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Philip J Corr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire: Factor Structure Based on CFA and ESEM, and Associations with ADHD.
Journal of personality assessment, 2020Co-Authors: Rapson Gomez, Shaun Watson, Johan Van Wynen, Steven Trawley, Vasileios Stavropoulos, Philip J CorrAbstract:Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) of personality is a major neuropsychological Theory of motivation, emotion and personality. This paper presents the results of a study examining: (1) the factor structure of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM); and (2) the relationships of the r-RST constructs in the RST-PQ with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom groups of inattention (IA) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI). A total of 572 (Sample 1) and 309 (Sample 2) adults completed the RST-PQ. Participants in Sample 2 also completed a questionnaire measuring ADHD symptoms. Results revealed more support for the ESEM model with six factors than the CFA model. For both the ESEM and CFA models, both IA and HI symptom groups were associated positively with the RST-PQ constructs of behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) Impulsivity, with IA also associated negatively with the BAS-Goal-Drive Persistence. The theoretical implications of these findings for understanding the factor structure of the RST-PQ, and for ADHD (IA and HI) in terms of r-RST, are discussed.
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Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality questionnaire factor structure based on cfa and esem and associations with adhd
Journal of Personality Assessment, 2020Co-Authors: Rapson Gomez, Shaun Watson, Johan Van Wynen, Steven Trawley, Vasileios Stavropoulos, Philip J CorrAbstract:Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) of personality is a major neuropsychological Theory of motivation, emotion and personality. This paper presents the results of a study examining: (1...
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what motivates academic dishonesty in students a Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory explanation
British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Alison M Bacon, Chloe Mcdaid, Natasha Williams, Philip J CorrAbstract:BACKGROUND: Academic dishonesty (AD) is an increasing challenge for universities worldwide. The rise of the Internet has further increased opportunities for students to cheat. AIMS: In this study, we investigate the role of personality traits defined within Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) as potential determinants of AD. RST defines behaviour as resulting from approach (Reward Interest/reactivity, goal-drive, and Impulsivity) and avoidance (behavioural inhibition and Fight-Flight-Freeze) motivations. We further consider the role of deep, surface, or achieving study motivations in mediating/moderating the relationship between personality and AD. SAMPLE: A sample of UK undergraduates (N = 240). METHOD: All participants completed the RST Personality Questionnaire, a short-form version of the study process questionnaire and a measure of engagement in AD, its perceived prevalence, and seriousness. RESULTS: Results showed that RST traits account for additional variance in AD. Mediation analysis suggested that GDP predicted dishonesty indirectly via a surface study approach while the indirect effect via deep study processes suggested dishonesty was not likely. Likelihood of engagement in AD was positively associated with personality traits reflecting Impulsivity and Fight-Flight-Freeze behaviours. Surface study motivation moderated the Impulsivity effect and achieving motivation the FFFS effect such that cheating was even more likely when high levels of these processes were used. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that motivational personality traits defined within RST can explain variance in the likelihood of engaging in dishonest academic behaviours.
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how Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory relates to self determination Theory
Personality and Individual Differences, 2020Co-Authors: Dino Krupic, Philip J CorrAbstract:Abstract Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) are two well-known theoretical frameworks in the fields of personality and motivation. Despite their rich histories, they have not yet been studied together. Here we examine their empirical relationships with special emphasis on the behavioural approach system (BAS) of RST. Based on a community sample of 314 participants, our study examined relationships between: (1) RST-related personality factors of the RST-PQ and SPSRQ-20 questionnaires; and (2) the Aspiration Index for goal-orientation within SDT. Regression analyses revealed that BAS factors explained intrinsic and extrinsic goals, whereas the defensive behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) did not. Furthermore, BAS scales differentially predicted intrinsic and extrinsic classes of goals, which suggests their unique effects should be considered when attempting to provide a theoretical account of human motivation within the RST framework.
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The psychometric properties of the Turkish version of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory - Personality Questionnaire – Children (RST-PQ-C)
Personality and Individual Differences, 2019Co-Authors: Ibrahim Bahtiyar, Philip J Corr, Dino KrupićAbstract:Abstract We report the results of a Turkish language translation of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire-Children (RST-PQ-C; Cooper, Stirling, Dawe, Pugnaghi, & Corr, 2017). Seven hundred and thirty-eight primary school students completed the Turkish version of the RST-PQ-C. Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for its structure and psychometric properties, confirming a three-factor structure: fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS), behavioural approach system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS). Results showed that RST-PQ-C Turkish version is a valid and reliable self-report measure of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST). This study contributes to the validation of the RST-PQ-C and it is hoped will facilitate research within the framework of r-RST on children in Cyprus and Turkey.
