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Chuan-guo Xiao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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xiao procedure for neurogenic bladder in spinal cord injury and spina bifida
Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports, 2012Co-Authors: Chuan-guo XiaoAbstract:The Xiao procedure, which reroutes nerves surgically to establish a somatic–autonomic Reflex Arc for restoring voluntary bladder and bowel control in patients with spinal cord injury or spina bifida, is reviewed in this article on its history, current status, and how to optimize its efficiency.
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Immunohistochemical characterization of pelvic neurons projecting to the bladder in rats with the artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc
Chinese journal of experimental surgery, 2010Co-Authors: Chuan-guo XiaoAbstract:Objective Retrograde-tracing and immunohistochemical techniques were used in combination to investigate the types of putative transmitters in pelvic ganglia neurons projecting to the bladder of rats with the artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc. Methods The artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc was established in 8 rats by end-to-end microanastomosis of the proximal stump of the left L4 ventral root to the distal stump of L6 ventral root. The major pelvic ganglia (MPG) neurons innervating the urinary bladder were labeled by retrograde axonal tracing methods with the use of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the bladder wall and identified with TMB-HRP reaction. Then immunohistochemical (ChAT, TH, VIP, SP) and histochemical methods (NADPH-diaphorase activity and nitric oxide synthase immunoreac-tivity) were used to identify the neurotransmitters of HRP-labeled neurons projecting to the bladder. Results HRP-labeled neurons with spherical or oval shape mainly distributed in the MPG. The HRP-labeled neurons were positive for ChAT (112/279, 40. 1%), TH (50/245,20.4%), VIP(25/233, 10.7%), NOS ( 15/230, 6. 5% ) or SP (8/242, 3. 3% ) respectively. Conclusion These results suggest that ace-tylcholine and adrenaline are the predominant neurotransmitters of postganglionic neurons innervating bladder in rats with the artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc. VIP, NO and SP may be as the neurotransmitters or neuromodulators to participate the procedure of urinary storage and voiding. Key words: Bladder; Pelvic ganglion; Neurotransmitter; Artificial Reflex Arc
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Morphological changes of cholinergic nerve fibers in the urinary bladder after establishment of artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc in rats.
Neuroscience Bulletin, 2007Co-Authors: Hanzhi Wang, Can Wen, Chuan-guo XiaoAbstract:Objective To establish an artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc in rats and observe the following distributive changes of neural fibers in the bladder.
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Distribution of rats' pelvic muscles motoneurons innervated by artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc
Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery, 2005Co-Authors: Ping Cheng, Chuan-guo XiaoAbstract:OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of rats' pelvic muscles motoneurons innervated by artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex are. METHODS Thirty-five SD rats were randomly divided into normal group (n = 10) and model group (n= 25). The rats in the normal group were given no treatment. In the normal group, the artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc was established. Six months after establishing the model, external urethral sphincter (EUS), ischiocavernosus (IC), bulbocavernosus (BS) and external anal sphincter (EAS) of the rats in normal group (n = 10) and of the rats in model group A (n = 20) were injected with fluoro-gold (FG). The reversal neural tracing was done. FG positive neural cells were observed by fluorescent microscope. Malt agglutinator binding horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) was injected into L4 spinal cord of the rats in model group B (n = 5) as the anterograde tracer. After being treated with TMB-HRP reaction, the axon endings in the neuromuscular junction in pelvic striated muscles (EUS, IC, BS, EAS) were investigated with light microscopes. RESULTS In normal group, EUS and IC injections resulted in transport of FG to neurons in the dorsolateral nucleus (DL) of the ventral horn of the L5-S1, and BS and EAS in the dorsomedial nucleus (DM) of ventral horn in the L5-S1. In the model group A, EUS, IC, BS and EAS injections resulted in transport of FG to neurons in the left ventral horn in the L4. In model group B, after WGA-HRP was injected into the L4 left ventral horn, HRP positive axon terminals were observed in the EUS, IC, BS and EAS. CONCLUSION In the normal rats, the pelvic striated muscles motoneurons locate in the ventral horn of L5-S1. In the model rats, the pelvic striated muscles motoneurons innervated by artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc locate in the ventral horn of the L4. After the artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc is established, the isomerous nerve fiber innervates EUS, IC, BS and EAS.
