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Han-dong Sun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Triterpenoids from the Schisandraceae family: an update
Natural Product Reports, 2015Co-Authors: Yi-ming Shi, Wei-lie Xiao, Han-dong SunAbstract:Covering: February 2008 to May 2014. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2008, 25, 871–891 Several significant advances in the field of phytochemistry were made between 2008 and 2014 because of the high level of interest in Schisandraceae triterpenoids. In addition to a dramatic increase in the number of newly identified triterpenoids, the first complete synthesis of a schinortriterpenoid was accomplished. There has also been substantial progress in investigations of biological activity and mechanism of action. In this update, we review more than 250 new triterpenoids and describe their structures, classifications, biogenetic pathways, syntheses, and bioactivities.
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Triterpenoids from the Schisandraceae family
Natural Product Reports, 2008Co-Authors: Wei-lie Xiao, Sheng-xiong Huang, Han-dong SunAbstract:Covering: up to January 2008 Over the past 30 years, the family Schisandraceae has received considerable attention in chemical and biological studies. In particular, the discovery of a series of highly oxygenated triterpenoids with different skeletons has further increased the interest in this family. This review covers the structures, proposed biosynthetic pathways, total synthesis and biological activities of these and other triterpenoids from the plants of the family Schisandraceae. There are 100 references.
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Three new compounds from Kadsura longipedunculata
Helvetica Chimica Acta, 2007Co-Authors: Wei-lie Xiao, Sheng-xiong Huang, Han-dong SunAbstract:From the leaves and stems of Kadsura longipedunculataFinet et Gagnep (Schisandraceae), a new triterpenoid, schisanlactone E (1), and two new lignans, 9-(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-3′-methoxy-3,4-(methylenedioxy)-7,9′-epoxylignan-4′-ol (3) and 3-methoxy-3′,4′-(methylenedioxy)-9,9′-epoxylignan-4,7′-diol (4), together with seven known compounds, were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic evidence including extensive 2D-NMR data.
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Longipedlactones A-I, nine novel triterpene dilactones possessing a unique skeleton from Kadsura longipedunculata
Tetrahedron, 2006Co-Authors: Wei-lie Xiao, Sheng-xiong Huang, Qi-tai Zheng, Ning-bo Gong, Li-guang Lou, Han-dong SunAbstract:Abstract Nine novel triterpene dilactones with an unprecedented rearranged pentacyclic skeleton, longipedlactones A–I (1–9), have been isolated from the leaves and stems of Kadsura longipedunculata Finet et Gagnep (Schisandraceae). Their structures were determined on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal X-ray structure determination. A biogenetic pathway for longipedlactone A (1) was also proposed. Compounds 1–3, 6, and 8 showed significant cytotoxicity against A549, with HT-29 and K562 cell lines having IC50 values of 0.84–11.38 μM in vitro.
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Micrandilactone A: a novel triterpene from Schisandra micrantha.
Organic Letters, 2003Co-Authors: Qin-shi Zhao, Han-dong Sun, Quan-bin Han, Li-li Zhang, Qi-tai ZhengAbstract:A novel nortriterpene, micrandilactone A, was isolated from the medicinal plant Schisandra micrantha. This is the first example of an unusual, natural, highly oxidized cycloartane skeleton with a biosynthetically modified eight-membered ring D isolated from the family Schisandraceae.
Susanne S. Renner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Supplementary material from "The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most surviving lineages of early angiosperms"
2020Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Diang-xiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve ‘generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observation of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these data with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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Table S1. The 91 species of Schisandraceae currently accepted, with their geographic ranges, flower color, and pollination observations from The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most sur
2020Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Diang-xiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve ‘generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observation of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these data with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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Table S5. Midge eggs and larvae found in the flowers of representative Schisandraceae from The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most surviving lineages of early angiosperms
2020Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Diang-xiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve ‘generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observation of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these data with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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Table S3. Plant vouchers for the DNA sequences analyzed in this study, with authors of species names, collectors and collecting sites, native species range, and GenBank accession numbers from The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly po
2020Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Diang-xiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve ‘generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observation of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these data with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most surviving lineages of early angiosperms.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2018Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Dianxiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve 'generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observations of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these findings with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
Shixiao Luo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Supplementary material from "The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most surviving lineages of early angiosperms"
2020Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Diang-xiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve ‘generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observation of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these data with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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Table S1. The 91 species of Schisandraceae currently accepted, with their geographic ranges, flower color, and pollination observations from The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most sur
2020Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Diang-xiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve ‘generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observation of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these data with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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Table S5. Midge eggs and larvae found in the flowers of representative Schisandraceae from The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most surviving lineages of early angiosperms
2020Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Diang-xiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve ‘generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observation of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these data with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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Table S3. Plant vouchers for the DNA sequences analyzed in this study, with authors of species names, collectors and collecting sites, native species range, and GenBank accession numbers from The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly po
2020Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Diang-xiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve ‘generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observation of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these data with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
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The largest early-diverging angiosperm family is mostly pollinated by ovipositing insects and so are most surviving lineages of early angiosperms.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2018Co-Authors: Shixiao Luo, Lian-jie Zhang, Shuai Yuan, Dianxiang Zhang, Susanne S. RennerAbstract:Insect pollination in basal angiosperms is assumed to mostly involve 'generalized' insects looking for food, but direct observations of ANITA grade (283 species) pollinators are sparse. We present new data for numerous Schisandraceae, the largest ANITA family, from fieldwork, nocturnal filming, electron microscopy, barcoding and molecular clocks to infer pollinator/plant interactions over multiple years at sites throughout China to test the extent of pollinator specificity. Schisandraceae are pollinated by nocturnal gall midges that lay eggs in the flowers and whose larvae then feed on floral exudates. At least three Schisandraceae have shifted to beetle pollination. Pollination by a single midge species predominates, but one species was pollinated by different species at three locations and one by two at the same location. Based on molecular clocks, gall midges and Schisandraceae may have interacted since at least the Early Miocene. Combining these findings with a review of all published ANITA pollination data shows that ovipositing flies are the most common pollinators of living representatives of the ANITA grade. Compared to food reward-based pollination, oviposition-based systems are less wasteful of plant gametes because (i) none are eaten and (ii) female insects with herbivorous larvae reliably visit conspecific flowers.
