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Yang Zhong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • historical biogeography of eastern asian eastern north american disjunct melaphidina aphids hemiptera aphididae eriosomatinae on Rhus hosts anacardiaceae
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2013
    Co-Authors: Yang Zhong, Utako Kurosu, Shigeyuki Aoki, Carol D Von Dohlen
    Abstract:

    Intercontinental biotic disjunctions have been documented and analyzed in numerous Holarctic taxa. Patterns previously synthesized for animals compared to plants suggest that the timing of animal disjunctions are mostly Early Tertiary and were generated by migration and vicariance events occurring in the North Atlantic, while plant disjunctions are mostly Mid-Late Tertiary and imply migration and vicariance over Beringia. Melaphidina aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Fordini) exhibit host-alternating life cycles comprising an obligate seasonal shift between Rhus subgenus Rhus species (Anacardiaceae) and mosses (Bryophyta). Similar to their Rhus hosts, melaphidines are distributed disjunctly between Eastern Asia and Eastern North America. We examined evolutionary relationships within Melaphidina to determine the position of the North American lineage, date its divergence from Asian relatives, and compare these results to a previous historical biogeographic study of Rhus. We sampled nine species and three subspecies representing all six genera of Melaphidina. Data included sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II+leucine tRNA, cytochrome b, and nuclear elongation factor 1α genes. Phylogenetic analyses (Bayesian, maximum-likelihood, parsimony) of the combined data (3282 bp) supported the monophyly of all genera except Nurudea and Schlechtendalia, due to the position of N. ibofushi. While the exact position of the North American Melaphis was not well resolved, there was high support for a derived position within Asian taxa. The divergence of Melaphis from Asian relatives centered on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (~33-35Ma), which coincides with closure of Beringian Land Bridge I. This also corresponded to the Asian-North American disjunction previously estimated for subgenus Rhus spp. We suggest the late-Eocene Bering Land Bridge as the most likely migration route for Melaphis ancestors, as was also hypothesized for North American Rhus ancestors. Results for the Melaphidina disjunction depart from the modal pattern in animal lineages, and present a case where insect and host-plant taxa apparently responded similarly to Tertiary climate change.

  • cloning and characterisation of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene from Rhus chinensis
    Plant Cell Reports, 2013
    Co-Authors: Min Wu, Yang Zhong, Yang Wu
    Abstract:

    Key message The gene and cDNA sequence encoding PAL from Chinese medicinal plant Rhus chinensis were cloned and analyzed, furthermore the biochemical properties, kinetic parameters, differential expression and key sites were studied.

  • cloning and characterisation of a phenylalanine ammonia lyase gene from Rhus chinensis
    Plant Cell Reports, 2013
    Co-Authors: Zhumei Ren, Yang Zhong
    Abstract:

    The gene and cDNA sequence encoding PAL from Chinese medicinal plant Rhus chinensis were cloned and analyzed, furthermore the biochemical properties, kinetic parameters, differential expression and key sites were studied. Rhus chinensis is a well-known Chinese medicinal plant. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first enzyme of phenylpropanoid pathway. Several recent studies suggested that PAL also play an important role in plant–aphid interaction. In this study, both the cDNA and the genomic sequence encoding PAL from Rhus chinensis (designated as RcPAL) were cloned and analyzed. The 3,833 bp gene contained a 1,342 bp intron and two extrons. The ORF was 2,124 bp and predicted to encode a 707-amino acid polypeptide. The results of real-time PCR showed that RcPAL expressed in all tested tissues and followed the order: stems > young leaves > petioles > roots > seeds > mature leaves. RcPAL was successfully expressed in E. coli with the pET-28a-RcPAL recombinant vector. The recombinant protein exhibited a high level of PAL activity. Biochemical properties and kinetic parameters of recombinant RcPAL were further studied. The results showed that the optimal temperature and pH for RcPAL activity were 45 °C and 9.0, and the K m and K cat values were 7.90 mM and 52.31 s−1, respectively. The active sites and substrate selectivity site were also investigated with site-directed mutagenesis methods, suggesting that Phe126 is responsible for the substrate selectivity. To our knowledge, this was the first full-length PAL gene cloned and characterized from the family Anacardiaceae so far.

