Salsola

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Alexander N Sennikov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the nomenclatural history of Salsola sedoides l and Salsola sedoides pall suaedoideae and camphorosmoideae chenopodiaceae amaranthaceae
    2014
    Co-Authors: Alexander N Sennikov, Helmut Freitag
    Abstract:

    The original circumscriptions and nomenclatural history of the homonyms Salsola sedoides L. 1759 and Salsola sedoides Pall. 1771 are discussed, and lectotypes or neotypes are designated for both names and their synonyms. Two species were involved in the protologue of Salsola sedoides L.; its earliest history, the latest material and the proposed lectotype cor- respond to its current interpretation as Suaeda maritima from the North Sea coasts, whereas its validating statement is referable to Suaeda splendens from the Mediterranean. The unused name Salsola cinerea Waldst. & Kit. is the earliest legitimate name for the later homonym Salsola sedoides Pall. To avoid creating a new transfer of this epithet to Sedobassia, the name Salsola sedoides Pall. is proposed for conservation against its earlier homonym S. sedoides L.

Gerald E Edwards - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Salsola arbusculiformis a c3 c4intermediate in salsoleae chenopodiaceae
    2001
    Co-Authors: Elena V Voznesenskaya, Vladimir I Pyankov, Vincent R Franceschi, Elena G Artyusheva, Olavi Kiirats, Gerald E Edwards
    Abstract:

    Salsola arbusculiformis is identified as a C 3 ‐C 4 intermediate species based on anatomical, biochemical and physiological characteristics. This is the first report of a naturally occurring intermediate species in the Chenopodiaceae, the family with the largest number of C4 species amongst the dicots. In the genus Salsola, most species have Salsoloid anatomy with Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C4 photosynthesis, while a few species have Sympegmoid anatomy and were found to have non-Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C3 photosynthesis. In the cylindrical leaves of C4 Salsola with Salsoloid type anatomy, there is a continuous layer of distinct, chlorenchymatous Kranz type bundle sheath cells surrounded by a single layer of mesophyll cells; whereas species with Sympegmoid type anatomy have an indistinct bundle sheath with few chloroplasts and multiple layers of chlorenchymatous mesophyll cells. However, S. arbusculiformis has intermediate anatomical features. While it has two-to-three layers of mesophyll cells, characteristic of Sympegmoid anatomy, it has distinctive, Kranz-like bundle sheath cells with numerous chloroplasts and mitochondria. Measurements of its CO2 compensation point and CO2 response of photosynthesis show S. arbusculiformis functions as an intermediate species with reduced levels of photorespiration. The primary means of reducing photorespiration is suggested to be by refixing photorespired CO2 in bundle sheath cells, since analysis of photosynthetic enzymes (activity and immunolocalization) and 14 CO2 labelling of initial fixation products suggests minimal operation of a C4 cycle. # 2001 Annals of Botany Company

  • occurrence of c3 and c4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of Salsola species chenopodiaceae
    2000
    Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Clanton C Black, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E Edwards
    Abstract:

    Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section CoccoSalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.

John F Gaskin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • tumbleweed Salsola section kali species and speciation in california
    2009
    Co-Authors: Debra R Ayres, Frederick J Ryan, Eva Grotkopp, John P Bailey, John F Gaskin
    Abstract:

    Tumbleweeds (Salsola species, section Kali) are road side and rangeland pest plants throughout the 48 contiguous states in the US. Three described tumbleweed species and two undescribed Salsola taxa occur in California. The known species are Russian thistle, Salsola tragus, introduced from Eurasia in the 1800s, Russian barbwire thistle, S. paulsenii, which grows in the desert regions of California, and is also native to Eurasia, and the recently identified S. kali subspecies austroafricana, possibly native to South Africa. Our goals were to investigate karyology, genome size, and molecular genetic affinities of the described species and the other taxa within their ranges in California using recently developed microsatellite loci, dominant nuclear DNA markers (RAPD and ISSR), and DNA sequence data. Chromosome counts and genome size assessments made with flow cytometry were compared. These analyses indicated that one undescribed taxon is a new allopolyploid hybrid between S. tragus and S. kali subspecies austroafricana, and the other undescribed taxon appears to be a complex hybrid involving all three described species. The invasion potentials for the hybrid taxa are unknown. Tumbleweeds are the focus of biological controls efforts but the identification of suitable agents for the hybrid taxa may be problematic because of the large amount of genetic variability encompassed within this evolving Salsola complex.