Yang Zhi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characters of the Leaf Epidermis in Kadsura(Schisandraceae)
Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2009Co-Authors: Yang ZhiAbstract:The leaf epidermis of 108 samples belonging to Kadsura Kaempf. ex. Juss. (eleven species) and Illicium Linn. (two species) are described using light and scanning electron microscopy. Several characters, such as pattern of epidermal cells, shape of stomatal apparatus, cuticular ornamentations, shape of cuticular intrusions at the polar region of guard cell, hair on epidermis, etc., are constant in some species and variable in others, and thus of considerable taxonomic value for studying the phylogenetic relationships within Kadsura and among Kadsura, Schisandra Michaux and Illicium Linn. A new character, cuticular reticulations that has not been reported previously in the order Illiciales is revealed in the study, which is congruent with the taxonomic assignment of two distinct subgenera (Subg. Cosbaea and Subg. Kadsura) in Kadsura. These characters of leaf epidermis sustain the subdivision of Subg. Kadsura into Sect. Kadsura and Sect. Sarcocarpon, and also support the combinations of some species by R. M. K. Saunders and Q. Lin. Moreover, stomata and other epidermal characters suggest close phylogenetic affinities of Kadsura, Schisandra and Illicium, whereas Kadsura seems more complex than Schisandra and Illicium on the basis of the characters of leaf epidermis. Evidence from leaf epidermis serves as a criterion for negating the separation of Schisandraceae from Illiciales as Schisandrales.
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Comparative wood anatomy of Schisandraceae and its systematic significance
Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 2007Co-Authors: Yang ZhiAbstract:The wood anatomy of 21 collections of 7 species within Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss. and 14 collections of 8 species of Schisandra Michx., representing a large proportion of two genera in Schisandraceae, was investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Several features in the secondary xylem, such as types of vessel elements, arrangement of vessel-ray pitting, types of ray and shape of the body ray cells, show consistent characteristics at the family level, which support the view that Schisandraceae represents a monophyletic group. The antiquity of Schisandraceae is supported by the presence of single vessel, scalariform perforation plates with many bars, scalariform vessel pitting and heterogeneous rays. A few apomorphic character states, such as simple perforation plates, helical thickenings in secondary walls of vessels and septate fibers, can be found in Schisandraceae, which make this family a mosaic with both plesiomorphic and apomorphic character states. A UPGMA analysis shows that species of Kadsura and Schisandra overlap in a dendrogram, which is congruent with the results from molecular data and indicates that the two genera are closely related, perhaps originating from the same ancestor. The wood anatomy evidence also confirms a close relationship between Schisandraceae and Illiciaceae, and does not support separation of Schisandraceae from Illiciales as Schisandrales.
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Karyotype of Schisandra propinqua(Schisandraceae)
Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2007Co-Authors: Yang ZhiAbstract:Using the common slice-making method,the karyotype of Schisandra propinqua(Wall.)Baill.was analyzed for the first time.The results showed that S.propinqua is 2n=2x=20m+8sm,the constitution of relative length is 2n=28=2L+14M2+8 M1+4S and ratio of the longest chromosome to the shortest is 2.14.In addition,its karyotype belongs to 2B type,asymmetry index is 0.59.Secondary constriction and satellite are not found.The feature of karyotype suggested that S.propinqua should be relatively advanced in Schisandra Michx..
