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Gono Semiadi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The nutritional quality of captive Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor brookei Hose, 1893) velvet antler
2016Co-Authors: Gono Semiadi, Yuliasri JamalAbstract:time information concerning the nutrient value of velvet antler of Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor brookei Hose, 1893) is limited. Therefore, a study on the nutritional quality of velvet antler of captive Sambar Deer was conducted. Velvet antlers were obtained from captive Sambar Deer in Penajam Paser Utara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, and were analyzed for its nutritional quality from the hard and soft parts. The results showed that fresh weight of a pair of velvet antler (approx. 70 days post hard antler cast) was 523.1 g (SE = 49.99). In the soft part of the velvet antler, ash content was 25.9 % DM (SE = 0.78) as compared to 40.4 % DM (SE = 1.07) in hard part, whilst the lipid and protein contents from the soft part were 3.3 % DM (SE = 0.20) and 70.8 % DM (SE = 2.07), respectively, higher compared to those in the hard part being 1.9 % DM (SE = 0.12) and 59.5 % DM (SE = 1.92), respectively. From the study it can be concluded that the production of velvet antler from captive Sambar Deer seemed to be far from its genetic potency, and the nutritional qualities of the velvet antler contents were not different from the red Deer Cervus elaphus
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The nutritional quality of captive Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor brookei Hose, 1893) velvet antler
Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 2015Co-Authors: Gono Semiadi, Yuliasri JamalAbstract:Semiadi G, Jamal Y. 2015. The nutritional quality of captive Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor brookei Hose, 1893) velvet antler.Biodiversitas 16: 156-160. Deer farming has been a well-developed agriculture diversification worldwide since 1970s. To the presenttime information concerning the nutrient value of velvet antler of Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor brookei Hose, 1893) is limited. Therefore,a study on the nutritional quality of velvet antler of captive Sambar Deer was conducted. Velvet antlers were obtained from captiveSambar Deer in Penajam Paser Utara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, and were analyzed for its nutritional quality from the hard and softparts. The results showed that fresh weight of a pair of velvet antler (approx. 70 days post hard antler cast) was 523.1 g (SE = 49.99). Inthe soft part of the velvet antler, ash content was 25.9% DM (SE= 0.78) as compared to 40.4% DM (SE = 1.07) in hard part, whilst thelipid and protein contents from the soft part were 3.3% DM (SE = 0.20) and 70.8% DM (SE = 2.07), respectively, higher compared tothose in the hard part being 1.9% DM (SE = 0.12) and 59.5% DM (SE = 1.92), respectively. From the study it can be concluded that theproduction of velvet antler from captive Sambar Deer seemed to be far from its genetic potency, and the nutritional qualities of the velvetantler contents were not different from the red Deer Cervus elaphus.Key words: nutritional quality, production, Rusa unicolor brookei, Sambar Deer, velvet antler
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Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) x red Deer (C. elaphus) interspecies hybrids.
Journal of Heredity, 1997Co-Authors: P. D. Muir, G.w. Asher, T. E. Broad, M. L. Tate, Gono Semiadi, T. N. BarryAbstract:: The artificial insemination of 400 red Deer hinds with Sambar Deer semen resulted in 31 pregnancies at day 40 (24 at day 100) and the birth of four calves. Only one female calf was born alive. The artificial insemination of 10 Sambar Deer hinds with red Deer semen resulted in five pregnancies at day 40, of which none went to term. Gel electrophoresis of three blood proteins confirmed the live calf as the first documented Sambar Deer x red Deer hydrid. G-banded karyotypes were consistent with the calf (2n = 62; six unpaired and one paired metacentric autosomes) being the offspring of a red Deer dam (2n = 68; single pair of metacentric autosomes) and a Sambar Deer sire (2n = 56; seven pairs of metacentric autosomes).
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Seasonal patterns of luteal cyclicity in young red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor).
