in terms of control policies. 5. We also propose that the complex interactions between dogs and people may render culling of free-roaming dogs ineffective irrespective of the relationship between host density and disease incidence. 6. We conclude that vaccination is the most effective means to control Rabies in all species.

Florence Ribadeau-dumas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Correction: Rabies in nonhuman primates and potential for Transmission to humans: a literature review and examination of selected French national data.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2015
    Co-Authors: Philippe Gautret, Laurent Dacheux, Florence Ribadeau-dumas, Philippe Brouqui, Philippe Parola, Douglas H Esposito, Jesse D. Blanton, Hervé Bourhy
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND: The nonhuman primate (NHP)-related injuries in Rabies-enzootic countries is a public health problem of increasing importance. The aims of this work are to collect data concerning Rabies Transmission from NHPs to humans; to collate medical practices regarding Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in different countries, and to provide an evidence base to support the decision to apply Rabies PEP in this context. METHODOLOGY: To retrieve information, we conducted a literature search from 1960 to January 2013. All reports of Rabies in NHPs and Rabies Transmission to humans by infected NHPs were included. Also included were studies of travelers seeking care for Rabies PEP in various settings. Data collected by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies concerning NHPs submitted for Rabies diagnosis in France and human Rabies exposure to NHPs in travelers returning to France were analyzed for the periods 1999-2012 and 1994-2011, respectively. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A total of 159 reports of Rabies in NHPs have been retrieved from various sources in South America, Africa, and Asia, including 13 cases in animals imported to Europe and the US. 134 were laboratory confirmed cases. 25 cases of human Rabies following NHP-related injuries were reported, including 20 from Brazil. Among more than 2000 international travelers from various settings, the proportion of injuries related to NHP exposures was about 31%. NHPs rank second, following dogs in most studies and first in studies conducted in travelers returning from Southeast Asia. In France, 15.6% of 1606 travelers seeking PEP for exposure to any animal were injured by monkeys. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although less frequently reported in published literature than human Rabies, confirmed Rabies cases in NHPs occur. The occurrence of documented Transmission of Rabies from NHPs to human suggests that Rabies PEP is indicated in patients injured by NHPs in Rabies-enzootic countries.

  • Rabies in nonhuman primates and potential for Transmission to humans: a literature review and examination of selected French national data.
    PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2014
    Co-Authors: Philippe Gautret, Jesse Blanton, Laurent Dacheux, Florence Ribadeau-dumas, Philippe Brouqui, Philippe Parola, Douglas H Esposito, Hervé Bourhy
    Abstract:

    The nonhuman primate (NHP)-related injuries in Rabies-enzootic countries is a public health problem of increasing importance. The aims of this work are to collect data concerning Rabies Transmission from NHPs to humans; to collate medical practices regarding Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) in different countries, and to provide an evidence base to support the decision to apply Rabies PEP in this context. To retrieve information, we conducted a literature search from 1960 to January 2013. All reports of Rabies in NHPs and Rabies Transmission to humans by infected NHPs were included. Also included were studies of travelers seeking care for Rabies PEP in various settings. Data collected by the French National Reference Centre for Rabies concerning NHPs submitted for Rabies diagnosis in France and human Rabies exposure to NHPs in travelers returning to France were analyzed for the periods 1999-2012 and 1994-2011, respectively. A total of 159 reports of Rabies in NHPs have been retrieved from various sources in South America, Africa, and Asia, including 13 cases in animals imported to Europe and the US. 134 were laboratory confirmed cases. 25 cases of human Rabies following NHP-related injuries were reported, including 20 from Brazil. Among more than 2000 international travelers from various settings, the proportion of injuries related to NHP exposures was about 31%. NHPs rank second, following dogs in most studies and first in studies conducted in travelers returning from Southeast Asia. In France, 15.6% of 1606 travelers seeking PEP for exposure to any animal were injured by monkeys. Although less frequently reported in published literature than human Rabies, confirmed Rabies cases in NHPs occur. The occurrence of documented Transmission of Rabies from NHPs to human suggests that Rabies PEP is indicated in patients injured by NHPs in Rabies-enzootic countries.