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Antonio O Soares - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Ecology of Aphidophaga : Biology, Ecology and Behaviour of Aphidophagous Insects : Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium
Universidade dos Açores, 2003Co-Authors: Antonio O Soares, Maria A. Ventura, Vasco Garcia, Jean-louis HemptinneAbstract:8th International Symposium, Ponta Delgada 1-6 September 2002.Aphids and their natural enemies were central stage from 1st to 6th of September, 2002, at the University of the Azores in Ponta Delgada. Aphids were recorded as major pests early in the XXth Century (GAUMONT 1977) and continue to threaten field and greenhouse crops. As a consequence, pesticides are used regularly and intensively, which hampers the move towards sustainable agriculture. In theory, biological control of aphids is an alternative to chemical control but the record of biological control is not good (DIXON 2000). This does not mean that biological control should be abandoned. On the contrary, we should attempt to improve it, and this is the main objective of the IOBC Working Group “Ecology of aphidophaga”. Traditionally the majority of the communications presented at the meetings of this Working Group are on ladybird beetles. This was also the case at this meeting but the prominence of ladybirds was not a deliberate attempt to restrict the scientific scope of the meeting. History partly explains the domination of ladybirds. The outstanding success of Rodolia cardinalis in California many years ago still influences these conferences. This is not the only explanation. Ladybirds are a good model organism for improving our understanding of the role of natural enemies in regulating herbivore populations. Parasitoids have, and continue to be used as models for studying predator prey dynamics. However, the biology of parasitoids differs fundamentally from that of predators (DIXON 2000) and it is therefore unlikely that studies on parasitoids will shed light on all the theoretical and practical aspects of the interactions between prey and natural enemies. Studies on ladybirds complement those on parasitoids and give a better understanding of why the biological control of aphids sometimes fails. This was central to the interesting communications on predator-prey models, guild structure, fundamental biology and applications presented at the meeting.FCT - Apoio do Programa Operacional Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovação do Quadro Comunitário de Apoio III; Fundação Luso-Americanainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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Contribution to the knowledge of the Coccinellidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) fauna from the Azores islands.
2003Co-Authors: Antonio O Soares, Rui B. Elias, Roberto Resendes, Helena FigueiredoAbstract:An updated list of the Coccinellidae species of the Azores archipelago is presented. New records for S. Miguel: Nephus (Sidis) hiekei; Sta. Maria: Rodolia cardinalis; S. Jorge: Stethorus punctilium, Clitosthetus arcuatus, Scymnus nubilus, N. (Sidis) hiekei; Pico: R. cardinalis; Graciosa: C. arcuatus, S. (Scymnus) interruptus, N. (Sidis) hiekei, Lindorus lophantae and R. cardinalis; Corvo: S. nubilus, N. (Sidis) hiekei and Coccinella undecimpunctata. Regressions of species richness against area of the islands and distance from the nearest mainland were performed. No statistical significant correlation between species richness against area was found but a statistical significant negative correlation between the number of species and the distance from the nearest mainland was obtained. The results are, in part, in accordance with the predictions of MACARTHUR & WILSON’S (1967) equilibrium theory of island biogeography, relating differences in the diversity within Azorean islands with isolation.
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population dynamics of icerya purchasi maskell hom margarodidae and Rodolia cardinalis mulsant col coccinellidae in two citrus orchards of sao miguel island azores portugal
Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal. Plagas (España), 1999Co-Authors: Antonio O Soares, R B Elias, H SchanderlAbstract:SOARES, A. O., R. B. ELIAS y H. SCHANDERL, 1999. Population dynamics of Icerya purchasi MASKELL (Horn; Margarodidae) and Rodolia cardinalis MULSANT (Col; Coccinellidae) in two citrus orchards of Sao Miguel island (Azores). Bol. San. Veg. Plantas, 25 (4): 459-467. Two citrus orchards in the North side of Sao Miguel island (Rabo de Peixe) were selected in order to evaluate the populations dynamics of I. purchasi and R. cardinalis. For that purpose sixteen trees were sampled from May to November 1997 and from April to October 1998. /. purchasi develops 2 annual generations, one in the end of Spring and the other in Autumn. Young females are the most abundant stage during the winter. The larvae stages of the predator appear mainly in the beginning of summer and adults start to appear in July reaching the peak of abundance in the end of that season. This maximum probably contributes to the decrease of I. purchasi density during the Summer reaching its minimum in the end of this season. During autumn the population level of Rodolia beetle decreases which coincides with the second generation of I. purchasi. After November no individuals were found on trees probably indicating the beginning of the hibernation period. The majority of larvae and young females of the scale were found on the leaves and mature females were found on the branches, indicating a migration in the organs of the plant.