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Efferent neurotransmitter study of the artificial somatic-autonomic Reflex Arc
Chinese journal of experimental surgery, 2004Co-Authors: Chuan-guo XiaoAbstract:Objective To study the neurotransmitters of efferent nerve of the artificial somatic autonomic Reflex Arc.Methods The artificial somatic autonomic Reflex Arc was established in rat by intra dural microanastomosis of the left L4 ventral root to L6 ventral root.The eight model rats were divided into two groups ( n =4 in each group).Fluorogold (FG) was injected into the left major pelvic ganglia (MPG) in one group,while horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the external urethral sphincter (EUS) in the other group.The neurotransmitter (acetylcholine,Ach) of FG or HRP labeled neurons in spinal cord was studied by immunohistochemical technique to detect choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).Results FG or HRP labeled neurons were observed in the left ventral horn from the caudal part of L3 segment to the rostral part of L5.Most FG labeled neurons (133/151,88%) and HRP positive neurons (93/102,91%) were positive for ChAT immunoreactivity.Conclusion Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter of efferent nerve of the artificial somatic autonomic Reflex Arc.The main neurotransmitter of regenerated nerve was not changed after anastomosis of the somatic motor nerve to autonomic motor nerve.
Qiong Xiao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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skin cns bladder Reflex pathway for micturition after spinal cord injury and its underlying mechanisms
The Journal of Urology, 1999Co-Authors: Chuan-guo Xiao, William C De Groat, Ciril J Godec, Qiong XiaoAbstract:AbstractPurpose: A “skin-CNS-bladder” Reflex pathway for inducing micturition after spinal cord injury has been established in cat. This Reflex pathway which is basically a somatic Reflex Arc with a modified efferent limb that passes somatic motor impulses to the bladder, has been designed to allow spinal cord injured patients to initiate voiding by scratching the skin.Materials and Methods: The skin-CNS-bladder Reflex was established in the cat by intradural microanastomosis of the left L7 ventral root (VR) to the S1 VR while leaving the L7 dorsal root (DR) intact to conduct cutaneous afferent signals that can trigger the new micturition Reflex Arc. After allowing 11 weeks for axonal regeneration, urodynamic, pharmacological and electrophysiological studies were conducted in pentobarbital or chloralose anesthetized animals.Results: A detrusor contraction was initiated at short latency by scratching the skin or by percutaneous electrical stimulation in the L7 dermatome. Maximal bladder pressures during th...
Pasko Rakic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structure of the embryonic primate spinal cord at the closure of the first Reflex Arc
Anatomy and Embryology, 1995Co-Authors: Elizabeth Knyihár-csillik, Bert Csillik, Pasko RakicAbstract:Early development of the spinal cord was studied in macaque monkey embryos, using light- and electron microscopy, Golgi impregnation and [^3H]thymidine radioautography. All neurons engaged in the first Reflex Arc are generated before E27 in the 165 day gestation period. The earliest-generated cells differentiate into motoneurons while the commissural and association neurons are generated later. Synaptogenesis starts at E27 in the basal plate, and 2 days later in the alar plate. The first synapses appear as symmetrical junctions situated on the neuronal perikarya and proximal dendrites. Closure of the first spinal Reflex Arc is established within 2 days and follows an antidromic pattern as related to the physiological spread of nerve impulses: synapses on motoneuronal somata and primary dendrites in the basal plate appear first and are followed by synapses in the alar plate, between dorsal root axon collaterals and somata of borderline (commissural/association) neurons. Commissural axons grow towards the floor plate, cross the midline and proceed caudo-rostrally, while association fibers remain ipsilateral. The first wave of apoptosis (programmed cell death) thins out dense populations of nerve and glial cells by E30. Some of the early-generated borderine cells that form commissural and association interneurons, seem to play the role of transient target cells and die once the definitive axonal pathways are established. Since transient cells form numerous synapses, deprivation from the afferent impulses is not a likely cause of their elimination. The present results indicate that the initial developmental events, including formation of the first Reflex Arc in the primate spinal cord, occur considerably earlier in respect to birth than in other mammals, but that the schedule of cellular events and cellular mechanisms seem to be the same.
Chunlin Hou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An experimental study of artificial murine bladder Reflex Arc established by abdominal Reflex.
