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Qendrim Zebeli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Composition of washing buffer and experimental buffer solutions (mmol/L) infused into the temporarily isolated and washed Reticulorumen of cows.
    2016
    Co-Authors: Muhammad Qumar, Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard, Poulad Pourazad, Stefanie U. Wetzels, Fenja Klevenhusen, Wolfgang Kandler, Jörg R. Aschenbach, Qendrim Zebeli
    Abstract:

    Composition of washing buffer and experimental buffer solutions (mmol/L) infused into the temporarily isolated and washed Reticulorumen of cows.

  • Absolute rate of absorption (mmol/h) of SCFAs determined by the washed Reticulorumen procedure as affected by high concentrate challenge model1 (interrupted model (Int) and continuous model (Con)) measured before (Int-0 and Con-0) and after 1 wk (Int-1) and 4 wk (Int-4 and Con-4) of challenge.
    2016
    Co-Authors: Muhammad Qumar, Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard, Poulad Pourazad, Stefanie U. Wetzels, Fenja Klevenhusen, Wolfgang Kandler, Jörg R. Aschenbach, Qendrim Zebeli
    Abstract:

    Absolute rate of absorption (mmol/h) of SCFAs determined by the washed Reticulorumen procedure as affected by high concentrate challenge model1 (interrupted model (Int) and continuous model (Con)) measured before (Int-0 and Con-0) and after 1 wk (Int-1) and 4 wk (Int-4 and Con-4) of challenge.

  • Fractional absorption rate of (%/h) of SCFAs determined by the washed Reticulorumen procedure as affected by high concentrate challenge model1 (interrupted model (Int) and continuous model (Con)) measured before (Int-0 and Con-0) and after 1 wk (Int-1) and 4 wk (Int-4 and Con-4) of challenge.
    2016
    Co-Authors: Muhammad Qumar, Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard, Poulad Pourazad, Stefanie U. Wetzels, Fenja Klevenhusen, Wolfgang Kandler, Jörg R. Aschenbach, Qendrim Zebeli
    Abstract:

    Fractional absorption rate of (%/h) of SCFAs determined by the washed Reticulorumen procedure as affected by high concentrate challenge model1 (interrupted model (Int) and continuous model (Con)) measured before (Int-0 and Con-0) and after 1 wk (Int-1) and 4 wk (Int-4 and Con-4) of challenge.

  • Evidence of In Vivo Absorption of Lactate and Modulation of Short Chain Fatty Acid Absorption from the Reticulorumen of Non-Lactating Cattle Fed High Concentrate Diets
    2016
    Co-Authors: Muhammad Qumar, Ratchaneewan Khiaosa-ard, Poulad Pourazad, Stefanie U. Wetzels, Fenja Klevenhusen, Wolfgang Kandler, Jörg R. Aschenbach, Qendrim Zebeli
    Abstract:

    Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lactate are endproducts of rumen fermentation and important energy sources for the host ruminant. Because their rapid accumulation results in ruminal acidosis, enhancement of the absorption of SCFA and lactate across reticuloruminal wall is instrumental in increasing energy supply and preventing ruminal acidosis in cattle. This study investigated whether the reticuloruminal absorption of SCFAs and lactate was altered by different strategies of high concentrate feeding. Eight rumen-cannulated, non-lactating Holstein cows were fed a forage-only diet (baseline) and then gradually adapted over 6 d to a 60% concentrate level. Thereafter, this concentrate-rich diet was fed for 4 wk either continuously (Con; n = 8) or interruptedly (Int; n = 8). Absorption of SCFAs and lactate was determined in vivo from the experimental buffer introduced into the washed Reticulorumen. The buffer contained acetate, propionate, butyrate and lactate at a concentration of 60, 30, 10 and 5 mmol/L, respectively and Cr-EDTA as a marker for correcting ruminal water fluxes. The reticuloruminal absorption after 35 and 65 min of buffer incubation was measured at the baseline, after 1 wk of 60% concentrate feeding in the interrupted model (Int-1) and after 4 wk of concentrate feeding in both feeding models (Int-4 and Con-4). Data showed that the absorption rates of individual and total SCFAs during the first 35 min of incubation of Con-4 were highest (~1.7 times compared to baseline), while Int-1 and Int-4 were similar to respective baseline. Lactate was not absorbed during forage-only baseline and 1-wk concentrate feeding, but after 4-wk feeding of concentrates in both models. In conclusion, SCFAs absorption across the Reticulorumen of non-lactating cattle was enhanced by the 4-wk continuous concentrate feeding, which seems to be more advantageous in terms of rumen acidosis prevention compared to the interrupted feeding model. The study provides evidence of lactate absorption across the Reticulorumen of non-lactating cattle after both continuous and interrupted 4-wk concentrate feeding.