Reproduction fertility and development, 1997Co-Authors: G.w. Asher, P. D. Muir, Gono Semiadi, K.t. O’neill, I. C. Scott, T. N. BarryAbstract:Seasonal onset of pubertal ovulation and incidence of luteal cyclicity was assessed from plasma progesterone profiles over 15 months for tame red Deer (n = 7) and Sambar Deer (n = 7) hinds. Seasonal responses to photoperiod were determined from plasma prolactin profiles. All red Deer attained puberty at 17-18 months of age in May-June and expressed 3-6 luteal cycles of length 20.0+/-10.4 days (mean+/-s.e.m.) over 52-102 days. Six Sambar Deer attained puberty at 7-19 months of age, between August and December. Duration of luteal cyclicity was variable. While one animal remained continuously cyclic for 13 months, most entered anoestrus between November and February. The mean length of the luteal cycle was 17.2+/-0.3 days. While red Deer exhibited strongly seasonal patterns of prolactin secretion, Sambar Deer showed no such seasonal trends. The data collectively indicate that young Sambar hinds at temperate latitudes exhibit loosely defined patterns of reproductive seasonality that are 4-6 months out of phase with those of red Deer, although some individuals may be non-seasonal. Failure to express seasonal patterns of prolactin secretion indicates that Sambar Deer may not perceive photoperiodic cues to the same extent as do red Deer.
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Effects of cold conditions on heat production by young Sambar ( Cervus unicolor ) and red Deer ( Cervus elaphus )
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1996Co-Authors: Gono Semiadi, T. N. Barry, Colin Holmes, P. D. MuirAbstract:An experiment to measure the effects of cold conditions upon heat production in young Sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red Deer (Cervus elaphus) was conducted during winter 1994, at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (NZ), using four young animals of each species. Animals were fed a pelleted concentrated diet (total N29g/kgDM; 11.9 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg DM) at approximately maintenance ME intake (MEI). Hair coat characteristics were measured on samples cut from a patch on the mid-side of the body. Pairs of animals (one Sambar and one red Deer) were confined in two open circuit calorimetry chambers (one Deer in each chamber) for 18-day periods, and oxygen consumption was measured at 20 and 5 °C, with and without simulated wind (6 km/h). Heat production was calculated as 20.5 MJ/l oxygen consumed. Hair coats of Sambar Deer were less deep, lighter in weight (g/m 2 ) and contained a lower proportion of undercoat than those of red Deer. Fibre length of both guard hairs and undercoat were shorter in Sambar Deer than in red Deer, whilst fibre diameter of both guard hairs and undercoat was greater in Sambar Deer. Heat production (HP) at 20 °C was lower in Sambar than in red Deer (P < 0.05; 0.46 v. 0.48-0.53 MJ/kgW 0.75 per day). Increases in HP from 20 to 5 °C and from 20 °C to 5 °C W (i.e. with wind effect) were greater in Sambar than in red Deer (P < 0.01; 34 v. 16% and 44 v. 20%, respectively). Calculated lower critical temperatures (LCT) were higher for Sambar than for red Deer (P < 0.10) both in the absence (0 km/h; 11.6 ν. 8.9 °C) and in the presence of wind (6 km/h; 14.0 ν. 11.1 °C). Under field conditions, young Sambar Deer are likely to require more shelter and better feeding during cold weather than do red Deer.
P. D. Muir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) x red Deer (C. elaphus) interspecies hybrids.
Journal of Heredity, 1997Co-Authors: P. D. Muir, G.w. Asher, T. E. Broad, M. L. Tate, Gono Semiadi, T. N. BarryAbstract:: The artificial insemination of 400 red Deer hinds with Sambar Deer semen resulted in 31 pregnancies at day 40 (24 at day 100) and the birth of four calves. Only one female calf was born alive. The artificial insemination of 10 Sambar Deer hinds with red Deer semen resulted in five pregnancies at day 40, of which none went to term. Gel electrophoresis of three blood proteins confirmed the live calf as the first documented Sambar Deer x red Deer hydrid. G-banded karyotypes were consistent with the calf (2n = 62; six unpaired and one paired metacentric autosomes) being the offspring of a red Deer dam (2n = 68; single pair of metacentric autosomes) and a Sambar Deer sire (2n = 56; seven pairs of metacentric autosomes).
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Seasonal patterns of luteal cyclicity in young red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor).