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dinamica de poblacion de icerya purchasi maskell hom margarodidae y todolia cardinalis mulsant col coccinellidae en dos huertos de citricos de la isla de sao miguel azores population dynamics of icerya purchasi maskell hom margarodidae and Rodolia ca
Boletín de sanidad vegetal. Plagas, 1999Co-Authors: Antonio O Soares, R B Elias, H SchanderlAbstract:En dos parcelas de naranjo en el Norte de la isla de Sao Miguel se ha estudiado la dinamica poblacional de L. purchasi y R. cardinalis. El muestreo se realizo quincenalmente en 16 arboles desde Mayo a Noviembre de 1.997 y desde Abril a octubre de 1.998. I. purchasi ha desarrollado dos generaciones anuales, una al final de la primavera y otra en otono. Las hembras jovenes son las mas abundantes en invierno. Los estadios larvares del predador se observan al principio del verano y la actividad del vuelo de los adultos es maxima al final de verano. Este maximo contribuye de forma acusada para la disminucion de la densidad de L. purchasi durante el verano con los valores mas bajos al final de la estacion. En este momento se observa una elevada sincronizacion entre la proporcion de hembras jovenes de I. purchasi y larvas de R. cardinalis. En el otono la abundancia poblacional de R. cardinalis es muy baja coincidiendo con la 2a generacion de I. purchasi. Despues de Noviembre no se han encontrado individuos en las arboles, indicando probablemente el inicio del periodo de hibernacion. La mayoria de los inmaduros y hembras jovenes de L purchasi han sido observado en las hojas y las hembras maduras se han encontrado en los ramas, indicando migracion entre los organos de la planta.
H Schanderl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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population dynamics of icerya purchasi maskell hom margarodidae and Rodolia cardinalis mulsant col coccinellidae in two citrus orchards of sao miguel island azores portugal
Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal. Plagas (España), 1999Co-Authors: Antonio O Soares, R B Elias, H SchanderlAbstract:SOARES, A. O., R. B. ELIAS y H. SCHANDERL, 1999. Population dynamics of Icerya purchasi MASKELL (Horn; Margarodidae) and Rodolia cardinalis MULSANT (Col; Coccinellidae) in two citrus orchards of Sao Miguel island (Azores). Bol. San. Veg. Plantas, 25 (4): 459-467. Two citrus orchards in the North side of Sao Miguel island (Rabo de Peixe) were selected in order to evaluate the populations dynamics of I. purchasi and R. cardinalis. For that purpose sixteen trees were sampled from May to November 1997 and from April to October 1998. /. purchasi develops 2 annual generations, one in the end of Spring and the other in Autumn. Young females are the most abundant stage during the winter. The larvae stages of the predator appear mainly in the beginning of summer and adults start to appear in July reaching the peak of abundance in the end of that season. This maximum probably contributes to the decrease of I. purchasi density during the Summer reaching its minimum in the end of this season. During autumn the population level of Rodolia beetle decreases which coincides with the second generation of I. purchasi. After November no individuals were found on trees probably indicating the beginning of the hibernation period. The majority of larvae and young females of the scale were found on the leaves and mature females were found on the branches, indicating a migration in the organs of the plant.