  • modeling the adequacy of dietary fiber in dairy cows based on the responses of ruminal ph and milk fat production to composition of the diet
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2008
    Co-Authors: Qendrim Zebeli, J Dijkstra, M Tafaj, H Steingass, Burim N Ametaj, W Drochner
    Abstract:

    The main objective of this study was to develop practical models to assess and predict the adequacy of dietary fiber in high-yielding dairy cows. We used quantitative methods to analyze relevant research data and critically evaluate and determine the responses of ruminal pH and production performance to different variables including physical, chemical, and starch-degrading characteristics of the diet. Further, extensive data were used to model the magnitude of ruminal pH fluctuations and determine the threshold for the development of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Results of this study showed that to minimize the risk of SARA, the following events should be avoided: 1) a daily mean ruminal pH lower than 6.16, and 2) a time period in which ruminal pH is <5.8 for more than 5.24 h/d. As the content of physically effective neutral detergent fiber (peNDF) or the ratio between peNDF and rumen-degradable starch from grains in the diet increased up to 31.2 +/- 1.6% [dry matter (DM) basis] or 1.45 +/- 0.22, respectively, so did the daily mean ruminal pH, for which a asymptotic plateau was reached at a pH of 6.20 to 6.27. This study also showed that digestibility of fiber in the total tract depends on ruminal pH and outflow rate of digesta from Reticulorumen; thereby both variables explained 62% of the variation of fiber digestibility. Feeding diets with peNDF content up to 31.9 +/- 1.97% (DM basis) slightly decreased DM intake and actual milk yield; however, 3.5% fat-corrected milk and milk fat yield were increased, resulting in greater milk energy efficiency. In conclusion, a level of about 30 to 33% peNDF in the diet may be considered generally optimal for minimizing the risk of SARA without impairing important production responses in high-yielding dairy cows. In terms of improvement of the accuracy to assessing dietary fiber adequacy, it is suggested that the content of peNDF required to stabilize ruminal pH and maintain milk fat content without compromising milk energy efficiency can be arranged based on grain or starch sources included in the diet, on feed intake level, and on days in milk of the cows.

Marcus Clauss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • physical characteristics of forestomach contents from two nondomestic small ruminants the blackbuck antilope cervicapra and the arabian sand gazelle gazella subgutturosa marica
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2021
    Co-Authors: Janine Hertaeg, Cathrine Sauer, Sven Hammer, Mads F Bertelsen, P Lund, M R Weisbjerg, Marcus Clauss
    Abstract:

    Rumen content stratification and the degree of dissociation of particle and fluid retention in the Reticulorumen differ between 'moose-type' and 'cattle-type' ruminant species. These differences are not strictly linked to diet, except for a seeming limitation of 'moose-type' ruminants to a browsing niche. Nevertheless, these differences can be plausibly linked to other observed differences in ruminants, such as the intraruminal papillation pattern, or the size of the omasum. However, many of the corresponding measures are still only available for a restricted number of species. Here, we investigated the dry matter (i.e., the inverse of the moisture) concentration in forestomach contents of 10 blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) and 7 Arabian sand gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa marica), and quantified the rumen papillation pattern. The blackbucks had distinct rumen contents stratification, with more moisture in ventral than in dorsal contents (difference 3.6% units, P < 0.001), whereas this difference was much less pronounced in the sand gazelles (0.6% units, P = 0.227). While reticulum contents were particularly moist in both species, omasum contents were particularly dry in sand gazelles, but did not differ in moisture from rumen contents in the blackbuck. This species is an outlier among ruminants due to its extremely small omasum. The intraruminal papillation pattern did not differ between blackbucks and sand gazelles and showed a surface enlargement factor (SEF) in the dorsal rumen of 27-28% of the SEF in the Atrium ruminis. Compared to data on digesta retention in the same species, the findings are in line with the overall concept of a high fluid throughput causing a distinct stratification of rumen contents and intraruminal papillation, and necessitating a large omasum for fluid re-absorption. However, the data also show that individual species may not correspond to all the assumptions of the concept, suggesting taxon-specific differences between species. Reasons for these differences cannot be linked to a dietary grass-browse spectrum, but may lie in evolutionary contingency.