Reproduction fertility and development, 1997Co-Authors: G.w. Asher, P. D. Muir, Gono Semiadi, K.t. O’neill, I. C. Scott, T. N. BarryAbstract:Seasonal onset of pubertal ovulation and incidence of luteal cyclicity was assessed from plasma progesterone profiles over 15 months for tame red Deer (n = 7) and Sambar Deer (n = 7) hinds. Seasonal responses to photoperiod were determined from plasma prolactin profiles. All red Deer attained puberty at 17-18 months of age in May-June and expressed 3-6 luteal cycles of length 20.0+/-10.4 days (mean+/-s.e.m.) over 52-102 days. Six Sambar Deer attained puberty at 7-19 months of age, between August and December. Duration of luteal cyclicity was variable. While one animal remained continuously cyclic for 13 months, most entered anoestrus between November and February. The mean length of the luteal cycle was 17.2+/-0.3 days. While red Deer exhibited strongly seasonal patterns of prolactin secretion, Sambar Deer showed no such seasonal trends. The data collectively indicate that young Sambar hinds at temperate latitudes exhibit loosely defined patterns of reproductive seasonality that are 4-6 months out of phase with those of red Deer, although some individuals may be non-seasonal. Failure to express seasonal patterns of prolactin secretion indicates that Sambar Deer may not perceive photoperiodic cues to the same extent as do red Deer.
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Effects of cold conditions on heat production by young Sambar ( Cervus unicolor ) and red Deer ( Cervus elaphus )
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1996Co-Authors: Gono Semiadi, T. N. Barry, Colin Holmes, P. D. MuirAbstract:An experiment to measure the effects of cold conditions upon heat production in young Sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red Deer (Cervus elaphus) was conducted during winter 1994, at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (NZ), using four young animals of each species. Animals were fed a pelleted concentrated diet (total N29g/kgDM; 11.9 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg DM) at approximately maintenance ME intake (MEI). Hair coat characteristics were measured on samples cut from a patch on the mid-side of the body. Pairs of animals (one Sambar and one red Deer) were confined in two open circuit calorimetry chambers (one Deer in each chamber) for 18-day periods, and oxygen consumption was measured at 20 and 5 °C, with and without simulated wind (6 km/h). Heat production was calculated as 20.5 MJ/l oxygen consumed. Hair coats of Sambar Deer were less deep, lighter in weight (g/m 2 ) and contained a lower proportion of undercoat than those of red Deer. Fibre length of both guard hairs and undercoat were shorter in Sambar Deer than in red Deer, whilst fibre diameter of both guard hairs and undercoat was greater in Sambar Deer. Heat production (HP) at 20 °C was lower in Sambar than in red Deer (P < 0.05; 0.46 v. 0.48-0.53 MJ/kgW 0.75 per day). Increases in HP from 20 to 5 °C and from 20 °C to 5 °C W (i.e. with wind effect) were greater in Sambar than in red Deer (P < 0.01; 34 v. 16% and 44 v. 20%, respectively). Calculated lower critical temperatures (LCT) were higher for Sambar than for red Deer (P < 0.10) both in the absence (0 km/h; 11.6 ν. 8.9 °C) and in the presence of wind (6 km/h; 14.0 ν. 11.1 °C). Under field conditions, young Sambar Deer are likely to require more shelter and better feeding during cold weather than do red Deer.