  • the Salsola tragus complex in california chenopodiaceae characterization and status of Salsola australis and the autochthonous allopolyploid Salsola ryanii sp nov
    2008
    Co-Authors: G F Hrusa, John F Gaskin
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT Over the past century in California, the invasive weed Salsola tragus (russianthistle) has become a widespread and troublesome pest plant. Early attempts at biological control of russianthistle achieved only partial success. Efforts to improve effectiveness of renewed biocontrol efforts revealed that two distinct, often sympatric, genetic entities comprise what has been called Salsola tragus: Salsola tragus and Salsola ‘type B’. Efforts to identify and characterize ‘type B’ resulted in recognition of a third form, ‘type C’. We present a taxonomic and morphological examination of Salsola tragus, Salsola ‘type B’, Salsola ‘type C’ and Salsola paulsenii using discriminant analysis with DNA sequence genotypes as the taxonomic framework. Salsola tragus and ‘type B’ were morphologically distinct; ‘type C’ was morphologically intermediate between them and contained DNA sequence genotypes that were an additive mixture of haplotypes mostly exclusive to tetraploid S. tragus and others exclusive to diploid ...

  • genotype diversity of Salsola tragus and potential origins of a previously unidentified invasive Salsola from california and arizona
    2006
    Co-Authors: John F Gaskin, Frederick J Ryan, Frederic G Hrusa, Jason P Londo
    Abstract:

    Various Salsola spp. have been introduced to the USA, and some of these are considered noxious or invasive in certain regions. The genus is taxonomically challenging, and recent morphological, cytological, and molecular work has shown that an unknown taxon, previously identified as S. tragus, but recently temporarily designated as Type B, with unknown origins, exists in California and Arizona. Type B’s origins and identity are a point of concern for biological control efforts, as it is much less affected by fungal biological control agents than the sympatric invasive S. tragus. Initial studies in 2005 indicated that Type B is morphologically very similar to S. kali subsp. austroafricana which has been collected in southern Africa. Here we use DNA sequence data from a PEPC intron to compare USA and Old World specimens, and results indicate that S. kali subsp. austroafricana is genetically identical to Type B and distinct from S. tragus. It is unclear if S. kali subsp. austroafricana is native to southern Africa or to the northern hemisphere of the Old World, and further investigations in both regions are needed.

Vladimir I Pyankov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Salsola arbusculiformis a c3 c4intermediate in salsoleae chenopodiaceae
    2001
    Co-Authors: Elena V Voznesenskaya, Vladimir I Pyankov, Vincent R Franceschi, Elena G Artyusheva, Olavi Kiirats, Gerald E Edwards
    Abstract:

    Salsola arbusculiformis is identified as a C 3 ‐C 4 intermediate species based on anatomical, biochemical and physiological characteristics. This is the first report of a naturally occurring intermediate species in the Chenopodiaceae, the family with the largest number of C4 species amongst the dicots. In the genus Salsola, most species have Salsoloid anatomy with Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C4 photosynthesis, while a few species have Sympegmoid anatomy and were found to have non-Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C3 photosynthesis. In the cylindrical leaves of C4 Salsola with Salsoloid type anatomy, there is a continuous layer of distinct, chlorenchymatous Kranz type bundle sheath cells surrounded by a single layer of mesophyll cells; whereas species with Sympegmoid type anatomy have an indistinct bundle sheath with few chloroplasts and multiple layers of chlorenchymatous mesophyll cells. However, S. arbusculiformis has intermediate anatomical features. While it has two-to-three layers of mesophyll cells, characteristic of Sympegmoid anatomy, it has distinctive, Kranz-like bundle sheath cells with numerous chloroplasts and mitochondria. Measurements of its CO2 compensation point and CO2 response of photosynthesis show S. arbusculiformis functions as an intermediate species with reduced levels of photorespiration. The primary means of reducing photorespiration is suggested to be by refixing photorespired CO2 in bundle sheath cells, since analysis of photosynthetic enzymes (activity and immunolocalization) and 14 CO2 labelling of initial fixation products suggests minimal operation of a C4 cycle. # 2001 Annals of Botany Company