  • Digesta passage in common eland (Taurotragus oryx) on a monocot or a dicot diet
    Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A Molecular & integrative physiology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Pavla Hejcmanova, Sylvia Ortmann, Lucie Stoklasová, Marcus Clauss
    Abstract:

    The way that fluids and particles move through the forestomach of a ruminant is species-specific, and can be used to classify ruminants according to their digestive physiology into ‘moose-types’ (with little difference in fluid and small particle passage) and ‘cattle-types’ (where fluids move through the forestomach much faster than small particles). So far, ‘moose-types’ appear limited to a dietary niche of browsing, whereas ‘cattle-types’ are particularly prominent in the intermediate and grazing diet niches. However, some species, including members of the spiral-horned antelopes (the Tragelaphini), have a ‘cattle-type’ physiology but a browse-dominated diet niche. Eland (Taurotragus oryx), the largest member of the Tragelaphini, are strict browsers in the wild but have been considered intermediate feeders in the past, and can seemingly be maintained on grass diets. We quantified food intake, mean retention time (MRT) in the gastrointestinal tract and the Reticulorumen (RR) of a solute, a small and a large particle marker, and diet digestibility in six eland each fed a monocot (grass hay) and a dicot (lucerne silage) forage. Food intake and digestibility was lower on the diet with higher fibre content (grass hay), with corresponding longer MRT. At the higher intakes on lucerne, the difference in MRT between small and large particles was larger, indicating a greater reliance on particle sorting and clearance under this condition of potentially limiting gut capacity. Regardless of diet or intake, the ratio of small particle and solute MRT in the RR was constant and small, at a quotient of 1.54, classifying the eland as a typical ‘moose-type’ ruminant. This finding is consistent with previous literature reports on low faecal metabolic nitrogen and high apparent protein digestibility in eland. Given the relative ease at which eland can be maintained under farm husbandry conditions, they appear ideal model ruminants to study the effects of differences in rumen physiology compared to cattle.

  • retention of solutes and particles in the gastrointestinal tract of a grazing cervid pere david s deer elaphurus davidianus
    European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jill Derix, Sylvia Ortmann, Geert Janssens, Lisa Wiegmann, Arne Lawrenz, Marcus Clauss
    Abstract:

    Ruminants are classified into three groups, according to their feeding behaviour: browsers, intermediate feeders and grazers. Corresponding to their dietary preferences, multiple morphological and physiological adaptations have been described, resulting in another classification: ‘moose-type’ and ‘cattle-type’ ruminants. Digesta retention patterns in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and Reticulorumen (RR) are considered major criteria to distinguish these types, as cattle-type ruminants show shorter retention of fluids (measured by a solute marker) than of particles, while in moose-type ruminants, both are retained for more similar periods. To what extent these digestive types are specific to phylogenetic lineages is still unclear. We measured mean retention times (MRTs) of solutes and particles (2 and 20 mm) in the strictest grazing cervid: the Pere David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus; n = 5; body mass = 155.0 ± 14.5 kg). The MRTs of solutes, small and large particles in the GIT were 34 ± 4, 60 ± 7 and 69 ± 9 h, respectively. The ratio of the MRT of small particles versus solutes in the RR was 2.0 ± 0.1, similar to other cattle-type ruminants. The results confirm the hypothesis that Pere David’s deer can be classified as cattle-type ruminants, corresponding to both dietary preferences and previously described morphological traits. The results complement previous findings, showing that both cattle-type and moose-type physiologies are found among bovids as well as cervids, indicating that these digestion types can be considered convergent adaptations.