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Digestion and chewing behaviour of young Sambar and red Deer consuming a low quality roughage
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1995Co-Authors: A. J. Howse, Gono Semiadi, T. N. Barry, Kevin J. Stafford, P. D. MuirAbstract:Low quality chaffed meadow hay, containing 10·5 g N/kg dry matter (DM), was fed to four artificially reared Sambar (tropical) Deer ( Cervus unicolor ) and four red (temperate) Deer ( Cervus elaphus ) confined indoors in metabolism crates at Palmerston North, New Zealand, during March and April 1994. Measurements were made of DM intake (DMI), apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and the time spent eating and ruminating. Voluntary food intake (VFI), measured over days 7–11, was substantially greater for red Deer than for Sambar Deer (67 v. 36 gDM/kgW 0·75 /day). Dry matter intake of red Deer was then restricted, so that apparent digestibility could be better compared between the two species. Eating and ruminating time/gDMI and chews during eating/gDMI were all greater for Sambar Deer than for red Deer. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and energy were low ( c . 0·42) and not different between Deer species. Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and cellulose were highest for red Deer, but lignin apparent digestibility was highest for Sambar Deer. Both Deer species lost weight and were in negative N balance. However, despite their lower N intake, Sambar Deer lost significantly less N and liveweight per day (– 5·6 g and – 118 g) than red Deer (– 12·2 g and – 258 g). It was concluded that red Deer responded to a diet of low quality roughage by increasing VFI and cellulose digestion, whilst Sambar Deer responded with a lower VFI but greater chewing activity, improved lignin digestion and better N conservation. Rumen mean retention time should be measured in future experiments with Sambar Deer and red Deer fed on low quality forage diets.
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Comparison of seasonal patterns of growth, voluntary feed intake and plasma hormone concentrations in young Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) and red Deer (Cervus elaphus)
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1995Co-Authors: G. Semiadil, T. N. Barry, P. D. MuirAbstract:SUMMARYDuring 1991/93, young Sambar (5 months old) and red Deer (7 months old) were confined indoors in individual pens in New Zealand and fed a pelleted concentrate diet (12 MJ ME/kgDM; 2·9% N) ad libitum for 21 months. Seasonal patterns of voluntary feed intake (VF1), liveweight gain (LWG), scrotal circumference and plasma concentrations of prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T) and progesterone (P) were compared using five stags and three hinds of each species.Red Deer showed a strong pattern of seasonality, with high VFI and LWG in summer and low VF1 and LWG in winter and with peak plasma T and scrotal circumference in stags in early autumn. Compared with red Deer, Sambar showed weaker seasonal patterns of VFI and LWG, with maximum values in autumn and minimumvalues in spring. Over a complete 12-month cycle, Sambar Deer gained similar amounts of liveweight to red Deer but consumed substantially less feed, thus demonstrating a more efficient conversion of feed tobodyweight. Metabolizable energy (ME) requirements for both maintenance and gain were substantially lower for Sambar than for red Deer. Scrotal circumference and plasma T values in Sambar stags attained their highest values during late autumn, winter and spring, but with a lower magnitude than peak values for red stags. Plasma PRL concentrations were seasonal in both species, with highest values in summer and lowest values in winter. Rapid increase of plasma P was first detected in red hinds in autumn and Sambar hinds in spring when they weighed 96 and 90 kg respectively, and were aged 17 and 14 months. Rapid increase of plasma T was first detected in red stags in early autumn and Sambar stags in mid-autumn whenthey weighed 117 and 101 kg, and were aged 16 and 15 months respectively.It was concluded that Sambar Deer had endogenous cycles of VFI, body growth and hormone secretion, which were of lesser amplitude and with different seasonality from those of red Deer. Young Sambar Deer were more efficient feed converters than red Deer, and attained sexual maturity at an earlier age and lower liveweight.
T. N. Barry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) x red Deer (C. elaphus) interspecies hybrids.
Journal of Heredity, 1997Co-Authors: P. D. Muir, G.w. Asher, T. E. Broad, M. L. Tate, Gono Semiadi, T. N. BarryAbstract:: The artificial insemination of 400 red Deer hinds with Sambar Deer semen resulted in 31 pregnancies at day 40 (24 at day 100) and the birth of four calves. Only one female calf was born alive. The artificial insemination of 10 Sambar Deer hinds with red Deer semen resulted in five pregnancies at day 40, of which none went to term. Gel electrophoresis of three blood proteins confirmed the live calf as the first documented Sambar Deer x red Deer hydrid. G-banded karyotypes were consistent with the calf (2n = 62; six unpaired and one paired metacentric autosomes) being the offspring of a red Deer dam (2n = 68; single pair of metacentric autosomes) and a Sambar Deer sire (2n = 56; seven pairs of metacentric autosomes).
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Seasonal patterns of luteal cyclicity in young red Deer (Cervus elaphus) and Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor).
