Racial Inequality

14,000,000 Leading Edge Experts on the ideXlab platform

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

The Experts below are selected from a list of 13710 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Derrick Darby - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Reparations and Racial Inequality
    Philosophy Compass, 2010
    Co-Authors: Derrick Darby
    Abstract:

    A recent development in philosophical scholarship on reparations for black chattel slavery and Jim Crow segregation is reliance upon social science in normative arguments for reparations. Although there are certainly positive things to be said in favor of an empirically informed normative argument for black reparations, given the depth of empirical disagreement about the causes of persistent Racial inequalities, and the ethos of ‘post-Racial’ America, the strongest normative argument for reparations may be one that goes through irrespective of how we ultimately explain the causes of Racial inequalities. By illuminating the interplay between normative political philosophy and social scientific explanations of Racial Inequality in the prevailing corrective justice argument for black reparations, I shall explain why an alternative normative argument, which is not tethered to a particular empirical explanation of Racial Inequality, may be more appealing.

Katheryn K. Russell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Liam Downey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • environmental Racial Inequality in detroit
    Social Forces, 2006
    Co-Authors: Liam Downey
    Abstract:

    This study uses industrial pollution data from the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) and tract-level demographic data from the 2000 U.S. census to determine whether environmental Racial Inequality existed in the Detroit metropolitan area in the year 2000. This study differs from prior environmental Inequality research in two important ways. First, it offers a positive rationale for using hazard proximity indicators. Second, it uses a distance decay modeling technique to estimate hazard proximity. This technique weights each hazard's estimated negative effect by distance such that the estimated negative effect declines continuously as distance from the hazard increases, thus providing more accurate estimates of proximity-based environmental risk than can be obtained using other variable construction techniques currently found in the literature. Using this technique, I find that Detroit's black neighborhoods were disproportionately burdened by TRI facility activity in 2000 and that neighborhood Racial composition had a strong independent effect on neighborhood proximity to TRI activity.

  • spatial measurement geography and urban Racial Inequality
    Social Forces, 2003
    Co-Authors: Liam Downey
    Abstract:

    Although many models of urban Racial Inequality make predictions about the geographic distribution of social groups and social goods, these predictions are rarely tested spatially. This is because (1) it can be extremely difficult to measure geographic distance using social science datasets and (2) when studying residential segregation, researchers generally measure the total extent of segregation in a region rather than the distribution of Racial and ethnic groups within a region. This article overcomes these problems by introducing a geographic information system (GIS) variable construction technique that allows researchers to measure the distance between social groups and goods more precisely than is otherwise possible and by demonstrating the importance of using maps to examine the distribution of social groups and goods within metropolitan areas.

Robert Mcmillan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • separate when equal Racial Inequality and residential segregation
    Journal of Urban Economics, 2014
    Co-Authors: Patrick J Bayer, Hanming Fang, Robert Mcmillan
    Abstract:

    Standard intuition suggests that residential segregation in the United States will decline when Racial Inequality narrows. In this paper, we hypothesize that the opposite will occur. We note that middle-class black neighborhoods are in short supply in many U.S. metropolitan areas, forcing highly educated blacks either to live in predominantly white high-socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods or in more black lower-SES neighborhoods. Increases in the proportion of highly educated blacks in a metropolitan area may then lead to the emergence of new middle-class black neighborhoods, causing increases in residential segregation. We formalize this mechanism using a simple model of residential choice that permits endogenous neighborhood formation. Our primary empirical analysis, based on across-MSA evidence from the 2000 Census, indicates that this mechanism does indeed operate: as the proportion of highly educated blacks in an MSA increases, so the segregation of blacks at all education levels increases. Time-series evidence provides additional support for the hypothesis, showing that an increase in black educational attainment in a metropolitan area between 1990-2000 significantly increases segregation. Our analysis has important implications for the evolution of both residential segregation and Racial socioeconomic Inequality, drawing attention to a negative feedback loop likely to inhibit reductions in segregation and Racial Inequality over time.

  • separate when equal Racial Inequality and residential segregation
    Journal of Urban Economics, 2014
    Co-Authors: Patrick Bayer, Hanming Fang, Robert Mcmillan
    Abstract:

    Abstract This paper sets out a new mechanism involving the emergence of middle-class black neighborhoods that can lead segregation in American cities to increase as Racial Inequality narrows. The formation of such neighborhoods requires a critical mass of highly educated blacks in the population, and leads to an increase in segregation when those communities are attractive for blacks who would otherwise reside in middle-class white neighborhoods. To assess the empirical importance of this “neighborhood formation” mechanism, we propose a two-part research design. First, Inequality and segregation should be negatively related in cross section for older blacks if our mechanism operates strongly, as we find using both the 1990 and 2000 Censuses. Second, a negative relationship should also be apparent over time, particularly for older blacks. Here, we show that increased educational attainment of blacks relative to whites in a city between 1990 and 2000 leads to a significant rise in segregation, especially for older blacks, and to a marked increase in the number of middle-class black communities. These findings draw attention to a negative feedback loop between Racial Inequality and segregation that has implications for the dynamics of both phenomena.

