The Experts below are selected from a list of 34758 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Hansgeorg Hofer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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projekt v t paul martini kurt gutzeit und die vergleichende therapie 1939 1949 paul martini kurt gutzeit and comparative therapy 1939 1949
2020Co-Authors: Christian Sammer, Hansgeorg HoferAbstract:In medical historiography, clinical-therapeutic research is usually presented as an Anglo-American success story that only began after the Second World War. However, Paul Martini, who headed clinics in Berlin and Bonn, had already outlined the methods and virtues of an experimentally controlled research of clinical efficacy in 1932. This article seeks to fathom the resonances and implementation initiatives that Martini’s methodological Reform Program experienced during the Nazi era. The article focuses on a research project called Comparative Therapy ( Vergleichende Therapie – V. T.), conceived by Martini and developed at the beginning of the war in cooperation with the Breslau (Wroclaw) internist Kurt Gutzeit. This large-scale project, which was carried out between 1940 and 1944 within the framework of military medical institutions, was intended to identify effective and efficient therapies. Under wartime conditions, the project increasingly encountered difficulties that could not be overcome. Moreover, the ethical implications of the conflict between research and treatment became apparent. In the end, V. T. achieved the opposite of what had been intended: in the post-war period, the failed project added to the scepticism about schematic clinical research controlled by statistical methods, which could only be established in Germany with delay.
Christian Sammer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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projekt v t paul martini kurt gutzeit und die vergleichende therapie 1939 1949 paul martini kurt gutzeit and comparative therapy 1939 1949
2020Co-Authors: Christian Sammer, Hansgeorg HoferAbstract:In medical historiography, clinical-therapeutic research is usually presented as an Anglo-American success story that only began after the Second World War. However, Paul Martini, who headed clinics in Berlin and Bonn, had already outlined the methods and virtues of an experimentally controlled research of clinical efficacy in 1932. This article seeks to fathom the resonances and implementation initiatives that Martini’s methodological Reform Program experienced during the Nazi era. The article focuses on a research project called Comparative Therapy ( Vergleichende Therapie – V. T.), conceived by Martini and developed at the beginning of the war in cooperation with the Breslau (Wroclaw) internist Kurt Gutzeit. This large-scale project, which was carried out between 1940 and 1944 within the framework of military medical institutions, was intended to identify effective and efficient therapies. Under wartime conditions, the project increasingly encountered difficulties that could not be overcome. Moreover, the ethical implications of the conflict between research and treatment became apparent. In the end, V. T. achieved the opposite of what had been intended: in the post-war period, the failed project added to the scepticism about schematic clinical research controlled by statistical methods, which could only be established in Germany with delay.
Mark J Ramseyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the fable of land Reform leases and credit markets in occupied japan
2015Co-Authors: Mark J RamseyerAbstract:Development officials and scholars routinely argue that land Reform can raise productivity. It may not always do so, they write, but it can—and during 1947–1950 in Japan it did. Land Reform may sometimes raise productivity, but it did not raise it in Japan. The claim that it did is a fable, a tale people tell and re-tell only because they wish it were true. A lease is a credit transaction—a way for local elites (tied to local information networks in ways that banks can never be) to extend funds to farmers. Elites could lend money directly, but would need to create a security interest to protect their loans. Doing so requires legal procedures, however, and most local elites in prewar Japan lacked the university education necessary to manipulate those procedures. By contrast, a lease lets local elites protect their funds simply by retaining the right to evict tenants who fail to pay. As such, it represents a way for investors and farmers jointly to economize on credit market costs. The Japanese land Reform Program effectively banned this transaction-cost economizing credit-market strategy, expropriated the wealth of the investors who used it—and cut the rate of growth in agricultural productivity
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fable of land Reform expropriation and redistribution in occupied japan
2012Co-Authors: Mark J RamseyerAbstract:Land Reform will not just reduce rural poverty, write development officials. It can raise productivity. It can promote civic engagement. Scholars routinely concur. Land Reform may not always raise productivity and civic engagement, but it can - and during 1947-50 in occupied Japan it did.This account of the Japanese land Reform Program is a fable, a story officials and scholars tell because they wish it were true. It is not. The Program did not hasten productivity growth. Instead, it probably retarded it. The areas with the most land transferred under the Program did not experience the fastest rates of productivity growth. They experienced the slowest.Land Reform reduced agricultural growth rates by interfering with the allocation of credit. A tenancy contract is a lease, and a lease is a capital market transaction. By precluding the use of leases, land Reform effectively increased the cost of capital, reduced the amount of credit, and reduced the accuracy with which investors could target that credit. Banks provide an obvious alternative source of credit -- and post-land-Reform, the areas with the fastest growth rates were those areas with the best access to those banks.The fable of land Reform rests on a fictitious account of pre-war Japan. Scholars assume tenancy rates reflected poverty levels. They did not. Instead, they reflected levels of social capital. Leases were not most common in the poorest communities. Given their character as capital market transactions, they were most common in those communities where investors could turn to social networks to induce farmers to keep their word.