Reproduction fertility and development, 1997Co-Authors: G.w. Asher, P. D. Muir, Gono Semiadi, K.t. O’neill, I. C. Scott, T. N. BarryAbstract:Seasonal onset of pubertal ovulation and incidence of luteal cyclicity was assessed from plasma progesterone profiles over 15 months for tame red Deer (n = 7) and Sambar Deer (n = 7) hinds. Seasonal responses to photoperiod were determined from plasma prolactin profiles. All red Deer attained puberty at 17-18 months of age in May-June and expressed 3-6 luteal cycles of length 20.0+/-10.4 days (mean+/-s.e.m.) over 52-102 days. Six Sambar Deer attained puberty at 7-19 months of age, between August and December. Duration of luteal cyclicity was variable. While one animal remained continuously cyclic for 13 months, most entered anoestrus between November and February. The mean length of the luteal cycle was 17.2+/-0.3 days. While red Deer exhibited strongly seasonal patterns of prolactin secretion, Sambar Deer showed no such seasonal trends. The data collectively indicate that young Sambar hinds at temperate latitudes exhibit loosely defined patterns of reproductive seasonality that are 4-6 months out of phase with those of red Deer, although some individuals may be non-seasonal. Failure to express seasonal patterns of prolactin secretion indicates that Sambar Deer may not perceive photoperiodic cues to the same extent as do red Deer.
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Effects of cold conditions on heat production by young Sambar ( Cervus unicolor ) and red Deer ( Cervus elaphus )
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1996Co-Authors: Gono Semiadi, T. N. Barry, Colin Holmes, P. D. MuirAbstract:An experiment to measure the effects of cold conditions upon heat production in young Sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red Deer (Cervus elaphus) was conducted during winter 1994, at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (NZ), using four young animals of each species. Animals were fed a pelleted concentrated diet (total N29g/kgDM; 11.9 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg DM) at approximately maintenance ME intake (MEI). Hair coat characteristics were measured on samples cut from a patch on the mid-side of the body. Pairs of animals (one Sambar and one red Deer) were confined in two open circuit calorimetry chambers (one Deer in each chamber) for 18-day periods, and oxygen consumption was measured at 20 and 5 °C, with and without simulated wind (6 km/h). Heat production was calculated as 20.5 MJ/l oxygen consumed. Hair coats of Sambar Deer were less deep, lighter in weight (g/m 2 ) and contained a lower proportion of undercoat than those of red Deer. Fibre length of both guard hairs and undercoat were shorter in Sambar Deer than in red Deer, whilst fibre diameter of both guard hairs and undercoat was greater in Sambar Deer. Heat production (HP) at 20 °C was lower in Sambar than in red Deer (P < 0.05; 0.46 v. 0.48-0.53 MJ/kgW 0.75 per day). Increases in HP from 20 to 5 °C and from 20 °C to 5 °C W (i.e. with wind effect) were greater in Sambar than in red Deer (P < 0.01; 34 v. 16% and 44 v. 20%, respectively). Calculated lower critical temperatures (LCT) were higher for Sambar than for red Deer (P < 0.10) both in the absence (0 km/h; 11.6 ν. 8.9 °C) and in the presence of wind (6 km/h; 14.0 ν. 11.1 °C). Under field conditions, young Sambar Deer are likely to require more shelter and better feeding during cold weather than do red Deer.