Chinese medical journal, 2011Co-Authors: Jin-wu Wang, Chunlin Hou, Yu-wu Zhao, Bi-yu Rui, Shang-chun Guo, Xianyou Zheng, Kerong DaiAbstract:BACKGROUND The neurogenic bladder dysfunction caused by spinal cord injury is difficult to treat clinically. The aim of this reseArch was to establish an artificial bladder Reflex Arc in rats through abdominal Reflex pathway above the level of spinal cord injury, reinnervate the neurogenic bladder and restore bladder micturition. METHODS The outcome was achieved by intradural microanastomosis of the right T13 ventral root to S2 ventral root with autogenous nerve grafting, leaving the right T13 dorsal root intact. Long-term function of the Reflex Arc was assessed from nerve electrophysiological data and intravesical pressure tests during 8 months postoperation. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing was performed to observe the effectiveness of the artificial Reflex. RESULTS Single stimulus (3 mA, 0.3 ms pulses, 20 Hz, 5-second duration) on the right T13 dorsal root resulted in evoked action potentials, raised intravesical pressures and bladder smooth muscle, compound action potential recorded from the right vesical plexus before and after the spinal cord transaction injury between L5 and S4 segmental in 12 Sprague-Dawley rats. There were HRP labelled cells in T13 ventral horn on the experimental side and in the intermediolateral nucleus on both sides of the L6-S4 segments after HRP injection. There was no HRP labelled cell in T13 ventral horn on the control side. CONCLUSION Using the surviving somatic Reflex above the level of spinal cord injury to reconstruct the bladder autonomous Reflex Arc by intradural microanastomosis of ventral root with a segment of autologous nerve grafting is practical in rats and may have clinical applications for humans.
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Innervation of reconstructed bladder above the level of spinal cord injury for inducing micturition by contractions of the abdomen-to-bladder Reflex Arc.
Neurosurgery, 2010Co-Authors: Haodong Lin, Chunlin Hou, Aimin ChenAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To establish an artificial bladder Reflex Arc in dogs via an abdominal Reflex pathway above the level of spinal cord injury to reinnervate the neurogenic bladder and restore controllable micturition. METHODS:Ten beagles were used in the experiment. We anastomosed the proximal end of the rightT1 2 ventral root and distal end of the right S2 ventral root by performing autogenous nerve grafting to build an abdomen-to-bladder Reflex, whereas the rightT1 2 dorsal root was kept intact. The early function of the Reflex Arc was evaluated by performing electrophysiological studies as well as by the measurement of intravesicular pressure and histological examination. RESULTS: Single focal stimulation of the rightT12 intercostal nerves elicited evoked action potentials at the right vesicular plexus before and after horizontal spinal cord transaction between the L4 and S3 levels. Bladder contraction was successfully initiated by trains of stimuli targeting the rightT12 intercostal nerves. The bladder pressures and amplitude of the complex action potentials at the bladder smooth muscles were unchanged after paraplegia was induced; they were comparable to those of the control. Prominent axonal sprouting was observed in the distal part of the nerve graft. CONCLUSION: Our data showed the effectiveness of bladder innervation above the level of spinal cord injury in inducing micturition by abdomen-to-bladder Reflex contractions and, therefore, might provide a new clinical approach for restoring bladder function in individuals with paraplegia.
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Reconstructed bladder innervation below the level of spinal cord injury: the knee-tendon to bladder artificial Reflex Arc.
The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2009Co-Authors: Xianyou Zheng, Chunlin Hou, Hong-bin Zhong, Aimin Chen, Jianhuo WangAbstract:Background/Objective: To study the effectiveness of knee-tendon to bladder artificial Reflex Arc in dogs.Methods: In 6 beagles, the proximal end of the right L5 anterior motor root and the distal e...
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ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION Reconstructed Bladder Innervation Below the Level of Spinal Cord Injury: The Knee-Tendon to Bladder Artificial Reflex Arc
2009Co-Authors: Xianyou Zheng, Chunlin Hou, Hong-bin Zhong, Aimin Chen, Jianhuo WangAbstract:Background/Objective: To study the effectiveness of knee-tendon to bladder artificial Reflex Arc in dogs. Methods: In 6 beagles, the proximal end of the right L5 anterior motor root and the distal end of the right S2 anterior root were anastomosed to build a knee-tendon to bladder Reflex, whereas the right L5 posterior sensory root was kept intact. Action potential (AP) curves and electromyograms (EMGs) of the detrusor muscle, the intravesical pressure, horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled neurons, and the passing rates of myelinic nerve fibers were calculated to evaluate its feasibility. Results: AP curves and EMG detected in all 6 dogs were similar to those of the control. Six and 18 months after surgery, the means for bladder contraction induced by percussion of the right knee-tendon were 38 6 27% and 62 6 5% that of the normal control, respectively. The mean duration times induced by percussion of the right knee-tendon at 6 and 18 months after surgery were 516 37% and 84 6 12% that of the normal control, respectively. HRP retrograde tracing and neurohistologic observation indicated the feasibility of the artificial Reflex Arc. Conclusions: Our data showed the effectiveness of bladder innervation below the level of spinal cord injury producing urination by knee-tendon to bladder Reflex contractions, and therefore, might provide a new clinical approach for restoring bladder function in individuals with paraplegia.