Chanakya Nath Kundu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • ultra diluted toxicodendron pubescens attenuates pro inflammatory cytokines and ros mediated neuropathic pain in rats
    Scientific Reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shital Maga, Chandragouda R Patil, Kalpesh R Patil, Deepika Nayak, Umesh Mahaja, Sachi D Shinde, Samee N Goyal, Shivang Swaminaraya, Shreesh Ojha, Chanakya Nath Kundu
    Abstract:

    Despite the availability of multiple therapeutic agents, the search for novel pain management of neuropathic pain is still a challenge. Oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling are prominently involved in clinical manifestation of neuropathic pain. Toxicodendron pubescens, popularly known as Rhus Tox (RT) is recommended in alternative medicines as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic remedy. Earlier, we reported anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory activities of Rhus Tox. In continuation, we evaluated antinociceptive efficacy of Rhus Tox in the neuropathic pain and delineated its underlying mechanism. Initially, in-vitro assay using LPS-mediated ROS-induced U-87 glioblastoma cells was performed to study the effect of Rhus Tox on reactive oxygen species (ROS), anti-oxidant status and cytokine profile. Rhus Tox decreased oxidative stress and cytokine release with restoration of anti-oxidant systems. Chronic treatment with Rhus Tox ultra dilutions for 14 days ameliorated neuropathic pain revealed as inhibition of cold, warm and mechanical allodynia along with improved motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in constricted nerve. Rhus Tox decreased the oxidative and nitrosative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) content, respectively along with up regulated glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in sciatic nerve of rats. Notably, Rhus Tox treatment caused significant reductions in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as compared with CCI-control group. Protective effect of Rhus Tox against CCI-induced sciatic nerve injury in histopathology study was exhibited through maintenance of normal nerve architecture and inhibition of inflammatory changes. Overall, neuroprotective effect of Rhus Tox in CCI-induced neuropathic pain suggests the involvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

  • retracted article ultra diluted toxicodendron pubescens attenuates pro inflammatory cytokines and ros mediated neuropathic pain in rats
    Scientific Reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shital Maga, Chandragouda R Patil, Kalpesh R Patil, Deepika Nayak, Umesh Mahaja, Sachi D Shinde, Samee N Goyal, Shivang Swaminaraya, Shreesh Ojha, Chanakya Nath Kundu
    Abstract:

    Despite the availability of multiple therapeutic agents, the search for novel pain management of neuropathic pain is still a challenge. Oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling are prominently involved in clinical manifestation of neuropathic pain. Toxicodendron pubescens, popularly known as Rhus Tox (RT) is recommended in alternative medicines as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic remedy. Earlier, we reported anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory activities of Rhus Tox. In continuation, we evaluated antinociceptive efficacy of Rhus Tox in the neuropathic pain and delineated its underlying mechanism. Initially, in-vitro assay using LPS-mediated ROS-induced U-87 glioblastoma cells was performed to study the effect of Rhus Tox on reactive oxygen species (ROS), anti-oxidant status and cytokine profile. Rhus Tox decreased oxidative stress and cytokine release with restoration of anti-oxidant systems. Chronic treatment with Rhus Tox ultra dilutions for 14 days ameliorated neuropathic pain revealed as inhibition of cold, warm and mechanical allodynia along with improved motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in constricted nerve. Rhus Tox decreased the oxidative and nitrosative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) content, respectively along with up regulated glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in sciatic nerve of rats. Notably, Rhus Tox treatment caused significant reductions in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as compared with CCI-control group. Protective effect of Rhus Tox against CCI-induced sciatic nerve injury in histopathology study was exhibited through maintenance of normal nerve architecture and inhibition of inflammatory changes. Overall, neuroprotective effect of Rhus Tox in CCI-induced neuropathic pain suggests the involvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Tetsuo Miyakoshi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Miyakoshi T. Studies on acetone powder and purified Rhus laccase immobilized on zirconium chloride for oxidation of phenols. Enzyme Res
    2020
    Co-Authors: Tetsuo Miyakoshi
    Abstract:

    Rhus laccase was isolated and purified from acetone powder obtained from the exudates of Chinese lacquer trees (Rhus vernicifera) from the Jianshi region, Hubei province of China. There are two blue bands appearing on CM-sephadex C-50 chromatography column, and each band corresponding to Rhus laccase 1 and 2, the former being the major constituent, and each had an average molecular weight of approximately 110 kDa. The purified and crude Rhus laccases were immobilized on zirconium chloride in ammonium chloride solution, and the kinetic properties of free and immobilized Rhus laccase, such as activity, molecular weight, optimum pH, and thermostability, were examined. In addition, the behaviors on catalytic oxidation of phenols also were conducted

  • Mechanism of monolignol biotransformation by Rhus laccases in water-miscible organic solutions.
    International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2012
    Co-Authors: Yun-yang Wan, Tetsuo Miyakoshi, Lvjun Chen, Ji-ming Hao, John F. Kennedy
    Abstract:

    Several important monolignols such as coniferyl alcohol were catalyzed using Rhus laccase (RL) from Rhus vernicifera in a water/acetone solution. The enzymatic mechanism is discussed in detail. Sites 6, β, and phenolic oxygen were the main active sites of phenylpropanoid compounds, which were first oxidized by the enzyme and then radicalized. RL was also responsible for lignin biosynthesis, especially in the early stage.

  • identification of ryukyu lacquerware by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry
    Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2007
    Co-Authors: Yukio Kamiya, Takayuki Honda, Yoshimi Kamiya, Aki Okamoto, Tetsuo Miyakoshi
    Abstract:

    Abstract Six kinds of Ryukyu lacquerwares were analyzed using pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine the identity of the lacquer source. 3-Heptylcatechol (MW = 208) and 3-heptylphenol (MW = 192) due to the pyrolysis product of urushiol were detected in four kinds of lacquer pieces. In the other two lacquer pieces, 3-nonylcatechol (MW = 236) and 3-nonylphenol (MW = 220) were obtained due to the pyrolysis of laccol, suggesting that the Ryukyu lacquerware was made from Rhus vernicifera and Rhus succedanea , respectively. In addition, the conservation and restoration of valuable ancient lacquerware also is discussed.

  • applied analysis of lacquer films based on pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry
    Talanta, 2006
    Co-Authors: Yukio Kamiya, Tetsuo Miyakoshi
    Abstract:

    Ancient lacquer film, a Nanban lacquer film, an old lacquer-ware object imported from an Asian country, and the Baroque and Rococo lacquer films were analyzed by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Compared with the results of the natural lacquer film, it was revealed that the ancient lacquer film and Nanban lacquer film were made from Rhus vernicifera, and the old lacquer-ware imported from an Asian country was made from Melanorrhoea usitata. However, the Baroque and Rococo lacquer films obtained from the Doerner Institute in Munich, Germany were made from natural resins. 3-Pentadecylcatechol (MW = 320) (urushiol), 3-heptadecylcatechol (MW = 348) (laccol), and 4-heptadecylcatechol (MW = 348) (thitsiol) were the main products of the pyrolysis of R. vernicifera, Rhus succedanea, and M. usitata.

  • synthesis of urushiol components and analysis of urushi sap from Rhus vernicifera
    Journal of Oleo Science, 2001
    Co-Authors: Yukio Kamiya, Tetsuo Miyakoshi
    Abstract:

    An efficient method for synthesizing unsaturated urushiol components in urushi sap, was established, Wittig reaction of ylides derived from alkyl-and alkenyltriphenylphosphonium iodides, as side chain parts of urushiol, with 3-(8-oxo-1-octyl) catechol diacetate or 3-(10-oxo-1-decyl) catechol diacetate, as aromatic part of urushiol. Quantitative analysis of urushiol components in the urushi sap was done using GC for comparison with synthesized urushiol components as reference. In this manner, we proved the structures of most urushiol components and established percentage compositions of urushiols in the sap of Rhus vernicifera of Japan, Korea and China. (approximately 95%), by quantitative analysis of urushiol derived from Rhus vernicifera, the most abundant constituent was triene urushiol (approximately 71%) and the next abundant were mono (14-16%) and diene (5-8%) urushiol. Content was found to depend on growth conditions of the Rhus vernicifera tree and on the particular season for obtaining sap.