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Digestion and chewing behaviour of young Sambar and red Deer consuming a low quality roughage
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1995Co-Authors: A. J. Howse, Gono Semiadi, T. N. Barry, Kevin J. Stafford, P. D. MuirAbstract:Low quality chaffed meadow hay, containing 10·5 g N/kg dry matter (DM), was fed to four artificially reared Sambar (tropical) Deer ( Cervus unicolor ) and four red (temperate) Deer ( Cervus elaphus ) confined indoors in metabolism crates at Palmerston North, New Zealand, during March and April 1994. Measurements were made of DM intake (DMI), apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and the time spent eating and ruminating. Voluntary food intake (VFI), measured over days 7–11, was substantially greater for red Deer than for Sambar Deer (67 v. 36 gDM/kgW 0·75 /day). Dry matter intake of red Deer was then restricted, so that apparent digestibility could be better compared between the two species. Eating and ruminating time/gDMI and chews during eating/gDMI were all greater for Sambar Deer than for red Deer. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and energy were low ( c . 0·42) and not different between Deer species. Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and cellulose were highest for red Deer, but lignin apparent digestibility was highest for Sambar Deer. Both Deer species lost weight and were in negative N balance. However, despite their lower N intake, Sambar Deer lost significantly less N and liveweight per day (– 5·6 g and – 118 g) than red Deer (– 12·2 g and – 258 g). It was concluded that red Deer responded to a diet of low quality roughage by increasing VFI and cellulose digestion, whilst Sambar Deer responded with a lower VFI but greater chewing activity, improved lignin digestion and better N conservation. Rumen mean retention time should be measured in future experiments with Sambar Deer and red Deer fed on low quality forage diets.
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Comparison of seasonal patterns of growth, voluntary feed intake and plasma hormone concentrations in young Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor) and red Deer (Cervus elaphus)
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1995Co-Authors: G. Semiadil, T. N. Barry, P. D. MuirAbstract:SUMMARYDuring 1991/93, young Sambar (5 months old) and red Deer (7 months old) were confined indoors in individual pens in New Zealand and fed a pelleted concentrate diet (12 MJ ME/kgDM; 2·9% N) ad libitum for 21 months. Seasonal patterns of voluntary feed intake (VF1), liveweight gain (LWG), scrotal circumference and plasma concentrations of prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T) and progesterone (P) were compared using five stags and three hinds of each species.Red Deer showed a strong pattern of seasonality, with high VFI and LWG in summer and low VF1 and LWG in winter and with peak plasma T and scrotal circumference in stags in early autumn. Compared with red Deer, Sambar showed weaker seasonal patterns of VFI and LWG, with maximum values in autumn and minimumvalues in spring. Over a complete 12-month cycle, Sambar Deer gained similar amounts of liveweight to red Deer but consumed substantially less feed, thus demonstrating a more efficient conversion of feed tobodyweight. Metabolizable energy (ME) requirements for both maintenance and gain were substantially lower for Sambar than for red Deer. Scrotal circumference and plasma T values in Sambar stags attained their highest values during late autumn, winter and spring, but with a lower magnitude than peak values for red stags. Plasma PRL concentrations were seasonal in both species, with highest values in summer and lowest values in winter. Rapid increase of plasma P was first detected in red hinds in autumn and Sambar hinds in spring when they weighed 96 and 90 kg respectively, and were aged 17 and 14 months. Rapid increase of plasma T was first detected in red stags in early autumn and Sambar stags in mid-autumn whenthey weighed 117 and 101 kg, and were aged 16 and 15 months respectively.It was concluded that Sambar Deer had endogenous cycles of VFI, body growth and hormone secretion, which were of lesser amplitude and with different seasonality from those of red Deer. Young Sambar Deer were more efficient feed converters than red Deer, and attained sexual maturity at an earlier age and lower liveweight.