  • separate when equal Racial Inequality and residential segregation
    Journal of Urban Economics, 2014
    Co-Authors: Patrick J Bayer, Hanming Fang, Robert Mcmillan
    Abstract:

    Standard intuition suggests that residential segregation in the United States will decline when Racial Inequality narrows. In this paper, we hypothesize that the opposite will occur. We note that middle-class black neighborhoods are in short supply in many U.S. metropolitan areas, forcing highly educated blacks either to live in predominantly white high-socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods or in more black lower-SES neighborhoods. Increases in the proportion of highly educated blacks in a metropolitan area may then lead to the emergence of new middle-class black neighborhoods, causing increases in residential segregation. We formalize this mechanism using a simple model of residential choice that permits endogenous neighborhood formation. Our primary empirical analysis, based on across-MSA evidence from the 2000 Census, indicates that this mechanism does indeed operate: as the proportion of highly educated blacks in an MSA increases, so the segregation of blacks at all education levels increases. Time-series evidence provides additional support for the hypothesis, showing that an increase in black educational attainment in a metropolitan area between 1990-2000 significantly increases segregation. Our analysis has important implications for the evolution of both residential segregation and Racial socioeconomic Inequality, drawing attention to a negative feedback loop likely to inhibit reductions in segregation and Racial Inequality over time.

  • separate when equal Racial Inequality and residential segregation
    National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005
    Co-Authors: Patrick J Bayer, Hanming Fang, Robert Mcmillan
    Abstract:

    This paper hypothesizes that segregation in US cities increases as Racial Inequality narrows due to the emergence of middle-class black neighborhoods. Employing a novel research design based on life-cycle variations in the relationship between segregation and Inequality, we test this hypothesis using the 1990 and 2000 Censuses. Indeed, increased black educational attainment in a city leads to a significant rise in the number of middle-class black communities and segregation for older adults both in the cross-section and over time, consistent with our hypothesis. These findings imply a negative feedback loop that inhibits reductions in Racial Inequality and segregation over time.

  • separate when equal Racial Inequality and residential segregation
    National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005
    Co-Authors: Patrick Bayer, Hanming Fang, Robert Mcmillan
    Abstract:

    This paper hypothesizes that segregation in US cities increases as Racial Inequality narrows due to the emergence of middle-class black neighborhoods. Employing a novel research design based on life-cycle variations in the relationship between segregation and Inequality, we test this hypothesis using the 1990 and 2000 Censuses. Indeed, increased black educational attainment in a city leads to a significant rise in the number of middle-class black communities and segregation for older adults both in the cross-section and over time, consistent with our hypothesis. These findings imply a negative feedback loop that inhibits reductions in Racial Inequality and segregation over time.

Heather A. O’connell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Historical Racial Contexts and Contemporary Spatial Differences in Racial Inequality
    Spatial Demography, 2017
    Co-Authors: Katherine J. Curtis, Heather A. O’connell
    Abstract:

    Research examining regional variation in the impact of Racial concentration on Black–White economic Inequality assumes that the American South is distinct from the non-South because of its slavery history. However, slavery’s influence on the relationship has not been directly examined nor has it been adequately theorized within the economic Inequality literature. We assess whether the link between contemporary Black concentration and poverty disparities is structured by historical Racial context. We find that while there is contemporary Racial Inequality throughout the United States, Inequality-generating processes vary spatially and in ways that are tied to the local historical Racial context.

  • The Impact of Slavery on Racial Inequality in Poverty in the Contemporary U.S. South
    Social Forces, 2012
    Co-Authors: Heather A. O’connell
    Abstract:

    Despite Civil Rights legislation, Racial Inequality persists, especially in the context of poverty. This study advances the literature on Racial Inequality and the Southern legacy of slavery by examining slavery's relationship with Inequality in poverty. I analyze county-level U.S. Census data using regression and spatial data analysis techniques. I find the 1860 slave concentration is related to contemporary black-white Inequality in poverty, independent of contemporary demographic and economic conditions, Racialized wealth disparities and Racial threat. My research suggests the importance of slavery for shaping existing U.S. Racial Inequality patterns. Insights derived from this research, including the formulation of legacy as a place-based, continuous phenomenon that is distinct from Racial threat, provide the basis for future research on legacy's mechanisms.