Chris J. Jackson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How process models of personality based on revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory suggest a way to organize personality structure (Conference Abstract)
Personality and Individual Differences, 2020Co-Authors: Ben Walker, Elliroma Gardiner, M. Collin, Peter J. O'connor, Chris J. JacksonAbstract:We distinguish within-person, process models of personality from the more widely researched between-person models of personality. The primary difference between these two model types is that process models provide an understanding of the dynamic processes at the individual level, whereas between-person models only advance knowledge of differences between people. We argue that revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory provides an excellent building block for process models of personality in which temperament is re-expressed through socio-cognitive mechanisms. We review four personality process models based on revised or original Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and demonstrate how such process models address research questions beyond the scope of between-person models. We advocate that process models of personality improve theoretical knowledge compared to between-person personality models and deserve greater attention.
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a comparison of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory with other contemporary personality models
Personality and Individual Differences, 2017Co-Authors: Benjamin R Walker, Chris J. Jackson, Ralph FrostAbstract:Abstract Gray and McNaughton's revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) is unique among personality models because it is based on contemporary neuroscience and animal learning. We advocate r-RST provides a basis through which to compare strengths and weaknesses of other biologically-based personality models. We compare r-RST to Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking and Jackson's Hybrid Model of Learning in Personality (HMLP), Elliot and Thrash's Approach and Avoidance Temperament Model (AATM), and Cloninger's Psychobiological Model of Temperament and Character (PMTC). We highlight that most modern models conflate or under-represent systems of r-RST despite possessing other admirable qualities. We think r-RST could be more widely used as a strong basic model of temperament with applications across work, clinical, educational, and other domains.
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examining the validity of the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory scales
Personality and Individual Differences, 2017Co-Authors: Benjamin R Walker, Chris J. JacksonAbstract:Abstract Several self-report scales are now available to measure Gray and McNaughton's revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST). To date, no research has evaluated all the studies used by these scales together in one article so researchers can assess their differential utility. This article attempts to address this issue with a summary of the studies used by the r-RST scales. We found that the Jackson 5 includes the most studies attesting to its validity, but recognize this as partly a function of it as the oldest scale. The Jackson 5 and the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire have been used by researchers other than the original authors, which suggests acceptance by the r-RST research community. Our hope is that this article is useful to researchers as a succinct summary of the validity of measures and also a commentary on the studies.
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integrating the context appropriate balanced attention model and Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory towards a domain general personality process model
QUT Business School, 2017Co-Authors: Michael D Collins, Chris J. Jackson, Benjamin R Walker, Peter J Oconnor, Elliroma GardinerAbstract:Over the last 40 years or more the personality literature has been dominated by trait models based on the Big Five (B5). Trait-based models describe personality at the between-person level but cannot explain the within-person mental mechanisms responsible for personality. Nor can they adequately account for variations in emotion and behavior experienced by individuals across different situations and over time. An alternative, yet understated, approach to personality architecture can be found in neurobiological theories of personality, most notably Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). In contrast to static trait-based personality models like the B5, RST provides a more plausible basis for a personality process model, namely, one that explains how emotions and behavior arise from the dynamic interaction between contextual factors and within-person mental mechanisms. In this article, the authors review the evolution of a neurobiologically based personality process model based on RST, the response modulation model and the context-appropriate balanced attention model. They argue that by integrating this complex literature, and by incorporating evidence from personality neuroscience, one can meaningfully explain personality at both the within- and between-person levels. This approach achieves a domain-general architecture based on RST and self-regulation that can be used to align within-person mental mechanisms, neurobiological systems and between-person measurement models.