Mingju Che - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparison of anti-inflammatory effect and protein profile between the water extracts from Formosan Sambar Deer and red Deer
Elsevier, 2018Co-Authors: Chingyu Kuo, Yi-ting Cheng, Mingju CheAbstract:Velvet antler (VA), the unossified antler from members of the family Cervidae, has been used in traditional Chinese medicines and health foods for over 2000 years in enhancement of kidney function and treatment or prevention of cardiovascular, immunological and gynaecological disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of velvet antler water extracts from Formosan Sambar Deer (Rusa unicolor swinhoei, SVAE) and red Deer (Cervus elaphus, RVAE). Results indicated that both SVAE and RVAE significantly reduced the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) productions in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells at concentrations above 200 μg mL−1. SVAE seems to demonstrate a better anti-inflammatory effect than that of RVAE in vitro. Both SVAE and RAVE also enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. The results of MTT assay indicated that SVAE and RVAE did not exhibit any cytotoxicity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that the levels of 6 specific proteins were different between these two velvet antlers samples. Furthermore, the storage period was the major factor affecting the anti-inflammatory activity of SAVE. In this study, we demonstrated the difference of anti-inflammatory effect and the protein profile between SVAE and RVAE. SVAE showed better anti-inflammatory potential than RVAE. In the future, the anti-inflammatory active components and their related mechanisms should be further investigated. Keywords: Velvet antler, Traditional Chinese medicine, Formosan Sambar Deer, Anti-inflammatory effect, 2D SDS-PAGE electrophoresi
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effect of the velvet antler of formosan Sambar Deer cervus unicolor swinhoei on the prevention of an allergic airway response in mice
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012Co-Authors: Chingyu Kuo, Tingyeu Dai, Chihhua Wang, Kunna Che, Yenpo Che, Mingju CheAbstract:Two mouse models were used to assay the antiallergic effects of the velvet antler (VA) of Formosan Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor swinhoei) in this study. The results using the ovalbumin- (OVA-) sensitized mouse model showed that the levels of total IgE and OVA-specific IgE were reduced after VA powder was administrated for 4 weeks. In addition, the ex vivo results indicated that the secretion of T helper cell 1 (Th1), regulatory T (Treg), and Th17 cytokines by splenocytes was significantly increased () when VA powder was administered to the mice. Furthermore, OVA-allergic asthma mice that have been orally administrated with VA powder showed a strong inhibition of Th2 cytokine and proinflammatory cytokine production in bronchoalveolar fluid compared to control mice. An increase in the regulatory T-cell population of splenocytes in the allergic asthma mice after oral administration of VA was also observed. All the features of the asthmatic phenotype, including airway inflammation and the development of airway hyperresponsiveness, were reduced by treatment with VA. These findings support the hypothesis that oral feeding of VA may be an effective way of alleviating asthmatic symptoms in humans.
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the antiinfective effects of velvet antler of formosan Sambar Deer cervus unicolor swinhoei on staphylococcus aureus infected mice
Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011Co-Authors: Tingyeu Dai, Chihhua Wang, Kunna Che, Inung Huang, Weisheng Hong, Shengyao Wang, Yenpo Che, Chingyu Kuo, Mingju CheAbstract:We assayed the effects of velvet antler (VA) of Formosan Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor swinhoei) and its extracts on the anti-infective activity against pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo in this study. In vitro data indicated that the VA extracts stimulated the proliferation of resting splenocytes and macrophages in a dose-dependent manner up to the highest concentration used (150 μg mL−1). The production of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12) by lipoteichoic acid was significantly suppressed after being cocultured with the VA extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Animal test in S. aureus-infected mice demonstrated that the numbers of bacteria determined in the kidneys and peritoneal lavage fluid of S. aureus-infected mice were significantly higher than those found in the same organs of mice pretreated with the VA samples. Moreover, the highly enhanced phagocytic activity of macrophages was further verified after in vitro treatment with the VA samples. The protective mechanisms of the VA samples might include an immune enhancer and an inflammatory cytokine suppressor.