  • Retention of solutes and particles in the gastrointestinal tract of a grazing cervid: Père David’s deer (Elaphurus davidianus)
    European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Jill Derix, Sylvia Ortmann, Lisa Wiegmann, Arne Lawrenz, Geert Paul Jules Janssens, Marcus Clauss
    Abstract:

    Ruminants are classified into three groups, according to their feeding behaviour: browsers, intermediate feeders and grazers. Corresponding to their dietary preferences, multiple morphological and physiological adaptations have been described, resulting in another classification: ‘moose-type’ and ‘cattle-type’ ruminants. Digesta retention patterns in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and Reticulorumen (RR) are considered major criteria to distinguish these types, as cattle-type ruminants show shorter retention of fluids (measured by a solute marker) than of particles, while in moose-type ruminants, both are retained for more similar periods. To what extent these digestive types are specific to phylogenetic lineages is still unclear. We measured mean retention times (MRTs) of solutes and particles (2 and 20 mm) in the strictest grazing cervid: the Père David’s deer ( Elaphurus davidianus ; n  = 5; body mass = 155.0 ± 14.5 kg). The MRTs of solutes, small and large particles in the GIT were 34 ± 4, 60 ± 7 and 69 ± 9 h, respectively. The ratio of the MRT of small particles versus solutes in the RR was 2.0 ± 0.1, similar to other cattle-type ruminants. The results confirm the hypothesis that Père David’s deer can be classified as cattle-type ruminants, corresponding to both dietary preferences and previously described morphological traits. The results complement previous findings, showing that both cattle-type and moose-type physiologies are found among bovids as well as cervids, indicating that these digestion types can be considered convergent adaptations.

  • the effect of feed intake on digesta passage digestive organ fill and mass and digesta dry matter content in sheep ovis aries flexibility in digestion but not in water reabsorption
    Small Ruminant Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Marcus Clauss, Mathew Stewart, Elizabeth Price, Alice Peilon, Tom Savage, Irene Van Ekris, Adam J. Munn
    Abstract:

    Abstract The ruminant gastrointestinal tract (GIT) adapts to changes in diet quality or feed intake level, but studies that investigate changes in organ fill, tissue mass, and function simultaneously are rare. We used 3 groups of 7 mature sheep each, fed at different DM intake levels (range 25–64 g kg −0.85  d −1 ) for 3 weeks preceding slaughter. We determined the mean retention times (MRT) of a solute and two different-sized particle markers (and their ratios indicating particle sorting and digesta washing) in the Reticulorumen (RR) and the GIT, total tract digestibility, as well as digesta wet mass, wet organ tissue mass, and the dry matter (DM) concentration of digesta in the indvidual GIT sections. As DM intake increased, digesta wet mass in the RR and spiral colon increased by organ distension. Simultaneous increases in digesta wet mass in the omasum and small intestine were parallel to increases in organ tissue mass. DM digestiblity, MRT in the RR, measures of the RR sorting mechanism (MRT largeparticle RR/MRT smallparticle RR) and RR digesta washing (MRT particle RR/MRT solute RR) all remained constant across intake levels. Whereas the DM concentration increased in the rumen with intake, it remained significantly lower in the reticulum than in rumen. DM concentration in the omasum and abomasum remained constant, but both MRT in the distal GIT and DM concentration in the spiral and distal colon digesta decreased with increasing intake, translating into higher fecal water losses. These results indicate that the flexibility of the mature sheep's GIT ensures constant digestive functions (such as digestibility, particle sorting, digesta washing) at different intake levels but does not compensate for greater fecal water losses at increasing intakes.

