The Experts below are selected from a list of 282 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Kimberly S. Grant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology
    Information Resources in Toxicology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Steven G. Gilbert, Kimberly S. Grant
    Abstract:

    Publisher Summary Reproduction and development are fundamental to the existence and evolution of all life. The complex biological processes that are required for normal fetal development must be executed in an organized and precisely timed manner. If developmental processes deviate from these preprogrammed stages and sequences, errors in development can occur. Genetic and environmental perturbations to the developing fetus can be expressed at birth in the form of structural malformations (birth defects) and functional deficits (losses in neurobehavioral competence). The first written documentation of fetal malformations was discovered on the Tablet of Nineveh about 4000 years ago along the Tigris River. In the 15th and 16th centuries, structural anomalies in newborns were thought to be associated with the devil and there are cases in which both the mother and child were killed. Insight into the cause of birth defects advanced along with medical and scientific understanding. Expertise and knowledge of reproduction and development has coalesced into the scientific discipline of teratology. Teratology, derived from the Greek term for monster, originally focused on the causes and prevention of physical or gross malformations in offspring at birth but has now expanded to include studies on deviations in behavioral and sensory development.

  • Current Protocols in Toxicology - Nonhuman primates as animal models for Toxicology research.
    Current protocols in immunology, 1999
    Co-Authors: Thomas M. Burbacher, Kimberly S. Grant
    Abstract:

    There is a long history for the use of nonhuman primates in toxicological research. This unit reviews applications in Reproductive Toxicology and teratology, neural Toxicology and neurobehavioral Toxicology, immunoToxicology, respiratory (lung) Toxicology, and chemical carcinogenesis.

Patricia B Hoyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • 4 14 female Reproductive Toxicology
    Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences#R##N#Comprehensive Toxicology (Third Edition), 2018
    Co-Authors: Patricia B Hoyer
    Abstract:

    The mother serves a critical role in reproduction, such that fertility problems in females within a population may have a direct impact on Reproductive capabilities in the entire species. Reproductive Toxicology involves the study of the effects of xenobiotic agents on the development and Reproductive capacity of individuals. All of the important features of female Reproductive functions as they are or may be affected by exposure to occupational and environmental toxicants will be addressed in later chapters. The article also provides an overview of the topics that are covered in depth in the articles that follow.

  • Female Reproductive Toxicology
    Comprehensive Toxicology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Patricia B Hoyer
    Abstract:

    This is an update of PB Hoyer, Female Reproductive Toxicology, Comprehensive Toxicology, Second Edition, edited by Charlene A. McQueen, Elsevier, Oxford, 2010, Volume 11, Pages 339–345.

  • Reproductive Toxicology: current and future directions.
    Biochemical pharmacology, 2001
    Co-Authors: Patricia B Hoyer
    Abstract:

    During the 20th century, there has been an increased risk from environmental by-products that may be harmful to Reproductive function in humans. Therefore, as the 21st century begins, it is appropriate to evaluate future directions within the field of Reproductive Toxicology. This commentary identifies several approaches and developing technologies that would help research continue in a meaningful direction. Four areas for development are suggested, and selected examples of research involved in those areas are discussed: (1) Translational applications: workplace exposures thought to cause infertility in men (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, DBCP) and menstrual disturbances in women (2-bromopropane, 2BP) are given as examples of human effects that have prompted animal studies. (2) Exposure paradigms: extrapolating dosing in animals to exposures in humans becomes complex. Two examples of surprising findings using lower doses are cited: ovotoxicity caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and disrupted sexual differentiation caused by the fungicide vinclozolin. (3) Gender differences: predicting variable risk between women and men requires investigation of the effects of Reproductive toxicants in both genders. The phthalates provide a good example for this comparison. Whereas di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a Reproductive toxicant working by similar mechanisms in males and females, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) produces developmental effects in males and Reproductive tract effects in females. (4) Endocrine disruptors: recent research has identified environmental chemicals that disrupt Reproductive processes by altering the actions of endogenous steroid hormones. The endocrine disruptor issue is discussed in terms of evaluation of the actual risk these chemicals may pose in humans.