Martin Rama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the gender implications of public sector downsizing the Reform Program of vietnam
2001Co-Authors: Martin RamaAbstract:Men and women may be affected differently by the transition from central planning to a market economy and especially by the privatization and restructuring of state-owned enterprises. After briefly reviewing the international evidence on this issue, the author looks at the recent experience of Vietnam and the prospects of its new Reform Program. During the massive downsizing in Vietnam in the early 1990s, many more women than men were laid off. Women withdrew from the labor force in larger numbers than men after separation, but the difference nearly vanished after a year. Economic Reforms were associated with a considerable decline in the gender gap in earnings, both in the state sector and outside it. Women are less likely to be retrenched in large numbers in the downsizing in the early part of this decade. Labor redundancies are concentrated in male-dominated sectors, such as mining, transport, and construction; redundancies are smaller in female-dominated sectors, such as footwear, textiles, and garments. Moreover, temporary and short-term contracts are more prevalent in female-dominated sectors, suggesting demand for women's work. Assistance Programs for redundant workers have potential gender biases. The authors shows that separation packages defined as a multiple of earnings favor men more, while lump-sum packages favor women more. Packages based on seniority are roughly gender neutral, but require a substantially higher expenditure to reach the same acceptance rate as the other two.
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the gender implications of public sector downsizing the Reform Program of vietnam
2001Co-Authors: Martin RamaAbstract:Men and women may be affected differently by the transition from central planning to a market economy and especially by the privatization and restructuring of state-owned enterprises. In Vietnam during the massive downsizing in the early 1990s, many more women than men were laid off. But in the downsizing in the early part of this decade women are less likely than men to be retrenched in large numbers. Men and women may be affected differently by the transition from central planning to a market economy and especially by the privatization and restructuring of state-owned enterprises. After briefly reviewing the international evidence on this issue, Rama looks at the recent experience of Vietnam and the prospects of its new Reform Program. During the massive downsizing in Vietnam in the early 1990s, many more women than men were laid off. Women withdrew from the labor force in larger numbers than men after separation, but the difference nearly vanished after a year. Economic Reforms were associated with a considerable decline in the gender gap in earnings, both in the state sector and outside it. Women are less likely to be retrenched in large numbers in the downsizing in the early part of this decade. Labor redundancies are concentrated in male-dominated sectors, such as mining, transport, and construction; redundancies are smaller in female-dominated sectors, such as footwear, textiles, and garments. Moreover, temporary and short-term contracts are more prevalent in female-dominated sectors, suggesting demand for women's work. Assistance Programs for redundant workers have potential gender biases. Rama shows that separation packages defined as a multiple of earnings favor men more, while lump-sum packages favor women more. Packages based on seniority are roughly gender neutral, but require a substantially higher expenditure to reach the same acceptance rate as the other two. This paper - a product of Public Service Delivery, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to address social protection issues in the context of economic Reforms. The study was supported by the Vietnam Country Office, East Asia and Pacific Region, and by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project "Efficient Public Sector Downsizing" (RPO 683-67). The author may be contacted at mrama@worldbank.org.