Jurgen Hummel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • digesta kinetics in gazelles in comparison to other ruminants evidence for taxon specific rumen fluid throughput to adjust digesta washing to the natural diet
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Marie T. Dittmann, Julia Fritz, Jurgen Hummel, Sven Hammer, Abdi Arif, Christiana Hebel, Dennis W H Muller, Patrick Steuer, Angela Schwarm
    Abstract:

    Abstract Digesta flow plays an important role in ruminant digestive physiology. We measured the mean retention time (MRT) of a solute and a particle marker in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the Reticulorumen (RR) of five gazelles and one dikdik species. Species-specific differences were independent from body mass (BM) or food intake. Comparative evaluations (including up to 31 other ruminant species) indicate that MRT GIT relate positively to BM, and are less related to feeding type (the percentage of grass in the natural diet, %grass) than MRT RR. The MRTparticleRR is related to BM and (as a trend) %grass, matching a higher RR capacity with increasing BM in grazers compared to browsers. MRTsoluteRR is neither linked to BM nor to %grass but shows a consistent phylogenetic signal. Selectivity factors (SF; MRTparticle/MRTsolute, proxies for the degree of digesta washing) are positively related to %grass, with a threshold effect, where species with > 20% grass have higher SF. These findings suggest that in different ruminant taxa, morphophysiological adaptations controlling MRTsoluteRR evolved to achieve a similar SF RR in relation to a %grass threshold. A high SF could facilitate an increased microbial yield from the forestomach. Reasons for variation in SF above the %grass threshold might represent important drivers of ruminant diversification and await closer investigation.

  • solute and particle retention in a small grazing antelope the blackbuck antilope cervicapra
    Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A-molecular & Integrative Physiology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jurgen Hummel, Sven Hammer, C Hammer, Julia Ruf, Monique Lechenne, Marcus Clauss
    Abstract:

    Digesta retention patterns have been suggested to play a major role in ruminant diversification. Two major digestion types have been proposed, termed 'cattle-type' and 'moose-type', that broadly correspond to the feeding categories of grazers and intermediate feeders on the one, and browsers on the other hand. We measured and calculated the mean retention time (MRT) of a solute and a particle (>2mm) marker in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and the Reticulorumen (RR) of a small grazer, the Indian blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra, n=5, body mass of 26±4kg) and an intermediate feeder, the nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus, n=5, body mass of 168±21kg). MRTsolute and MRTparticle were 29±4.1h and 60±6.6h in blackbuck and 28±2.5h and 54±8.9h in the nilgai for the GIT, and 14±1.7h, 45±5.0h, 19±2.0h and 45±8.4h for the RR, respectively. With a selectivity factor (SF, the ratio of MRTparticle to MRTsolute) in the RR of 3.2±0.28 for blackbuck and 2.3±0.36 for nilgai, both species are clearly in the category of 'cattle-type' ruminants. In particular, the high SFRR of blackbuck, in spite of its small body size, is remarkable, and leads to specific predictions on the RR anatomy of this species (such as a particularly large omasum), which can be tested in further studies. The adaptive value of a high SFRR is mainly considered as an increase in microbial productivity in the RR; exemplary estimations based on the measured passage rates of solutes indicate an 8% higher production of microbial mass in blackbuck compared to nilgai.

  • Rumination of different-sized particles in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and moose (Alces alces) on grass and browse diets, and implications for rumination in different ruminant feeding types
    Mammalian Biology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Murielle Lauper, Isabel Lechner, Perry S Barboza, William B Collins, Jurgen Hummel, Daryl Codron
    Abstract:

    The obligatory, periodic regurgitation of forestomach material and its subsequent re-mastication is the hallmark of the most diverse extant large herbivore group, the ruminants. Although the process of rumination is well understood in domestic species, differences between free-ranging wild ruminant species, for example of different body size or different feeding type, remain speculative to date. Here we investigate the proportion of plastic particles of varying size (1, 10 and 20mm) and density (1.03, 1.20 and 1.44 mg/ml) that are recovered intact or ruminated-upon after insertion into the Reticulorumen (RR) of domestic cattle ( Bos primigenius f. taurus ) on grass silage, and of muskoxen ( Ovibos moschatus ; n =4) and moose ( Alces alces ; n =2) both fed browse and grass diets. In the three species, the proportion of particles leaving the RR intact depended on particle size, with density showing no effect in this study. The major proportion of 1 mm particles was excreted intact, whereas intact 10–20mm particles were only excreted sporadically, and not in all animals. Intact particles were mostly found in the initial samples after marker application, and mean retention times of intact particles were always shorter than those of ruminated particles. There were no differences between moose and muskoxen, but diet had a significant effect, with a higher proportion of 1 mm particles ruminated upon on the grass diet in both species, indicating a higher ‘filter-bed effect’ with entrapment of small particles in a fibre mat in the RR on a grass diet. Given that less particles were ruminated on the grass diet, one could either assume that free-ranging browsers ruminate less than grazers on similar food intakes (or that they have higher food intakes at similar levels of rumination). The existing data on time-budgets of free-ranging ruminants, however, does not suffice to test these hypotheses. The fact that indication of a ‘filter-bed effect’ was also detectable in moose raises the question whether adaptations described in ‘cattle-type’ ruminants really serve to re-inforce the processes of RR contents stratification and the ‘filter-bed’, or whether they are not rather directed at other aims, such as maximizing microbial yield from the RR.