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A Preliminary Revision of Taxonomic System of Schisandra (Schisandraceae)
Bulletin of Botanical Research, 2007Co-Authors: Yang ZhiAbstract:Previous four taxonomic systems of the genus Schisandra Michaux (Schisandraceae) are evaluated respectively. A new system of classification based on the results of cladistic analysis to thirty-three morphological characters is proposed. In the system, two subgenera are recognized, viz. Schisandra subgenus Schisandra and Schisandra subgenus Sphaerostema(Blume) Y. H. Law, with subgenus Schisandra further subdivided into four sections, viz. section Pleiostema A. C. Smith, section Maximowiczia (Ruprecht) T. Nakai, section Sinoschisandra (Y. W. Law) Q. Lin Z. R. Yang and section Schisandra. A key to subgenera, sections and species is included, and types, synonymies and representative species are given under each supraspecific rank.
Zhiduan Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evaluation of Four Commonly Used DNA Barcoding Loci for Chinese Medicinal Plants of the Family Schisandraceae
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Jian Zhang, Min Chen, Xiaoyu Dong, Jianhua Fan, Ruo‐zhu Lin, Zhiduan ChenAbstract:Many species of Schisandraceae are used in traditional Chinese medicine and are faced with contamination and substitution risks due to inaccurate identification. Here, we investigated the discriminatory power of four commonly used DNA barcoding loci (ITS, trnH-psbA, matK, and rbcL) and corresponding multi-locus combinations for 135 individuals from 33 species of Schisandraceae, using distance-, tree-, similarity-, and character-based methods, at both the family level and the genus level. Our results showed that the two spacer regions (ITS and trnH-psbA) possess higher species-resolving power than the two coding regions (matK and rbcL). The degree of species resolution increased with most of the multi-locus combinations. Furthermore, our results implied that the best DNA barcode for the species discrimination at the family level might not always be the most suitable one at the genus level. Here we propose the combination of ITS+trnH-psbA+matK+rbcL as the most ideal DNA barcode for discriminating the medicinal plants of Schisandra and Kadsura, and the combination of ITS+trnH-psbA as the most suitable barcode for Illicium species. In addition, the closely related species Schisandra rubriflora Rehder & E. H. Wilson and Schisandra grandiflora Hook.f. & Thomson, were paraphyletic with each other on phylogenetic trees, suggesting that they should not be distinct species. Furthermore, the samples of these two species from the southern Hengduan Mountains region formed a distinct cluster that was separated from the samples of other regions, implying the presence of cryptic diversity. The feasibility of DNA barcodes for identification of geographical authenticity was also verified here. The database and paradigm that we provide in this study could be used as reference for the authentication of traditional Chinese medicinal plants utilizing DNA barcoding.
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Sequence characteristics of six DNA regions of Schisandraceae (Outgroup taxon excluded).
2015Co-Authors: Jian Zhang, Min Chen, Xiaoyu Dong, Ruozhu Lin, Jianhua Fan, Zhiduan ChenAbstract:1The distance based on the data from Schisandraceae.2The distance based on the data from Schisandra and Kadsura.3The distance based on the data from Illicium.Sequence characteristics of six DNA regions of Schisandraceae (Outgroup taxon excluded).
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Identification success rates of single regions and their combinations using TAXONDNA program under ‘best match’ and ‘best close match’ methods based on the data from Schisandraceae.
2015Co-Authors: Jian Zhang, Min Chen, Xiaoyu Dong, Ruozhu Lin, Jianhua Fan, Zhiduan ChenAbstract:* Species represented by multiple individuals.Identification success rates of single regions and their combinations using TAXONDNA program under ‘best match’ and ‘best close match’ methods based on the data from Schisandraceae.
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Schisandraceae ML phylogenetic tree based on the combination of ITS, trnH-psbA, matK, and rbcL.
2015Co-Authors: Jian Zhang, Min Chen, Xiaoyu Dong, Ruozhu Lin, Jianhua Fan, Zhiduan ChenAbstract:The tree included 24 species from three genera of Schisandraceae, Schisandra, Kadsura, and Illicium. The species Austrobaileya scandens was the outgroup for the analysis. All loci were available for all individuals of Schisandraceae species in the tree. Numbers above the branches represent bootstrap values for monophyletic species with ≥70% bootstrap values in ML and ≥0.95 posterior probabilities in BI. The asterisk indicates the bootstrap value or posterior probability lower than the threshold. ML, maximum-likelihood method; BI, Bayesian-inference method. The two clusters for the individuals of Schisandra rubriflora and S. grandiflora are labeled by different colors, red and blue, corresponding to the different sampling points (Cluster I: red, the southern Hengduan Mountains region; Cluster II: blue, the other sampling regions).
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Wilcoxon tests for four commonly used barcoding loci based on the data from Schisandraceae.
2015Co-Authors: Jian Zhang, Min Chen, Xiaoyu Dong, Ruozhu Lin, Jianhua Fan, Zhiduan ChenAbstract:The symbols “W+” and “W-” represent the sum of all of the positive values and negative values in the signed-rank column, respectively. Symbol “>” is used if the interspecific or intraspecific divergence for a locus significantly exceeds that of another locus.Wilcoxon tests for four commonly used barcoding loci based on the data from Schisandraceae.