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dinamica de poblacion de icerya purchasi maskell hom margarodidae y todolia cardinalis mulsant col coccinellidae en dos huertos de citricos de la isla de sao miguel azores population dynamics of icerya purchasi maskell hom margarodidae and Rodolia ca
Boletín de sanidad vegetal. Plagas, 1999Co-Authors: Antonio O Soares, R B Elias, H SchanderlAbstract:En dos parcelas de naranjo en el Norte de la isla de Sao Miguel se ha estudiado la dinamica poblacional de L. purchasi y R. cardinalis. El muestreo se realizo quincenalmente en 16 arboles desde Mayo a Noviembre de 1.997 y desde Abril a octubre de 1.998. I. purchasi ha desarrollado dos generaciones anuales, una al final de la primavera y otra en otono. Las hembras jovenes son las mas abundantes en invierno. Los estadios larvares del predador se observan al principio del verano y la actividad del vuelo de los adultos es maxima al final de verano. Este maximo contribuye de forma acusada para la disminucion de la densidad de L. purchasi durante el verano con los valores mas bajos al final de la estacion. En este momento se observa una elevada sincronizacion entre la proporcion de hembras jovenes de I. purchasi y larvas de R. cardinalis. En el otono la abundancia poblacional de R. cardinalis es muy baja coincidiendo con la 2a generacion de I. purchasi. Despues de Noviembre no se han encontrado individuos en las arboles, indicando probablemente el inicio del periodo de hibernacion. La mayoria de los inmaduros y hembras jovenes de L purchasi han sido observado en las hojas y las hembras maduras se han encontrado en los ramas, indicando migracion entre los organos de la planta.
Charlotte E. Causton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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post release evaluation of Rodolia cardinalis coleoptera coccinellidae for control of icerya purchasi hemiptera monophlebidae in the galapagos islands
Biological Control, 2013Co-Authors: Mark S Hoddle, Roy Driesche, Christina D Hoddle, M P Lincango, Claudio Crespo Ramirez, Jose Loayza, Charlotte E. CaustonAbstract:Abstract Post-release field evaluations (2009–2011) of the impacts of Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) released in the Galapagos Islands in 2002 for the classical biological control of Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) indicated that substantial (∼60–98% reduction in I. purchasi densities) and persistent suppression of this pest has occurred. Most endemic and native plants surveyed appear to no longer have heavy I. purchasi infestations nor disfiguring honeydew contamination. However, pest suppression by R. cardinalis was less successful on some plant species, such as the native sand dune-inhabiting Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl. on which substantial, but fluctuating I. purchasi densities remain. In urban areas, invasive ant species tending I. purchasi colonies likely interfered with biological control. In 22 h of field cage observations of R. cardinalis foraging on native plants infested with various combinations of five non-target arthropod species and I. purchasi, no attacks on non-target prey occurred. In field cages, all observed attacks and feeding activity were on I. purchasi. Captures of R. cardinalis were significantly higher on yellow sticky traps placed in plants infested with I. purchasi compared to plants that were not hosts of I. purchasi. We conclude that the first biological control project in the Galapagos Islands with R. cardinalis against I. purchasi has been very successful and R. cardinalis is highly unlikely to affect non-target species following its establishment and spread in the archipelago.
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Monitoring the effects of Rodolia cardinalis on Icerya purchasi populations on the Galapagos Islands
BioControl, 2012Co-Authors: Carolina Calderón Alvarez, Charlotte E. Causton, Roy Driesche, Christina D Hoddle, Mark S Hoddle, Edward J StanekAbstract:In January 2002, the first biological control program was implemented on the Galapagos Islands with the release of the Australian coccinellid Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant to control the invasive cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell . This was the first time that Galapagos authorities had approved the introduction of a biological control agent to this iconic archipelago and, because of this precedent, it was important to monitor and evaluate its behaviour soon after its introduction. Surveys were carried out after the release of R. cardinalis in 2002 to confirm establishment on Santa Cruz Island. In 2009, seven years post-release, a broader survey was done to document spread throughout the archipelago . Directly after the release of R . cardinalis in 2002 , a predator exclusion study and field observations were carried out on scale insect populations on white mangrove ( Laguncularia racemosa [L.] Gaertn. F.) on Santa Cruz Island to document impact. In less than three months after R . cardinalis was released in 2002, populations of I. purchasi on white mangrove that were exposed to the predator in the exclusion experiment, or were monitored in the field, had declined by 99–100%. Results suggest that R . cardinalis played a key role in this decline, possibly in combination with high rainfall . Rodolia cardinalis dispersed quickly after its release and by 2009 was found in a wide variety of habitats on seven of the eight islands surveyed that had records of I . purchasi . Two of these were self-introductions. Further monitoring is recommended to determine whether this biological control agent has successfully reduced scale insect numbers on other valued plant species.