  • Fluid and particle passage in three duiker species
    European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Marcus Clauss, Sylvia Ortmann, Daryl Codron, Nicola Lunt, Amy Plowman, Jurgen Hummel
    Abstract:

    Ruminants are characterised by two different types of Reticulorumen (RR) physiology. ‘Cattle-type’ ruminants have, amongst other features such as RR contents stratification and a heterogenous intraruminal papillation, a distinct difference between the mean retention time (MRT) of small particles and fluids (the ratio is called the selectivity factor, SF). ‘Moose-type’ ruminants have RR contents that are less stratified, a more homogenous intraruminal papillation and low SFs, indicating less difference in the MRT of small particles and fluids. To date, physiological data indicating a ‘moose-type’ physiology have only been measured in giraffids and Odocoilean cervids, raising the question whether it is limited to these taxonomic groups only. Here, we measured MRTs of fluids and particles in five duikers (Bovidae, Cephalophinae) from three species ( Sylvicapra grimmia , Cephalophus monticola and Cephalophus sylvicultor ) and found SFs in the RR of 1.27 ± 0.18—well within the range of these other browsers. These results are the first physiological indication that a ‘moose-type’ physiology may also occur in bovid species and thus might represent a true convergent adaptation.

  • The effect of size and density on the mean retention time of particles in the Reticulorumen of cattle ( Bos primigenius f. taurus), muskoxen ( Ovibos moschatus) and moose ( Alces alces).
    The British journal of nutrition, 2010
    Co-Authors: Isabel Lechner, Karl-heinz Südekum, Perry S Barboza, William B Collins, Daryl Codron, Theo A. Tervoort, Jurgen Hummel
    Abstract:

    Particle passage from the Reticulorumen (RR) depends on particle density and size. Forage particle density and size are related and change over time in the RR. Particle density mainly influences sorting in the reticulum, whereas particle size influences particle retention in the fibre mat of stratified rumen contents (‘filter-bed’ effect). We investigated these effects independently, by inserting plastic particles of different sizes (1, 10 and 20 mm) and densities (1·03, 1·20 and 1·44 mg/ml) in the RR of cattle ( Bos primigenius f. taurus ) as a pilot study, and of muskoxen ( Ovibos moschatus ; n 4) and moose ( Alces alces ; n 2) both fed two diets (browse and grass). Faeces were analysed for plastic residues for 13 d after dosing to calculate mean retention times (MRT). The results confirmed previous findings of differences in absolute MRT between species. Comparing muskoxen with moose, there was no difference in the effect of particle density on the MRT between species but particle size had a more pronounced effect on the MRT in muskoxen than in moose. This indicated a stronger ‘filter-bed effect’ in muskoxen, in accord with the reports of stratified RR contents in this species v. the absence of RR content stratification in moose. Low-density particles were retained longer in both species fed on grass diets, indicating a contribution of forage type to the ‘filter-bed effect’. The results indicate that retention based on particle size may differ between ruminant species, depending on the presence of a fibre mat in the RR, whereas the density-dependent mechanism of sedimentation in the RR is rather constant across species.