  • occurrence of c3 and c4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of Salsola species chenopodiaceae
    2000
    Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Clanton C Black, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E Edwards
    Abstract:

    Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section CoccoSalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.

  • a comparative anatomical and biochemical analysis in Salsola chenopodiaceae species with and without a kranz type leaf anatomy a possible reversion of c4 to c3 photosynthesis
    1997
    Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Alexandra V Kondratschuk, Clanton C Black
    Abstract:

    Leaf anatomy was studied by light and electron microscopy and the leaf activities of RUBP carboxylase, PEP carboxylase, and malic enzyme were assayed in: Salsola australis and S. oreophila grown on the West Pamirs at 1800 m altitude; in S. australis grown on the East Pamirs at 3860 m; and in S. arbusculiformis grown in the Kisil-Kum desert in Middle Asia near 500 m. Carbon isotope fractionation ratio values also were measured on whole leaf tissue for 18 Salsola species field collected in these and other regions of the former USSR. S. australis leaves are cylindrical and in cross section exhibit a peripheral ring of mesophyll and then an inner ring of bundle sheath type cells; and its biochemical characteristics and deltaC values are typical of a C4 species of the NADP-malic enzyme malate-forming group. These traits were expressed independent of the plant growth altitude up to 4000 m. C4 type deltaC values were obtained in 14 of the Salsola species. Anatomical, structural, and biochemical features typical of the C4 syndrome were absent in S. oreophila and S. arbusculiformis. Four Salsola species, including these two, had C3-type deltaC values. Their cylindrical leaves in cross section exhibited two to three peripheral rings as layers of palisade parenchyma. Although their vascular bundles were surrounded by green bundle sheath cells, their organelle numbers were comparable to those in mesophyll cells. Neither bundle sheath cell wall thickenings nor dimorphic chloroplasts in two leaf cell types were observed. In S. oreophila, there was a high activity of RuBP carboxylase, but a low activity of C4 cycle enzymes. Interpretation of these data lends evidence to the hypothesis that a small group of C3 Salsola species, including S. oreophila, S. arbusculiformis, S. montana, and S. pachyphylla, arose as the result of a reversion of a C4 to a C3 type of photosynthetic CO2 fixation in the cooler climates of Middle Asia.

Debra R Ayres - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • tumbleweed Salsola section kali species and speciation in california
    2009
    Co-Authors: Debra R Ayres, Frederick J Ryan, Eva Grotkopp, John P Bailey, John F Gaskin
    Abstract:

    Tumbleweeds (Salsola species, section Kali) are road side and rangeland pest plants throughout the 48 contiguous states in the US. Three described tumbleweed species and two undescribed Salsola taxa occur in California. The known species are Russian thistle, Salsola tragus, introduced from Eurasia in the 1800s, Russian barbwire thistle, S. paulsenii, which grows in the desert regions of California, and is also native to Eurasia, and the recently identified S. kali subspecies austroafricana, possibly native to South Africa. Our goals were to investigate karyology, genome size, and molecular genetic affinities of the described species and the other taxa within their ranges in California using recently developed microsatellite loci, dominant nuclear DNA markers (RAPD and ISSR), and DNA sequence data. Chromosome counts and genome size assessments made with flow cytometry were compared. These analyses indicated that one undescribed taxon is a new allopolyploid hybrid between S. tragus and S. kali subspecies austroafricana, and the other undescribed taxon appears to be a complex hybrid involving all three described species. The invasion potentials for the hybrid taxa are unknown. Tumbleweeds are the focus of biological controls efforts but the identification of suitable agents for the hybrid taxa may be problematic because of the large amount of genetic variability encompassed within this evolving Salsola complex.