Thomas M. Burbacher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Raymond G York - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Reproductive Toxicology of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) in the rat.
    Toxicology, 2004
    Co-Authors: John L Butenhoff, Gerald L Kennedy, Steven R Frame, John C O'connor, Raymond G York
    Abstract:

    Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) is a surfactant used primarily as an aid in processing various fluoropolymers. Many Toxicology and epidemiological studies have been conducted with APFO; however, no specific information regarding functional reproduction was previously available. Therefore, the potential Reproductive toxicity of APFO across two generations of offspring was studied using current EPA OPPTS 870.3800 guidelines. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally with 0, 1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg APFO. Parental (P) generation rats ( approximately 6 weeks old) were dosed at least 70 days prior to mating and until sacrificed (after mating for male rats; after weaning for female rats). F(1)-generation rats were dosed similarly, beginning at weaning. The F(2)-generation pups were maintained through 22 days of lactation. Reproductive parameters evaluated in P- and F(1)-generation rats included estrous cycling, sperm number and quality, mating, fertility, natural delivery, and litter viability and growth. Age at sexual maturation in F(1), anogenital distance in F(2), and presence of nipples (males) in F(2)-generation pups were also determined. Feed consumption, body-weight gain, selected organ-weights, gross pathology and appropriate histopathology were evaluated. Reproductive endpoints including mating, fertility, and natural delivery were not affected in either generation. P- and F(1)-generation male rats showed decreased body weight, and liver and kidney weight increases at all doses. The 30 mg/kg F(1)-generation pups had decreased birth weight. Viability was reduced in the 30 mg/kg F(1)-generation pups in apparent relationship to reduced body weight at birth and weaning; however, F(2)-generation pups at 30 mg/kg, although somewhat lighter, did not show a loss in viability. Preputial separation and vaginal opening were somewhat delayed at 30 mg/kg, but these rats went on to show normal Reproductive performance. No-observed-adverse-effect-levels were >30 mg/kg for Reproductive function of P- and F(1)-generation rats, 10 mg/kg for F(1)-generation pup mortality, birth weight, and sexual maturation, and less than 1mg/kg for male body-weight and organ-weight changes.

  • the Reproductive Toxicology of ammonium perfluorooctanoate apfo in the rat
    Toxicology, 2004
    Co-Authors: John L Butenhoff, Gerald L Kennedy, Steven R Frame, John C Oconnor, Raymond G York
    Abstract:

    Abstract Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) is a surfactant used primarily as an aid in processing various fluoropolymers. Many Toxicology and epidemiological studies have been conducted with APFO; however, no specific information regarding functional reproduction was previously available. Therefore, the potential Reproductive toxicity of APFO across two generations of offspring was studied using current EPA OPPTS 870.3800 guidelines. Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were dosed orally with 0, 1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg APFO. Parental (P) generation rats (∼6 weeks old) were dosed at least 70 days prior to mating and until sacrificed (after mating for male rats; after weaning for female rats). F 1 -generation rats were dosed similarly, beginning at weaning. The F 2 -generation pups were maintained through 22 days of lactation. Reproductive parameters evaluated in P- and F 1 -generation rats included estrous cycling, sperm number and quality, mating, fertility, natural delivery, and litter viability and growth. Age at sexual maturation in F 1 , anogenital distance in F 2 , and presence of nipples (males) in F 2 -generation pups were also determined. Feed consumption, body-weight gain, selected organ-weights, gross pathology and appropriate histopathology were evaluated. Reproductive endpoints including mating, fertility, and natural delivery were not affected in either generation. P- and F 1 -generation male rats showed decreased body weight, and liver and kidney weight increases at all doses. The 30 mg/kg F 1 -generation pups had decreased birth weight. Viability was reduced in the 30 mg/kg F 1 -generation pups in apparent relationship to reduced body weight at birth and weaning; however, F 2 -generation pups at 30 mg/kg, although somewhat lighter, did not show a loss in viability. Preputial separation and vaginal opening were somewhat delayed at 30 mg/kg, but these rats went on to show normal Reproductive performance. No-observed-adverse-effect-levels were >30 mg/kg for Reproductive function of P- and F 1 -generation rats, 10 mg/kg for F 1 -generation pup mortality, birth weight, and sexual maturation, and less than 1 mg/kg for male body-weight and organ-weight changes.