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how process models of personality based on revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory suggest a way to organize personality structure
QUT Business School, 2016Co-Authors: Ben R Walker, Michael D Collins, Elliroma Gardiner, Peter J Oconnor, Chris J. JacksonAbstract:We distinguish within-person, process models of personality from the more widely researched between-person models of personality. The primary difference between these two model types is that process models provide an understanding of the dynamic processes at the individual level, whereas between-person models only advance knowledge of differences between people. We argue that revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory provides an excellent building block for process models of personality in which temperament is re-expressed through socio-cognitive mechanisms. We review four personality process models based on revised or original Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and demonstrate how such process models address research questions beyond the scope of between-person models. We advocate that process models of personality improve theoretical knowledge compared to between-person personality models and deserve greater attention.
Benjamin R Walker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and mindfulness
Personality and Individual Differences, 2020Co-Authors: Khalil Dolatyar, Benjamin R WalkerAbstract:Abstract Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory is a neurobiologically-based personality system that is expected to have relations with trait mindfulness, yet a discrete study has not been conducted to examine these constructs. This research is important to learn about the structure of human personality and the knowledge may be useful for clinical interventions. The aim of this research is to discern RST-mindfulness associations with the research question “how does RST predict mindfulness and its components?” The sample were 115 adults from the United States who completed the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire and Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire. It was found that BAS goal-drive persistence predicted mindfulness and its facets, BAS impulsivity negatively predicted the mindfulness facet of act with awareness, BIS negatively predicted mindfulness and its facets, and no relations were found for FFFS. These findings provide clarity on how RST influences mindfulness and targeted interventions may be conducted based on the results.
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Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and adult attachment: A replication study
Current Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Kimiya Shahzadi, Benjamin R WalkerAbstract:This study aimed to replicate Jiang and Tiliopoulos ( Personality and Individual Differences, 68 , 205–210, 2014 ) study on Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and adult attachment using the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) and Experiences in Close Relationships – Revised scale. Using a sample of 131 participants, this study was similar to Jiang and Tiliopoulos’s study in finding that the behavioural inhibition system and behavioural approach system (impulsivity) were positively related to attachment anxiety. However, Jiang and Tiliopoulos ( Personality and Individual Differences, 68 , 205–210, 2014 ) found the behavioural approach system (reward reactivity) negatively predicted attachment avoidance, whereas no effect was found in the current study. This study also found the behavioural inhibition system predicted attachment avoidance whereas no effect was found in Jiang and Tiliopoulos’s study. The effects that were found across both studies are considered to be robust and more research is needed regarding the differences between the studies.
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Mind, Body and Wellbeing: Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and Self-cultivation Systems as Wellbeing Influencers
Journal of Happiness Studies, 2020Co-Authors: Genevieve Sovereign, Benjamin R WalkerAbstract:This research explored relationships between personality factors and subjective wellbeing, and how those relationships might be influenced through the practice of mind–body self-cultivation systems such as yoga or martial arts. All three factors of the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality were hypothesised to predict subjective wellbeing in this study’s online recruited sample of 170 system practitioners. The Fight-Flight-Freeze System (FFFS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) were expected to predict subjective wellbeing negatively, whilst the Behavioral Approach System was expected to predict it positively. Results supported the latter two hypotheses, but unexpectedly found the FFFS-wellbeing relationship to be positive rather than negative. System practice was found to moderate only the BIS-wellbeing relationship: as practice time per week increased, so did wellbeing, particularly for higher-BIS practitioners. These results suggest that conflict between one’s reward and punishment motivation systems could undermine wellbeing. If so, then streamlining cognitive processes in behavioural choice-making might be more important to wellbeing than outright expressions of approach and avoidance behaviour. Put another way, there may be wisdom in the axiom that it is not the path one chooses which is important but only how one walks it.
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Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and Problem Gambling in a General Population Sample
Journal of Gambling Studies, 2019Co-Authors: Nicola Farrell, Benjamin R WalkerAbstract:This study examined the impact of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) on two measures of problem gambling. Using 112 general population adult participants, two measures of r-RST, the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality questionnaire (RST-PQ) and Jackson 5, were used to predict problem gambling operationalised using the South Oaks Gambling Screen and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Hypotheses were that the behavioural approach system (BAS) would positively predict problem gambling and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) would negatively predict problem gambling. Results found that the BIS negatively predicted problem gambling. The RST-PQ BAS reward reactivity subscale positively predicted problem gambling using the IGT. These findings add to the operational understanding of the r-RST personality model, its relationships to avoidance and approach behaviour in response to reward and punishment, and to understanding the aetiology of problem gambling.