  • beta ssr loci cross amplify in five Salsola taxa
    2008
    Co-Authors: Heather G Mcgray, Debra R Ayres, Christina M Sloop, Alex K Lee
    Abstract:

    We investigated 20 previously developed Beta SSR markers for their utility in the cross-genera amplification of five morphologically distinct invasive tumbleweed (Salsola) taxa. Of these markers, 17 loci had successful amplification within Salsola taxa. Six loci were polymorphic and were useful in confirming the presence of five genetically distinct Salsola taxa.

  • molecular markers indicate two cryptic genetically divergent populations of russian thistle Salsola tragus in california
    2000
    Co-Authors: Frederick Ryanf J J Ryan, Debra R Ayres
    Abstract:

    Genetic variability among accessions of Russian thistle (Salsola tragus L.) from California was investigated using allozymes and DNA-based molecular markers. Aspartate aminotransferase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase displayed two multienzyme phenotypes that were widespread in plants throughout the state. Random amplified poly- morphic DNA analysis was conducted on samples of the two isoenzymic phenotypes collected throughout California, as well as additional accessions from France and Turkey and Salsola paulsenii Litv. Six primers produced 23 polymor- phic bands. Analysis of the patterns of bands by calculation of simple matching coefficients and cluster analysis con - firmed the genetic distinctness of the two isoenzymic phenotypes of S. tragus; S. paulsenii was markedly different from both types. Mean fruit weights from plants grown under similar conditions were different between the two types as well. These results and preliminary cytological analysis together suggest that the two types are actually two different species of Salsola, only one of which has been previously recognized. Analysis of the DNA-based markers suggests that one of the genetic entities may be closely related to Salsola found in Europe, while the area of origin of the sec- ond entity is currently obscure. Resume : Les auteurs ont examine la variabilite genetique parmi differentes accessions du chardon de Russie ( Salsola tragus L.) venant en Calfornie, en utilisant des allozymes et des marqueurs moleculaires bases sur l'ADN. L'aspartate aminotransferase et la 6-phosphogluconate deshydrogenase montrent deux phenotypes a enzymes multiples qui sont lar- gement repandus dans ces plantes, sur l'ensemble de l'etat. Les auteurs ont conduit une analyse du polymorphisme aleatoire de l'ADN amplifie sur des echantillons de deux phenotypes isozymiques recoltes sur l'ensemble de la Cali- fornie, ainsi que d'accessions supplementaires venant de France et de Turquie et du Salsola paulsenii Litv. Six amorces ont produit 23 bandes polymorphiques. L'analyse du patron de ces bandes, par simple calcul des coeficients de corres- pondance et par analyse des regroupements, confirme la distinction genetique des deux phenotypes isozymiques du S. tragus ;l eS. paulsenii etant nettement differents de ces deux types. Les poids moyens des fruits provenant de plantes cultivees sous les memes conditions different entre les deux types egalement. Ces resultats, ainsi que des analyses cyto - logiques preliminaires, pris ensemble, suggerent que les deux types seraient dans les faits deux especes distinctes de Salsola, dont une seule des deux a ete anterieurement reconnue. L'analyse des marqueurs bases sur l'ADN suggere qu'une des entites genetiques pourrait etre etroitement voisine des Salsola trouves en Europe, alors que la region d'origine de la seconde demeure obscure pour le moment. Mots cles : allozyme, diversite genetique, essais RAPD, Salsola tragus, Salsola paulsenii. (Traduit par la Redaction) Ryan and Ayres 67