Jean Tirole - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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introduction financial crises liquidity and the international monetary system
2015Co-Authors: Jean TiroleAbstract:Once upon a time, economists saw capital account liberalization--the free and unrestricted flow of capital in and out of countries--as unambiguously good. Good for debtor states, good for the world economy. No longer. Spectacular banking and currency crises in recent decades have shattered the consensus. In this remarkably clear and pithy volume, one of Europe's leading economists examines these crises, the Reforms being undertaken to prevent them, and how global financial institutions might be restructured to this end. Jean Tirole first analyzes the current views on the crises and on the Reform of the international financial architecture. Reform proposals often treat the symptoms rather than the fundamentals, he argues, and sometimes fail to reconcile the objectives of setting effective financing conditions while ensuring that a country "owns" its Reform Program. A proper identification of market failures is essential to Reformulating the mission of an institution such as the IMF, he emphasizes. Next he adapts the basic principles of corporate governance, liquidity provision, and risk management of corporations to the particulars of country borrowing. Building on a "dual- and common-agency perspective," he revisits commonly advocated policies and considers how multilateral organizations can help debtor countries reap enhanced benefits while liberalizing their capital accounts. Based on the Paolo Baffi Lecture the author delivered at the Bank of Italy, this refreshingly accessible book is teeming with rich insights that researchers, policymakers, and students at all levels will find indispensable.
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introduction financial crises liquidity and the international monetary system
2015Co-Authors: Jean TiroleAbstract:Once upon a time, economists saw capital account liberalization--the free and unrestricted flow of capital in and out of countries--as unambiguously good. Good for debtor states, good for the world economy. No longer. Spectacular banking and currency crises in recent decades have shattered the consensus. In this remarkably clear and pithy volume, one of Europe's leading economists examines these crises, the Reforms being undertaken to prevent them, and how global financial institutions might be restructured to this end. Jean Tirole first analyzes the current views on the crises and on the Reform of the international financial architecture. Reform proposals often treat the symptoms rather than the fundamentals, he argues, and sometimes fail to reconcile the objectives of setting effective financing conditions while ensuring that a country "owns" its Reform Program. A proper identification of market failures is essential to Reformulating the mission of an institution such as the IMF, he emphasizes. Next he adapts the basic principles of corporate governance, liquidity provision, and risk management of corporations to the particulars of country borrowing. Building on a "dual- and common-agency perspective," he revisits commonly advocated policies and considers how multilateral organizations can help debtor countries reap enhanced benefits while liberalizing their capital accounts. Based on the Paolo Baffi Lecture the author delivered at the Bank of Italy, this refreshingly accessible book is teeming with rich insights that researchers, policymakers, and students at all levels will find indispensable.
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financial crises liquidity and the international monetary system
2002Co-Authors: Jean TiroleAbstract:Once upon a time, economists saw capital account liberalization--the free and unrestricted flow of capital in and out of countries--as unambiguously good. Good for debtor states, good for the world economy. No longer. Spectacular banking and currency crises in recent decades have shattered the consensus. In this remarkably clear and pithy volume, one of Europe's leading economists examines these crises, the Reforms being undertaken to prevent them, and how global financial institutions might be restructured to this end. Jean Tirole first analyzes the current views on the crises and on the Reform of the international financial architecture. Reform proposals often treat the symptoms rather than the fundamentals, he argues, and sometimes fail to reconcile the objectives of setting effective financing conditions while ensuring that a country "owns" its Reform Program. A proper identification of market failures is essential to Reformulating the mission of an institution such as the IMF, he emphasizes. Next he adapts the basic principles of corporate governance, liquidity provision, and risk management of corporations to the particulars of country borrowing. Building on a "dual- and common-agency perspective," he revisits commonly advocated policies and considers how multilateral organizations can help debtor countries reap enhanced benefits while liberalizing their capital accounts. Based on the Paolo Baffi Lecture the author delivered at the Bank of Italy, this refreshingly accessible book is teeming with rich insights that researchers, policymakers, and students at all levels will find indispensable.