John L Butenhoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Reproductive Toxicology of ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) in the rat.
    Toxicology, 2004
    Co-Authors: John L Butenhoff, Gerald L Kennedy, Steven R Frame, John C O'connor, Raymond G York
    Abstract:

    Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) is a surfactant used primarily as an aid in processing various fluoropolymers. Many Toxicology and epidemiological studies have been conducted with APFO; however, no specific information regarding functional reproduction was previously available. Therefore, the potential Reproductive toxicity of APFO across two generations of offspring was studied using current EPA OPPTS 870.3800 guidelines. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally with 0, 1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg APFO. Parental (P) generation rats ( approximately 6 weeks old) were dosed at least 70 days prior to mating and until sacrificed (after mating for male rats; after weaning for female rats). F(1)-generation rats were dosed similarly, beginning at weaning. The F(2)-generation pups were maintained through 22 days of lactation. Reproductive parameters evaluated in P- and F(1)-generation rats included estrous cycling, sperm number and quality, mating, fertility, natural delivery, and litter viability and growth. Age at sexual maturation in F(1), anogenital distance in F(2), and presence of nipples (males) in F(2)-generation pups were also determined. Feed consumption, body-weight gain, selected organ-weights, gross pathology and appropriate histopathology were evaluated. Reproductive endpoints including mating, fertility, and natural delivery were not affected in either generation. P- and F(1)-generation male rats showed decreased body weight, and liver and kidney weight increases at all doses. The 30 mg/kg F(1)-generation pups had decreased birth weight. Viability was reduced in the 30 mg/kg F(1)-generation pups in apparent relationship to reduced body weight at birth and weaning; however, F(2)-generation pups at 30 mg/kg, although somewhat lighter, did not show a loss in viability. Preputial separation and vaginal opening were somewhat delayed at 30 mg/kg, but these rats went on to show normal Reproductive performance. No-observed-adverse-effect-levels were >30 mg/kg for Reproductive function of P- and F(1)-generation rats, 10 mg/kg for F(1)-generation pup mortality, birth weight, and sexual maturation, and less than 1mg/kg for male body-weight and organ-weight changes.

  • the Reproductive Toxicology of ammonium perfluorooctanoate apfo in the rat
    Toxicology, 2004
    Co-Authors: John L Butenhoff, Gerald L Kennedy, Steven R Frame, John C Oconnor, Raymond G York
    Abstract:

    Abstract Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO) is a surfactant used primarily as an aid in processing various fluoropolymers. Many Toxicology and epidemiological studies have been conducted with APFO; however, no specific information regarding functional reproduction was previously available. Therefore, the potential Reproductive toxicity of APFO across two generations of offspring was studied using current EPA OPPTS 870.3800 guidelines. Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were dosed orally with 0, 1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg APFO. Parental (P) generation rats (∼6 weeks old) were dosed at least 70 days prior to mating and until sacrificed (after mating for male rats; after weaning for female rats). F 1 -generation rats were dosed similarly, beginning at weaning. The F 2 -generation pups were maintained through 22 days of lactation. Reproductive parameters evaluated in P- and F 1 -generation rats included estrous cycling, sperm number and quality, mating, fertility, natural delivery, and litter viability and growth. Age at sexual maturation in F 1 , anogenital distance in F 2 , and presence of nipples (males) in F 2 -generation pups were also determined. Feed consumption, body-weight gain, selected organ-weights, gross pathology and appropriate histopathology were evaluated. Reproductive endpoints including mating, fertility, and natural delivery were not affected in either generation. P- and F 1 -generation male rats showed decreased body weight, and liver and kidney weight increases at all doses. The 30 mg/kg F 1 -generation pups had decreased birth weight. Viability was reduced in the 30 mg/kg F 1 -generation pups in apparent relationship to reduced body weight at birth and weaning; however, F 2 -generation pups at 30 mg/kg, although somewhat lighter, did not show a loss in viability. Preputial separation and vaginal opening were somewhat delayed at 30 mg/kg, but these rats went on to show normal Reproductive performance. No-observed-adverse-effect-levels were >30 mg/kg for Reproductive function of P- and F 1 -generation rats, 10 mg/kg for F 1 -generation pup mortality, birth weight, and sexual maturation, and less than 1 mg/kg for male body-weight and organ-weight changes.