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Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and relationship satisfaction via mastery
Personality and Individual Differences, 2019Co-Authors: Kimiya Shahzadi, Benjamin R WalkerAbstract:Abstract This study aimed to advance understanding of RST personality and romantic relationships. It examined the link between revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) and relationship satisfaction via the mediator mastery. The sample consisted of 110 United States participants who reported being in an exclusive relationship. The measures examined were Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ), Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), and Jackson's Mastery scale. The results highlight that revised Behavioral Approach Systems (BAS) and Reward Interest (BAS-RI) predicted relationship satisfaction. Mastery mediated BAS, BAS-RI, and Reward Reactivity (BAS-RR) with relationship satisfaction. Additionally, revised Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and Impulsivity (BAS-IMP) negatively predicted relationship satisfaction. Individuals with high reward Sensitivity and mastery may put more cognitive effort into a romantic relationship believing it is a goal that will reward them with happiness.
Dino Krupic - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory relates to self determination Theory
Personality and Individual Differences, 2020Co-Authors: Dino Krupic, Philip J CorrAbstract:Abstract Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) are two well-known theoretical frameworks in the fields of personality and motivation. Despite their rich histories, they have not yet been studied together. Here we examine their empirical relationships with special emphasis on the behavioural approach system (BAS) of RST. Based on a community sample of 314 participants, our study examined relationships between: (1) RST-related personality factors of the RST-PQ and SPSRQ-20 questionnaires; and (2) the Aspiration Index for goal-orientation within SDT. Regression analyses revealed that BAS factors explained intrinsic and extrinsic goals, whereas the defensive behavioural inhibition system (BIS) and the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) did not. Furthermore, BAS scales differentially predicted intrinsic and extrinsic classes of goals, which suggests their unique effects should be considered when attempting to provide a theoretical account of human motivation within the RST framework.
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the psychometric properties of the turkish version of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory personality questionnaire children rst pq c
Personality and Individual Differences, 2019Co-Authors: Ibrahim Bahtiyar, Philip J Corr, Dino KrupicAbstract:Abstract We report the results of a Turkish language translation of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire-Children (RST-PQ-C; Cooper, Stirling, Dawe, Pugnaghi, & Corr, 2017). Seven hundred and thirty-eight primary school students completed the Turkish version of the RST-PQ-C. Confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for its structure and psychometric properties, confirming a three-factor structure: fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS), behavioural approach system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS). Results showed that RST-PQ-C Turkish version is a valid and reliable self-report measure of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST). This study contributes to the validation of the RST-PQ-C and it is hoped will facilitate research within the framework of r-RST on children in Cyprus and Turkey.
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five Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory rst of personality questionnaires comparison validity and generalization
Personality and Individual Differences, 2016Co-Authors: Dino Krupic, Philip J Corr, Silvija Rucevic, Valerija Križanic, Asmir GracaninAbstract:There are six purpose-built Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) personality questionnaires currently in use to measure the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS), the behavioural inhibition system (BIS), and the behavioural approach system (BAS). They differ in their conceptualizations and operational constructs, and this poses a problem for their differential validity and the generalizability of results, and comparison of results from different studies. This paper examined the psychometric properties of five of these RST questionnaires, with a total sample of 821 participants, taken from the factor structures for the Croatian translations of BIS/BAS scales, SPSRQ, Jackson-5, RSQ and RST-PQ. Data were analysed by correlational and confirmatory factor analyses. We found some of these questionnaires achieved marginal to adequate fit indices, and they showed ambiguity in terms of convergent validity for all three general behavioural systems. These findings highlight the difficulties with generalization and comparison of results with the use of different RST questionnaires. Based on these findings, as well as the ongoing debate concerning how best to measure RST constructs, we provide information on how to interpret results from the studies conducted with different RST scales.