Christian Burvenich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effect of carprofen treatment following experimentally induced escherichia coli mastitis in primiparous cows
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2005
    Co-Authors: Frédéric Vangroenweghe, Philippe Boutet, Pascal Rainard, Max Paape, Pierre Lekeux, Luc Duchateau, Christian Burvenich
    Abstract:

    Abstract Acute Escherichia coli mastitis is one of the major sources of economic loss in the dairy industry due to reduced milk production, treatment costs, discarded milk, and occasional fatal disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used as adjunctive therapy to antibiotics. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of carprofen treatment following infusion of Escherichia coli into the mammary glands of primiparous cows during the periparturient period. Severity of mastitis was scored based on the average milk production in the uninfected quarters on d +2 postinoculation and a clinical severity score. Carprofen was administered intravenously at 9h postchallenge, when clinical signs of mastitis appeared. In previous work, efficacy of NSAIDs was mainly evaluated using clinical symptoms. In the present study, the effect of carprofen on innate immune response was also assessed by quantification of inflammatory mediators. All primiparous cows reacted as moderate responders throughout the experimental period. Primiparous cows were intramammarily inoculated with 1×10 4 cfu of E. coli P4:O32 in 2 left quarters. Analysis of blood and milk parameters, including IL-8, complement component C5a, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14, prostaglandin E 2 , and thromboxane B 2 was performed from d 0 to d +6 relative to intramammary inoculation. Rectal temperature in carprofen-treated animals was lower than in control animals at 3 and 6h posttreatment. Treatment also restored the decreased Reticulorumen motility that occurs during E. coli mastitis to preinfection levels faster than in control animals. Carprofen treatment resulted in an earlier normalization of the clinical severity score. Eicosanoid (prostaglandin E 2 and thromboxane B 2 ) production in milk tended to be inhibited by carprofen. No significant differences in the kinetic patterns of somatic cell count, IL-8, complement component C5a, LBP, and soluble CD14 were observed. In conclusion, carprofen treatment improved general clinical condition by effective antipyrexia and restoration of Reticulorumen motility but did not significantly inhibit eicosanoid production. Carprofen treatment did not result in a significant decrease of chemotactic inflammatory mediators, IL-8 and C5a, and early innate immune molecules, sCD14 and LBP. Therefore, major modulatory effects from NSAID administration were not observed in this mastitis model, although a larger study might confirm some apparent trends obtained in the present results.

  • effect of carprofen treatment following experimentally induced escherichia coli mastitis in primiparous cows
    Journal of Dairy Science, 2005
    Co-Authors: Frédéric Vangroenweghe, Philippe Boutet, Pascal Rainard, Max Paape, Pierre Lekeux, Luc Duchateau, Christian Burvenich
    Abstract:

    Abstract Acute Escherichia coli mastitis is one of the major sources of economic loss in the dairy industry due to reduced milk production, treatment costs, discarded milk, and occasional fatal disease. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used as adjunctive therapy to antibiotics. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of carprofen treatment following infusion of Escherichia coli into the mammary glands of primiparous cows during the periparturient period. Severity of mastitis was scored based on the average milk production in the uninfected quarters on d +2 postinoculation and a clinical severity score. Carprofen was administered intravenously at 9h postchallenge, when clinical signs of mastitis appeared. In previous work, efficacy of NSAIDs was mainly evaluated using clinical symptoms. In the present study, the effect of carprofen on innate immune response was also assessed by quantification of inflammatory mediators. All primiparous cows reacted as moderate responders throughout the experimental period. Primiparous cows were intramammarily inoculated with 1×10 4 cfu of E. coli P4:O32 in 2 left quarters. Analysis of blood and milk parameters, including IL-8, complement component C5a, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), soluble CD14, prostaglandin E 2 , and thromboxane B 2 was performed from d 0 to d +6 relative to intramammary inoculation. Rectal temperature in carprofen-treated animals was lower than in control animals at 3 and 6h posttreatment. Treatment also restored the decreased Reticulorumen motility that occurs during E. coli mastitis to preinfection levels faster than in control animals. Carprofen treatment resulted in an earlier normalization of the clinical severity score. Eicosanoid (prostaglandin E 2 and thromboxane B 2 ) production in milk tended to be inhibited by carprofen. No significant differences in the kinetic patterns of somatic cell count, IL-8, complement component C5a, LBP, and soluble CD14 were observed. In conclusion, carprofen treatment improved general clinical condition by effective antipyrexia and restoration of Reticulorumen motility but did not significantly inhibit eicosanoid production. Carprofen treatment did not result in a significant decrease of chemotactic inflammatory mediators, IL-8 and C5a, and early innate immune molecules, sCD14 and LBP. Therefore, major modulatory effects from NSAID administration were not observed in this mastitis model, although a larger study might confirm some apparent trends obtained in the present results.