Kevin J. Stafford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The diet and trace element status of Sambar Deer (Cervus unicoloi) in Manawatu district, New Zealand
New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 1997Co-Authors: Kevin J. StaffordAbstract:Abstract In Manawatu, Sambar Deer cause damage to pine forests by stripping bark off trees. In August‐September of 1994 and 1995 samples of rumen contents and liver were collected from Sambar to determine the incidence of pine in the diet and the trace element (copper, selenium, cobalt) status of these animals. Unidentified grasses were the predominant plants in 34 of the 40 rumen content samples. In the remaining samples, flax (Phormium tenax) predominated in three and pine (Pinus spp.) in three. Pine needles and/or stems were found in 25 samples, and constituted more than 10% of the dry weight of 11 samples, but pine bark was found in only three samples. The levels of selenium (>850 nmol/kg) and vitamin B12 (>220 nmol/kg) in the 22 liver samples would be considered adequate for sheep, red Deer, and cattle and probably also for Sambar. The liver copper levels were inadequate (
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Digestion and chewing behaviour of young Sambar and red Deer consuming a low quality roughage
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1995Co-Authors: A. J. Howse, Gono Semiadi, T. N. Barry, Kevin J. Stafford, P. D. MuirAbstract:Low quality chaffed meadow hay, containing 10·5 g N/kg dry matter (DM), was fed to four artificially reared Sambar (tropical) Deer ( Cervus unicolor ) and four red (temperate) Deer ( Cervus elaphus ) confined indoors in metabolism crates at Palmerston North, New Zealand, during March and April 1994. Measurements were made of DM intake (DMI), apparent digestibility, nitrogen (N) retention and the time spent eating and ruminating. Voluntary food intake (VFI), measured over days 7–11, was substantially greater for red Deer than for Sambar Deer (67 v. 36 gDM/kgW 0·75 /day). Dry matter intake of red Deer was then restricted, so that apparent digestibility could be better compared between the two species. Eating and ruminating time/gDMI and chews during eating/gDMI were all greater for Sambar Deer than for red Deer. Apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM) and energy were low ( c . 0·42) and not different between Deer species. Apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and cellulose were highest for red Deer, but lignin apparent digestibility was highest for Sambar Deer. Both Deer species lost weight and were in negative N balance. However, despite their lower N intake, Sambar Deer lost significantly less N and liveweight per day (– 5·6 g and – 118 g) than red Deer (– 12·2 g and – 258 g). It was concluded that red Deer responded to a diet of low quality roughage by increasing VFI and cellulose digestion, whilst Sambar Deer responded with a lower VFI but greater chewing activity, improved lignin digestion and better N conservation. Rumen mean retention time should be measured in future experiments with Sambar Deer and red Deer fed on low quality forage diets.
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The stomach of the Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor unicolor).
Anatomia histologia embryologia, 1995Co-Authors: Kevin J. StaffordAbstract:Summary In New Zealand, the Sambar Deer is reported to feed on a variety of grasses and browse material. In the specimens studied, the average volume of the Sambar rumen was about 15 l. Thick, non-papillated pillars divided the rumen into a saccus dorsalis and a saccus ventralis. The lining of the rumen was covered with papillae; those in the roof area were short and poorly developed. The omasum was a well-developed organ with 47-71 (mean 57) laminae. These were covered with short and poorly developed papillae. It is concluded that these Sambar Deer stomachs were typical of a grass-roughage feeder. This contrasts with the previous classification of the Sambar Deer as an intermediate feeder.
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COMPARISON OF DIGESTIVE AND CHEWING EFFICIENCY AND TIME SPENT EATING AND RUMINATING IN Sambar Deer (CERVUS UNICOLOR) AND RED Deer (CERVUS ELAPHUS)
The Journal of Agricultural Science, 1994Co-Authors: Gono Semiadi, P. D. Muir, T. N. Barry, Kevin J. Stafford, C. S. W. ReidAbstract:Artificially reared Sambar (tropical) Deer and red (temperate) Deer were confined indoors in metabolism cages and fed chaffed lucerne hay ad libitum for 4-week periods during summer and winter at Flock House Agricultural Centre, New Zealand, during 1992. Measurements were made of voluntary feed intake (VFI), apparent digestibility, faeces particle size distribution, eating and ruminating time and the rate of chewing during eating and ruminating. Red Deer reduced VFI (kg DMI/day) markedly from summer to winter, associated with a reduction in the duration of each eating bout. Sambar Deer slightly increased VFI over this time, associated with an increase in chewing frequency. Digestive efficiency was similar in both species, and the critical particle size for leaving the rumen was passage through a 1 mm sieve for both species. Time spent eating/g DMI was greater for Sambar Deer than for red Deer during summer, but there was no difference during winter. Relative to red Deer, Sambar Deer consistently spent more time ruminating/g DMI, and spent a greater proportion of total ruminating time as daytime ruminating and had more daytime ruminating bouts. Duration of each ruminating bout (min) was similar for the two Deer species, but Sambar Deer had less chews/bolus ruminated but more rumination boli/h than red Deer. Differences between Sambar Deer and red Deer were more pronounced in ruminating than in eating behaviour, and Sambar Deer may have evolved a different rumination pattern to break down low-quality tropical forages more effectively.