Natalie J Loxton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the relationship between trait mindfulness personality and psychological distress a revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory perspective
Personality and Individual Differences, 2016Co-Authors: Paul Harnett, Natalie J Loxton, Natasha ReidAbstract:Interest in the application of mindfulness-based intervention for the treatment of psychological disorders and promotion of wellbeing has grown exponentially in recent years. Mindfulness-based interventions have been found to be beneficial for treatment of various forms of psychopathology as well as improve psychological wellbeing and enhance physical health. Little research has investigated for whom and under what conditions training people to use mindfulness-based therapeutic techniques is most effective. Recent studies have found evidence that individual differences in personality traits are associated with mindfulness. For example, neuroticism has been found to be negatively associated with mindfulness. These associations raise the possibility that individual differences in personality may potentially moderate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions. In the present study we draw on Gray's revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) to examine relationships between personality traits, mindfulness and psychological distress. We found that the Flight, Fight, Freeze system mediated the relationship between trait mindfulness and psychological distress, while trait mindfulness moderated the relationship between the Flight, Fight, Freeze system and psychological distress. Both results are consistent with the suggestion that acquiring the skills from learning and practicing mindfulness techniques is potentially useful, particularly for threat-sensitive individuals with low to moderate levels of trait mindfulness.
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original and revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory in the prediction of executive functioning a test of relationships between dual systems
Personality and Individual Differences, 2014Co-Authors: Chris J. Jackson, Paul Harnett, Natalie J Loxton, Joseph Ciarrochi, Matthew J GulloAbstract:Executive functioning relates to cognitive processes that are effortful and controlled, whereas processes underlying personality are assumed to be routine and automatic (Elliot & Thrash, 2002, 2010). We evaluated potential influences between these dual systems by examining the link between executive functioning and biologically based personality measures associated with original Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (o-RST) and revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST). Results showed that flight (a tendency to commit to poorly planned, escape behavior) negatively predicted executive functioning. We find partial support for the general hypothesis of links between the dual systems. Generally, r-RST was a better predictor of executive functioning than o-RST. The proposed structure of the r-RST measurement model was confirmed.
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The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences - Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory, research, applications and future
The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences, 2013Co-Authors: Luke D Smillie, Natalie J Loxton, Rachel E AveryAbstract:In this chapter we review the approach-avoidance process Theory of personality proposed by Jeffrey Alan Gray (1970, 1973), now widely known as Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). We begin by placing RST in the broader context of Theory and research concerning approach and avoidance motivation. We then provide a snapshot of the animal research upon which the brain-behavior systems of RST were based. Next we discuss the vexed issue of how these systems might manifest themselves in personality space, and we review the latest empirical tests of RST as an explanation of personality variation. Finally, we consider applications of RST beyond personality: specifically, we review current opinion on the relevance of RST to psychopathology and clinical dysfunction and the potential for RST to underlie achievement motivation in learning and performance contexts. We conclude by looking to the future and highlighting a major challenge that we believe RST now faces.
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revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory implications for psychopathology and psychological health
Personality and Individual Differences, 2013Co-Authors: Paul Harnett, Natalie J Loxton, Chris J. JacksonAbstract:We examined the utility of revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (r-RST) in comparison with original Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (o-RST) in further understanding psychopathology and well-being. In line with Theory, we found o-BIS to be a non-specific predictor of anxiety and stress whereas r-BIS and r-FFFS scales were predictors of anxiety and stress. Consistent with the joint systems hypothesis, depression was associated with r-BIS, but only when r-BAS was low. The r-BAS, low o-BIS and low r-Freeze were the only predictors of psychological well-being. These findings suggest that r-BAS as we measured it reflects more functional approach behaviour than measures of o-BAS. Further, while o-BIS appears to be associated with broad negative affective states, the parsing of r-BIS from fear potentially provides r-RST with a more refined understanding of psychopathology and reduced well-being.
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Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory research applications and future
The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences, 2011Co-Authors: Luke D Smillie, Natalie J Loxton, Rachel E AveryAbstract:In this chapter we review the approach-avoidance process Theory of personality proposed by Jeffrey Alan Gray (1970, 1973), now widely known as Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST). We begin by placing RST in the broader context of Theory and research concerning approach and avoidance motivation. We then provide a snapshot of the animal research upon which the brain-behavior systems of RST were based. Next we discuss the vexed issue of how these systems might manifest themselves in personality space, and we review the latest empirical tests of RST as an explanation of personality variation. Finally, we consider applications of RST beyond personality: specifically, we review current opinion on the relevance of RST to psychopathology and clinical dysfunction and the potential for RST to underlie achievement motivation in learning and performance contexts. We conclude by looking to the future and highlighting a major challenge that we believe RST now faces.