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An experimental study of establishment of physiological Reflex Arc after conus medullary injury in rats
Zhongguo xiu fu chong jian wai ke za zhi = Zhongguo xiufu chongjian waike zazhi = Chinese journal of reparative and reconstructive surgery, 2008Co-Authors: Haodong Lin, Chunlin Hou, Xianyou Zheng, Jianhuo WangAbstract:OBJECTIVE To establish an artificial physiological Reflex Arc with reconstruction of the sensory and the motorial functions of atonic bladder simultaneously after the conus medullary injury in rats. METHODS Twenty 3-month-old male SD rats, with the weight of 250 to 300 g, were included. The right side was the experimental side, while the left side served as a control. Intradural microanastomosis of the right L5 ventral root to S2 ventral root and L5 dorsal root to S2 dorsal root was performed to reconstruct the sensory and the motorial functions of atonic bladder. After axonal regeneration, the new motor-to-motor and sensory-to-sensory artificial bladder Reflex pathway was established. At 5 months postoperatively, the early function of the Reflex Arc was observed by electrophysiological examinations, and the bladder pressure was tested. RESULTS Eighteen rats survived for 5 months after the operation. Single stimuli (3 mA, 0.3 ms) of the S2 dorsal root of the experimental side resulted in evoked potentials recorded from the right vesical plexus before and after the spinal cord was destroyed horizontally between L6 and S4 segmental levels. The amplitudes of the evoked potentials were (0.10 +/- 0.02) mV and (0.11 +/- 0.03) mV, respectively, before and after paraplegia, and there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). The figures of the evoked potentials were similar to those of the control side. Bladder contraction was initiated by trains of stimuli (3 mA, 20 Hz, 5 s) of the S2 dorsal root of the experimental side. The bladder pressures were (6.55 +/- 1.33) cmH2O and (6.11 +/- 2.01) cmH2O, respectively, and the amplitudes of bladder smooth muscle complex action potential were (0.11 +/- 0.02) mV and (0.11 +/- 0.03) mV, respectively, before and after paraplegia. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05). These figures were similar to those of the control side before paraplegia. Before paraplegia, when the S2 dorsal root of the control side was stimulated, the amplitude of the evoked potential was (0.14 +/- 0.02) mV, the bladder pressures was (10.77 +/- 1.78) cmH2O and the amplitude of bladder smooth muscle complex action potential was (0.17 +/- 0.02) mV. There was statistically significant difference between the experimental side and the control side (P < 0.01). All the results of electrophysiological examinations and bladder pressure were negative when the left S2 dorsal root was stimulated after paraplegia. CONCLUSION Suprasacral nerve motor-to-motor and sensory-to-sensory transfers after the spinal cord injury to reconstruct the bladder autonomic Reflex Arc by intradural microanastomosis of ventral root and the dorsal root between L5 and S2 simultaneously is practical in a rat model and may have potential in clinical application.
Ciril J Godec - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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skin cns bladder Reflex pathway for micturition after spinal cord injury and its underlying mechanisms
The Journal of Urology, 1999Co-Authors: Chuan-guo Xiao, William C De Groat, Ciril J Godec, Qiong XiaoAbstract:AbstractPurpose: A “skin-CNS-bladder” Reflex pathway for inducing micturition after spinal cord injury has been established in cat. This Reflex pathway which is basically a somatic Reflex Arc with a modified efferent limb that passes somatic motor impulses to the bladder, has been designed to allow spinal cord injured patients to initiate voiding by scratching the skin.Materials and Methods: The skin-CNS-bladder Reflex was established in the cat by intradural microanastomosis of the left L7 ventral root (VR) to the S1 VR while leaving the L7 dorsal root (DR) intact to conduct cutaneous afferent signals that can trigger the new micturition Reflex Arc. After allowing 11 weeks for axonal regeneration, urodynamic, pharmacological and electrophysiological studies were conducted in pentobarbital or chloralose anesthetized animals.Results: A detrusor contraction was initiated at short latency by scratching the skin or by percutaneous electrical stimulation in the L7 dermatome. Maximal bladder pressures during th...