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evaluating the safety of Rodolia cardinalis to two species of galapagos finch camarhynchus parvulus and geospiza fuliginosa
Biological Control, 2011Co-Authors: M P Lincango, Charlotte E. Causton, Calderon C Alvarez, Gustavo JimenezuzcateguiAbstract:Abstract Some species of coccinellids exude a fluid that contains an alkaloid which can be toxic to vertebrates that ingest them. Because of this, before introducing Rodolia cardinalis to the Galapagos Islands as a biological control agent for the invasive scale insect, Icerya purchasi , it was considered necessary to determine whether it is toxic to birds. In this study, experiments were carried out with two common, insectivorous finches that are endemic to the Galapagos Islands; Camarhynchus parvulus (12 individuals) and Geospiza fuliginosa (16 individuals). Finches were maintained in captivity for 12–18 days. This period was divided into three phases: adaptation, experimental, and observation. During the experimental phase, test individuals, in addition to their regular diet, were fed 0.15 g portions of larvae or adults of R. cardinalis on alternate days over four days. The control group were fed 0.15 g of Asciodes quietalis abdomens in place of R. cardinalis . Symptoms of toxicity (mortality, deterioration, critical weight loss) from feeding on R. cardinalis were not observed in either species while in captivity, but birds avoided or rejected beetles indicating that they were distasteful. Finches regurgitated a higher number of larvae than adult beetles suggesting that larvae were less palatable than adults. Although long-term monitoring was not possible, results suggest that at least two species of finch will be unaffected by the release of R. cardinalis into the Galapagos Islands.
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feeding range studies of Rodolia cardinalis mulsant a candidate biological control agent of icerya purchasi maskell in the galapagos islands
Biological Control, 2004Co-Authors: Charlotte E. Causton, M P Lincango, Thomas G A PoulsomAbstract:The immediate threat of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Homoptera: Margarodidae), to the conservation of endangered flora in the Galapagos islands prompted conservation groups to assess the risks associated with the introduction of its natural enemy, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Although R. cardinalis has been widely used for controlling this exotic pest, little information was found to confirm its presumed narrow feeding range. Consequently, studies were deemed necessary to determine whether the introduction of R. cardinalis would harm the island’s native invertebrate fauna, in particular rare or threatened species. Using no-choice trials, we tested neonate and third instar larvae of R. cardinalis against 16 and 11 potential prey species, respectively. Adults with prior feeding experience on I. purchasi were tested against eight non-target species and naive adults (those that had not fed on I. purchasi) were tested against six. These trials included up to 35% of the Homoptera species of conservation value presumed to have the highest risk of being preyed upon by R. cardinalis. To maximize the range of species exposed to R. cardinalis, feeding trials were also carried out with some introduced species representative of groups containing potential non-target species that were not located for testing. R. cardinalis was unable to complete its life cycle on any of the test prey species and only fed on Margarodes similis Morrison (Homoptera: Margarodidae), a species closely related to the cottony cushion scale. M. similis, however, is subterranean and in its natural habitat is not at risk from foraging by R. cardinalis. Based on these trials, we believe that immature stages of R. cardinalis will have no impact on the non-target invertebrate fauna of the Galapagos islands because they specialize on Margarodidae. Although the limited nature of our testing prevents us from reaching a definitive conclusion about the prey range of R. cardinalis adults, our results indicate that it is also narrow. According to our field and laboratory studies, niche overlap with native predators of Homoptera will be minimal and intraguild predation should not occur.
M P Lincango - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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post release evaluation of Rodolia cardinalis coleoptera coccinellidae for control of icerya purchasi hemiptera monophlebidae in the galapagos islands
Biological Control, 2013Co-Authors: Mark S Hoddle, Roy Driesche, Christina D Hoddle, M P Lincango, Claudio Crespo Ramirez, Jose Loayza, Charlotte E. CaustonAbstract:Abstract Post-release field evaluations (2009–2011) of the impacts of Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) released in the Galapagos Islands in 2002 for the classical biological control of Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) indicated that substantial (∼60–98% reduction in I. purchasi densities) and persistent suppression of this pest has occurred. Most endemic and native plants surveyed appear to no longer have heavy I. purchasi infestations nor disfiguring honeydew contamination. However, pest suppression by R. cardinalis was less successful on some plant species, such as the native sand dune-inhabiting Scaevola plumieri (L.) Vahl. on which substantial, but fluctuating I. purchasi densities remain. In urban areas, invasive ant species tending I. purchasi colonies likely interfered with biological control. In 22 h of field cage observations of R. cardinalis foraging on native plants infested with various combinations of five non-target arthropod species and I. purchasi, no attacks on non-target prey occurred. In field cages, all observed attacks and feeding activity were on I. purchasi. Captures of R. cardinalis were significantly higher on yellow sticky traps placed in plants infested with I. purchasi compared to plants that were not hosts of I. purchasi. We conclude that the first biological control project in the Galapagos Islands with R. cardinalis against I. purchasi has been very successful and R. cardinalis is highly unlikely to affect non-target species following its establishment and spread in the archipelago.