Shital Maga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • ultra diluted toxicodendron pubescens attenuates pro inflammatory cytokines and ros mediated neuropathic pain in rats
    Scientific Reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shital Maga, Chandragouda R Patil, Kalpesh R Patil, Deepika Nayak, Umesh Mahaja, Sachi D Shinde, Samee N Goyal, Shivang Swaminaraya, Shreesh Ojha, Chanakya Nath Kundu
    Abstract:

    Despite the availability of multiple therapeutic agents, the search for novel pain management of neuropathic pain is still a challenge. Oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling are prominently involved in clinical manifestation of neuropathic pain. Toxicodendron pubescens, popularly known as Rhus Tox (RT) is recommended in alternative medicines as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic remedy. Earlier, we reported anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory activities of Rhus Tox. In continuation, we evaluated antinociceptive efficacy of Rhus Tox in the neuropathic pain and delineated its underlying mechanism. Initially, in-vitro assay using LPS-mediated ROS-induced U-87 glioblastoma cells was performed to study the effect of Rhus Tox on reactive oxygen species (ROS), anti-oxidant status and cytokine profile. Rhus Tox decreased oxidative stress and cytokine release with restoration of anti-oxidant systems. Chronic treatment with Rhus Tox ultra dilutions for 14 days ameliorated neuropathic pain revealed as inhibition of cold, warm and mechanical allodynia along with improved motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in constricted nerve. Rhus Tox decreased the oxidative and nitrosative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) content, respectively along with up regulated glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in sciatic nerve of rats. Notably, Rhus Tox treatment caused significant reductions in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as compared with CCI-control group. Protective effect of Rhus Tox against CCI-induced sciatic nerve injury in histopathology study was exhibited through maintenance of normal nerve architecture and inhibition of inflammatory changes. Overall, neuroprotective effect of Rhus Tox in CCI-induced neuropathic pain suggests the involvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

  • retracted article ultra diluted toxicodendron pubescens attenuates pro inflammatory cytokines and ros mediated neuropathic pain in rats
    Scientific Reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shital Maga, Chandragouda R Patil, Kalpesh R Patil, Deepika Nayak, Umesh Mahaja, Sachi D Shinde, Samee N Goyal, Shivang Swaminaraya, Shreesh Ojha, Chanakya Nath Kundu
    Abstract:

    Despite the availability of multiple therapeutic agents, the search for novel pain management of neuropathic pain is still a challenge. Oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling are prominently involved in clinical manifestation of neuropathic pain. Toxicodendron pubescens, popularly known as Rhus Tox (RT) is recommended in alternative medicines as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic remedy. Earlier, we reported anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory activities of Rhus Tox. In continuation, we evaluated antinociceptive efficacy of Rhus Tox in the neuropathic pain and delineated its underlying mechanism. Initially, in-vitro assay using LPS-mediated ROS-induced U-87 glioblastoma cells was performed to study the effect of Rhus Tox on reactive oxygen species (ROS), anti-oxidant status and cytokine profile. Rhus Tox decreased oxidative stress and cytokine release with restoration of anti-oxidant systems. Chronic treatment with Rhus Tox ultra dilutions for 14 days ameliorated neuropathic pain revealed as inhibition of cold, warm and mechanical allodynia along with improved motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in constricted nerve. Rhus Tox decreased the oxidative and nitrosative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) content, respectively along with up regulated glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in sciatic nerve of rats. Notably, Rhus Tox treatment caused significant reductions in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as compared with CCI-control group. Protective effect of Rhus Tox against CCI-induced sciatic nerve injury in histopathology study was exhibited through maintenance of normal nerve architecture and inhibition of inflammatory changes. Overall, neuroprotective effect of Rhus Tox in CCI-induced neuropathic pain suggests the involvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Chandragouda R Patil - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • ultra diluted toxicodendron pubescens attenuates pro inflammatory cytokines and ros mediated neuropathic pain in rats
    Scientific Reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shital Maga, Chandragouda R Patil, Kalpesh R Patil, Deepika Nayak, Umesh Mahaja, Sachi D Shinde, Samee N Goyal, Shivang Swaminaraya, Shreesh Ojha, Chanakya Nath Kundu
    Abstract:

    Despite the availability of multiple therapeutic agents, the search for novel pain management of neuropathic pain is still a challenge. Oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling are prominently involved in clinical manifestation of neuropathic pain. Toxicodendron pubescens, popularly known as Rhus Tox (RT) is recommended in alternative medicines as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic remedy. Earlier, we reported anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory activities of Rhus Tox. In continuation, we evaluated antinociceptive efficacy of Rhus Tox in the neuropathic pain and delineated its underlying mechanism. Initially, in-vitro assay using LPS-mediated ROS-induced U-87 glioblastoma cells was performed to study the effect of Rhus Tox on reactive oxygen species (ROS), anti-oxidant status and cytokine profile. Rhus Tox decreased oxidative stress and cytokine release with restoration of anti-oxidant systems. Chronic treatment with Rhus Tox ultra dilutions for 14 days ameliorated neuropathic pain revealed as inhibition of cold, warm and mechanical allodynia along with improved motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in constricted nerve. Rhus Tox decreased the oxidative and nitrosative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) content, respectively along with up regulated glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in sciatic nerve of rats. Notably, Rhus Tox treatment caused significant reductions in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as compared with CCI-control group. Protective effect of Rhus Tox against CCI-induced sciatic nerve injury in histopathology study was exhibited through maintenance of normal nerve architecture and inhibition of inflammatory changes. Overall, neuroprotective effect of Rhus Tox in CCI-induced neuropathic pain suggests the involvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

  • retracted article ultra diluted toxicodendron pubescens attenuates pro inflammatory cytokines and ros mediated neuropathic pain in rats
    Scientific Reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Shital Maga, Chandragouda R Patil, Kalpesh R Patil, Deepika Nayak, Umesh Mahaja, Sachi D Shinde, Samee N Goyal, Shivang Swaminaraya, Shreesh Ojha, Chanakya Nath Kundu
    Abstract:

    Despite the availability of multiple therapeutic agents, the search for novel pain management of neuropathic pain is still a challenge. Oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling are prominently involved in clinical manifestation of neuropathic pain. Toxicodendron pubescens, popularly known as Rhus Tox (RT) is recommended in alternative medicines as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic remedy. Earlier, we reported anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory activities of Rhus Tox. In continuation, we evaluated antinociceptive efficacy of Rhus Tox in the neuropathic pain and delineated its underlying mechanism. Initially, in-vitro assay using LPS-mediated ROS-induced U-87 glioblastoma cells was performed to study the effect of Rhus Tox on reactive oxygen species (ROS), anti-oxidant status and cytokine profile. Rhus Tox decreased oxidative stress and cytokine release with restoration of anti-oxidant systems. Chronic treatment with Rhus Tox ultra dilutions for 14 days ameliorated neuropathic pain revealed as inhibition of cold, warm and mechanical allodynia along with improved motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in constricted nerve. Rhus Tox decreased the oxidative and nitrosative stress by reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) content, respectively along with up regulated glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity in sciatic nerve of rats. Notably, Rhus Tox treatment caused significant reductions in the levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as compared with CCI-control group. Protective effect of Rhus Tox against CCI-induced sciatic nerve injury in histopathology study was exhibited through maintenance of normal nerve architecture and inhibition of inflammatory changes. Overall, neuroprotective effect of Rhus Tox in CCI-induced neuropathic pain suggests the involvement of anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

  • toxicodendron pubescens retains its anti arthritic efficacy at 1m 10m and cm homeopathic dilutions
    Homeopathy, 2012
    Co-Authors: Dhanraj Ramanlal Patel, Ramchandra Jadhav, Kalpesh R Patil, Imtiyaz Ahmed Ansari, Yasin Nasi Kachchhi, Rachna Bipinchandra Patel, Chandragouda R Patil
    Abstract:

    Background Our previous studies of Toxicodendron pubescens ( Rhus tox ) in homeopathic dilutions have shown anti-inflammatory activity in line with the principle of similia . The present study aimed to evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity in 1M, 10M and CM dilutions in rats. Method Arthritis was induced by subplantar injection of 0.1 ml of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) in the right hind paws of rats. The severity of inflammatory lesions was measured plethysmometrically on 21st day post CFA injection. The intensity of pain was measured using digital Von Frey apparatus. Other estimations included serum C-reactive protein (CRP), hematological parameters, body weight changes, arthritic pain score and radiological analysis of the arthritic paws. Result The 1M, 10M and CM homeopathic dilutions of Rhus tox reduced primary and secondary arthritic lesions, improved body weight gain and protected rats against CFA-induced hematological and radiological perturbations. A significant reduction in the serum levels of CRP and an improvement in pain threshold of injected paws was observed in the groups treated with the Rhus tox dilutions. Conclusion The anti-arthritic potential of Rhus tox is retained at 1M, 10M and CM dilutions.

  • modulation of arthritis in rats by toxicodendron pubescens and its homeopathic dilutions
    Homeopathy, 2011
    Co-Authors: Chandragouda R Patil, Ashish Rambhade, Ramchandra Jadhav, Kalpesh R Patil, Vishal Kuma Dubey, Havin Maheshkuma Sonara, Sanjay S Toshniwal
    Abstract:

    Background Toxicodendron pubescens P. Mill (Anacardiaceae) known in homeopathy as Rhus toxicodendron ( Rhus tox ) is used as an anti-inflammatory medicine in homeopathic practice. In this study, Rhus tox in its crude form and homeopathic dilutions (3cH, 6cH, 30cH, 200cH) was evaluated for effects on Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis in rats. Method We assessed the severity of arthritis through observations including inflammatory lesions, body and organ weight and hematological parameters including C-reactive protein (CRP). Blinded radiological analysis of the affected joints and pain intensity determination was also carried out. Results Rhus tox protected rats from CFA-induced inflammatory lesions, body weight changes and hematological alterations. Rhus tox protected against radiological joint alterations due to arthritis. Arthritic pain scores were also favorably affected by Rhus tox . All the dilutions of Rhus tox including crude form showed anti-arthritic activity. The maximum protective effect was evident in the crude form at 10 mg/kg/day, by mouth. Conclusion This study supports claims in the homeopathic literature on the role of Rhus tox and its ultra dilutions in the treatment of arthritis and associated pain. Further study is needed to explain this anti-arthritic effect of Rhus tox .

  • immunomodulatory activity of toxicodendron pubescens in experimental models
    Homeopathy, 2009
    Co-Authors: Chandragouda R Patil, Mahendra H Gaushal, A R Gadeka, A M Agrawal, Pandurang S. Salunkhe, Sanjay J Surana
    Abstract:

    Background Toxicodendron pubescens is a botanical name of Rhus toxicodendron ( Rhus tox ). This plant is widely used in its homeopathically diluted form in the treatment of inflammatory and edematous conditions. In this study, various dilutions of Rhus tox including its crude form have been evaluated for their effects on immune response in the in vivo and in vitro experimental models. Methods Rhus tox in the form of mother tincture, 6cH, 30cH, 200cH and 1000cH dilutions was tested through in vivo models including sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) induced cellular and humoral immune response in C57/BL6 mice. The effects of Rhus tox dilutions were also evaluated in vitro on the functions of human polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells such as phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Candida albicans , chemotaxis, and reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye. Results Rhus tox was found to intensify SRBCs induced antibody titer and delayed type hypersensitivity response in mice. Even higher dilutions such as 200cH and 1000cH were found to affect the immune response; however, the crude form, mother tincture, 6cH and 30cH dilutions revealed more potent effects than the 200cH and 1000cH dilutions. In in vitro assays, all the dilutions exerted stimulation of phagocytosis, candidacidal activity and chemotaxis of human PMN cells. The NBT dye reduction assay revealed that oxidative processes in the PMN cells are accelerated in the presence of Rhus tox . This study shows that Rhus tox possesses immunostimulatory activity in its crude form as well as in homeopathically diluted forms. These effects appeared to be concentration dependent as higher dilutions had less potent effects.