  • Effect of carprofen following experimentally induced E. coli mastitis in primiparous cows.
    2005
    Co-Authors: Frédéric Vangroenweghe, R Bossuyt, Philippe Boutet, Pascal Rainard, Max Paape, Pierre Lekeux, Luc Duchateau, Christian Burvenich
    Abstract:

    Acute Escherichia coli mastitis is one of the major sources of economic Loss in the dairy industry, due to reduced milk production, treatment costs, discarded milk and occasional fatal disease. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) are frequently used as adjunctive therapy to antibiotics. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of carprofen treatment following infusion of E. coli into the mammary glands of primiparous cows during the periparturient period. Carprofen is a powerful inhibitor of inducible enzymes of the cyclo-oxygenase pathway. The study was conducted to GCP standard under veterinary supervision and complied with applicable animal welfare and regulatory requirements. Severity of mastitis was scored based on the average milk production in the uninfected quarters on d+2 post-inoculation. ALL heifers reacted as moderate responders. Carprofen was administered at 9 h post-challenge, when clinical signs of mastitis appeared. In previous work, efficacy of NSAID's was mainly evaluated using clinical symptoms. In the present study, the effect of carprofen on innate immune response was also assessed by quantification of inflammatory mediators. Primiparous cows were intramammarily inoculated with 1 X 10(4) CFU E. coli P4:032 in two left quarters. Analysis of blood and milk parameters, including IL-8, C5a, LBP, sCD14, PGE(2) and TXB2. was performed from d0 to d+6 relative to intramammary inoculation. Rectal temperature in carprofen-treated animals was lower than that of control animals 3 and 6 h post-treatment (P < 0.05). Treatment also restored the decreased Reticulorumen motility that occurs during E. coli mastitis to pre-infection Levels faster than in control animals. Eicosanoid (PGE2 and TXB2) production in milk tended to be inhibited by carprofen. No significant differences in the kinetic patterns of SCC, IL-8, C5a, LBP and sCD14 were observed. In conclusion, in this study carprofen improved general clinical condition by effective antipyrexia and restoration of Reticulorumen motility.

  • Role of endotoxin and TNF-alpha in the pathogenesis of experimentally induced coliform mastitis in periparturient cows.
    The Journal of dairy research, 2000
    Co-Authors: D Hoeben, Johannes Hamann, Christian Burvenich, Erminio Trevisi, Giuseppe Bertoni, Rupert M. Bruckmaier, J W Blum
    Abstract:

    Twelve cows were experimentally infected in two quarters with 1 x 10(4) cfu Escherichia coli per quarter and six cows were infused with 500 microg endotoxin into two quarters. Six cows infected intramammarily with Esch. coli were treated intravenously with a bactericidal antibiotic 10 h after infection and subcutaneously 20 h later. Blood and milk samples were collected from all cows at regular time intervals. Milk production decreased more rapidly, but was less pronounced, after endotoxin infusion than (during Esch. coli mastitis. The milk production losses in the noninflamed quarters were negligible in endotoxin mastitis, but were substantial during Esch. coli mastitis, probably due to more pronounced systemic effects. Reticulorumen motility was inhibited only during Esch. coli mastitis. Changes in plasma haptoglobin were more pronounced during Esch. coli mastitis, although they occurred sooner during endotoxin mastitis. No changes in plasma activities of enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were observed. Concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha increased in both types of mastitis. Absorption of these cytokines into the circulation was highest during Esch. coli mastitis, especially in the untreated control group. We found only minor differences between the treated and untreated Esch. coli groups, but there were larger differences between the Esch. coli groups and the endotoxin group. These differences were probably due to differences in kinetics, composition and amounts of different cytokines released in the mammary gland and subsequently absorption into the circulation. Endotoxin is probably not directly responsible for the systemic changes during coliform mastitis.

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