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evaluating the safety of Rodolia cardinalis to two species of galapagos finch camarhynchus parvulus and geospiza fuliginosa
Biological Control, 2011Co-Authors: M P Lincango, Charlotte E. Causton, Calderon C Alvarez, Gustavo JimenezuzcateguiAbstract:Abstract Some species of coccinellids exude a fluid that contains an alkaloid which can be toxic to vertebrates that ingest them. Because of this, before introducing Rodolia cardinalis to the Galapagos Islands as a biological control agent for the invasive scale insect, Icerya purchasi , it was considered necessary to determine whether it is toxic to birds. In this study, experiments were carried out with two common, insectivorous finches that are endemic to the Galapagos Islands; Camarhynchus parvulus (12 individuals) and Geospiza fuliginosa (16 individuals). Finches were maintained in captivity for 12–18 days. This period was divided into three phases: adaptation, experimental, and observation. During the experimental phase, test individuals, in addition to their regular diet, were fed 0.15 g portions of larvae or adults of R. cardinalis on alternate days over four days. The control group were fed 0.15 g of Asciodes quietalis abdomens in place of R. cardinalis . Symptoms of toxicity (mortality, deterioration, critical weight loss) from feeding on R. cardinalis were not observed in either species while in captivity, but birds avoided or rejected beetles indicating that they were distasteful. Finches regurgitated a higher number of larvae than adult beetles suggesting that larvae were less palatable than adults. Although long-term monitoring was not possible, results suggest that at least two species of finch will be unaffected by the release of R. cardinalis into the Galapagos Islands.
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feeding range studies of Rodolia cardinalis mulsant a candidate biological control agent of icerya purchasi maskell in the galapagos islands
Biological Control, 2004Co-Authors: Charlotte E. Causton, M P Lincango, Thomas G A PoulsomAbstract:The immediate threat of the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell (Homoptera: Margarodidae), to the conservation of endangered flora in the Galapagos islands prompted conservation groups to assess the risks associated with the introduction of its natural enemy, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Although R. cardinalis has been widely used for controlling this exotic pest, little information was found to confirm its presumed narrow feeding range. Consequently, studies were deemed necessary to determine whether the introduction of R. cardinalis would harm the island’s native invertebrate fauna, in particular rare or threatened species. Using no-choice trials, we tested neonate and third instar larvae of R. cardinalis against 16 and 11 potential prey species, respectively. Adults with prior feeding experience on I. purchasi were tested against eight non-target species and naive adults (those that had not fed on I. purchasi) were tested against six. These trials included up to 35% of the Homoptera species of conservation value presumed to have the highest risk of being preyed upon by R. cardinalis. To maximize the range of species exposed to R. cardinalis, feeding trials were also carried out with some introduced species representative of groups containing potential non-target species that were not located for testing. R. cardinalis was unable to complete its life cycle on any of the test prey species and only fed on Margarodes similis Morrison (Homoptera: Margarodidae), a species closely related to the cottony cushion scale. M. similis, however, is subterranean and in its natural habitat is not at risk from foraging by R. cardinalis. Based on these trials, we believe that immature stages of R. cardinalis will have no impact on the non-target invertebrate fauna of the Galapagos islands because they specialize on Margarodidae. Although the limited nature of our testing prevents us from reaching a definitive conclusion about the prey range of R. cardinalis adults, our results indicate that it is also narrow. According to our field and laboratory studies, niche overlap with native predators of Homoptera will be minimal and intraguild predation should not occur.
D Blumberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of some insect growth regulators on natural enemies of scale insects (Hom.: Coccoidea)
Entomophaga, 1994Co-Authors: Z. Mendel, D Blumberg, I. IshaayaAbstract:Les effects de quatre régulateurs de croissance d'insectes (buprofézine, fénoxycarbe, pyriproxyfène et chlorfluazuron) sur six ennemis naturels de cochenilles font l'objet, de cette étude, aux concentrations recommandées pour usage agricole. L'immersion dans la buprofézine n'a pas d'effet, appréciable sur la mortalité, l'oviposition et le développement de Comperiella bifasciata (Howard) (Hym.: Encyrtidae). La mortalité des adultes d' Encyrtus infelix Embleton (Encyrtidae) exposés à des, hôtes traités avec de la buprofézine est faible; la buprofézine produit un certain effect négatif sur les stades immatures d' E. infelix quand ce produit est appliqué avant le parasitisme mais n'a pas d'effet lorsque le produit est appliqué après. Ce régulateur de croissance n'a qu'un faible effet sur les stades immatures de Cryptochaetum iceryae Williston (Dipt.: Cryptochaetidae), alors que le fénoxycarbe et le pyriproxyfène ont un effet négatif sur le parasitisme et/ou le développement de la mouche parasitoïde. Aucune larve de Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Col.: Coccinellidae) n'atteint le, stade adulte après application de buprofézine, fénoxycarbe ou pyriproxyféne. La buprofézine et le chlorfluazuron empêchent totalement l'éclosion des œufs de Chilocorus bipustulatus L. (Col.: Coccinellidae). La buprofézine n'a pas d'effet, négatif sur l'éclosion des œufs et le développement larvaire d' Elatophilus hebraicus Péricart (Hem.: Anthocoridae); par contre le fénoxycarbe et le pyriproxyfène appliqués, sur les aiguilles de pin avant ou après l'oviposition empêchent totalement l'éclosion des œufs chez cette espèce. We report and discuss effects of four insect growth regulators: buprofezin, fenoxycarb pyriproxyfen and chlorfluazuron, at concentrations recommended for agricultural use on six species of natural enemies of homopteran pests. Dipping in buprofezin had no appreciable effect on adult mortality, oviposition and development of Comperiella bifasciata (Howard), (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). When exposed to hosts treated with buprofezin, percentage mortality of adult Encyrtus infelix Embleton (Encyrtidae) was low; buprofezin had some detrimental effect on immature stages of E. infelix when applied prior to parasitization, but not when introduced after parasitization. Buprofezin had a slight effect on the immature stages of Cryptochaetum iceryae Williston (Diptera: Cryptochaetidae), while fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen had marked detrimental effects on parasitization and/or development of the parasitoid fly. None of the larvae of Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) developed into adults after application of buprofezin, fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen. Buprofezin and chlorfluazuron completely prevented egg hatch of Chilocorus bipustulatus L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Buprofezin did not adversely affect egg hatch and larval development of Elatophilus hebraicus Pericart (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae); fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen applied either before or after oviposition on pine needles caused total suppression of egg hatch.
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colonization trials with cryptochetum iceryae and Rodolia iceryae for improved biological control of icerya purchasi in israel
Biological Control, 1991Co-Authors: Zvi Mendel, D BlumbergAbstract:Abstract Colonization of additional natural enemies of Icerya purchasi Maskell (Homoptera: Margarodidae) in Israel was considered because of the frequent outbreaks of the scale during the 1980s and the chronic severe injuries to certain ornamental plants whose toxic effects through the scale reduce the effectiveness of Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Colonization trials were conducted with the parasitic fly Cryptochetum iceryae Williston (Diptera: Cryptochetidae) collected in southern California and with Rodolia iceryae Jenson sent from South Africa. Rearing experiments of both natural enemies were conducted using I. purchasi and I. aegyptiaca (Douglas) infesting different plant species. C. iceryae developed on I. purchasi growing on 17 host plant species. I. aegyptiaca was not affected by the fly. R. iceryae could not complete its development on either I. purchasi or I. aegyptiaca. C. iceryae was released at nine sites planted with Erythrina corallodendrum, Spartium junceum, or Retama raetam infested with I. purchasi. In citrus groves, after 2 years and following several releases, it is still uncertain whether C. iceryae has become established. C. iceryae was acclimatized at all sites planted with E. corallodendrum, S. junceum, and R. raetam and suppression of the scale was achieved in 2 years, probably because of the lack of significant competition with Rodolia cardinalis. I. purchasi populations were very sparse in the sampled citrus groves. Only in one site did we observe a rapid switch from the latent epidemic phase. This outbreak resulted in serious damage to the trees and was followed by a rapid breakdown of the scale population due to a sharp increase in the R. cardinalis population.
