The Experts below are selected from a list of 31671 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Hilde Revets - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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poliopolis pushing boundaries of Scientific Innovations for disease eradication
Future Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Pierre Van Damme, Ilse De Coster, Ananda S Bandyopadhyay, Leen Suykens, Patrick Rudelsheim, Pieter Neels, Steven M Oberste, William C Weldon, Ralf Clemens, Hilde RevetsAbstract:Although global polio eradication is within reach, sustained eradication of all polioviruses requires cessation of oral poliovirus vaccine use to mitigate against vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation and vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. The first step in this direction was the WHO-recommended global withdrawal of live attenuated type 2 Sabin poliovirus from routine immunisation in May 2016, with future use restricted to outbreak response, and handling controlled by strict containment provisions (GAPIII). This creates unique challenges for development and testing of novel type 2 poliovirus vaccines. We describe the creation of a novel purpose-built containment facility, Poliopolis, to study new monovalent OPV2 vaccine candidates in healthy adult volunteers, which may be a model for future endeavors in vaccine development for emergency use.
Annedore Schulze - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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on the rise of Scientific Innovations and their acceptance in research groups a socio psychological study
Social Studies of Science, 1990Co-Authors: Annedore SchulzeAbstract:The interaction of cognitive and interpersonal factors in research groups is discussed in relation to the two phases of the research process — a conceptualization phase, and a programme phase. During the conceptualization phase, which is marked by a high degree of uncertainty, there exists a close connection between cognitive and interpersonal factors. As the research situation becomes concretized and more determined, a distinction emerges between cognitive and interpersonal factors. This study shows that during the conceptualization phase, both the assessment of the concept and the interpersonal relations between those involved are intimately coupled with the personality of the concept's originator. In contrast, the programme phase is characterized by a distinction between an assessment of the programme, on the one hand, and of the originator, on the other. The heart of the programme is assessed continuously over a longer period of time. Unity in assessment and reliability constitute primary evaluation c...
Krisnawati Suryanata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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seeds of accumulation molecular breeding and the seed corn industry in hawai i
Journal of Agrarian Change, 2018Co-Authors: Benjamin Schrager, Krisnawati SuryanataAbstract:This paper examines how the application of advances in molecular biology change the relationships between nature and capital through a case study of Hawaiˋi's seed corn industry. Hawaiˋi's relatively minor role as a winter nursery changed in the late 1990s after the seed corn industry was reshaped by a series of techno-Scientific Innovations and organizational restructuring. We draw attention to a molecular breeding technique called marker-assisted selection (MAS) that accelerates crop improvement cycles by making parent lines selection more efficient and by taking advantage of extra growing seasons in tropical locations such as Hawaiˋi. Additionally, we argue that a wider application of MAS enhances seed firms’ geographical flexibility, allowing them to capitalize on the institutional rents of Hawaiˋi's agrarian politics and overcome challenges that might emerge in the future.
Elizabeth Siegel Watkins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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how the pill became a lifestyle drug the pharmaceutical industry and birth control in the united states since 1960
American Journal of Public Health, 2012Co-Authors: Elizabeth Siegel WatkinsAbstract:Marketing decisions, rather than Scientific Innovations, have guided the development and positioning of contraceptive products in recent years. I review the stalled progress in contraceptive development in the decades following the advent of the Pill in 1960 and then examine the fine-tuning of the market for oral contraceptives in the 1990s and 2000s. Although birth control has been pitched in the United States as an individual solution, rather than a public health strategy, the purpose of oral contraceptives was understood by manufacturers, physicians, and consumers to be the prevention of pregnancy, a basic health care need for women. Since 1990, the content of that message has changed, reflecting a shift in the drug industry's view of the contraception business. Two factors contributed to bring about this change: first, the industry's move away from research and development in birth control and second, the growth of the class of medications known as lifestyle drugs.
Richard Whitley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Impact of Changing Funding and Authority Relationships on Scientific Innovations
Minerva, 2018Co-Authors: Richard Whitley, Jochen Gläser, Grit LaudelAbstract:The past three decades have witnessed a sharp reduction in the rate of growth of public research funding, and sometimes an actual decline in its level. In many countries, this decline has been accompanied by substantial changes in the ways that such funding has been allocated and monitored. In addition, the institutions governing how research is directed and conducted underwent significant reforms. In this paper we examine how these changes have affected scientists’ research goals and practices by comparing the development of three Scientific Innovations (one each in physics, biology, and educational research) in four European countries, namely Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Sweden. We find that the increased number of actors exercising authority over research goals does not necessarily lead to a greater diversity of interests funding research. A narrowing of goals and frameworks is especially probable when the increasing importance of external project funding is combined with reductions in state financing of universities and public research institutes. Finally, the growing standardisation of project cycle times and resource packages across funding agencies and Scientific communities make it more difficult for researchers to pursue projects that deviate from these norms, especially, if they challenge mainstream beliefs and assessment criteria.
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How do Institutional Changes Affect Scientific Innovations? The Effects of Shifts in Authority Relationships, Protected Space, and Flexibility
Organizational Transformation and Scientific Change: The Impact of Institutional Restructuring on Universities and Intellectual Innovation, 2014Co-Authors: Richard WhitleyAbstract:Abstract Recent changes in the funding and governance of academic research in many OECD countries have altered established authority relationships governing research priorities and judgements. These shifts in the influence of a variety of groups and organisations over Scientific choices and careers can be expected to affect the development of different kinds of intellectual Innovations by changing the level of protected space they provide researchers and the flexibility of dominant intellectual standards governing the allocation of resources and evaluation of research outcomes. Variations in these features of public science systems influence scientists’ willingness to pursue unusual and risky projects over many years and help to explain cross-national differences in the rate and mode of development of four Innovations in the physical, biological and human sciences.
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how do institutional changes affect Scientific Innovations the effects of shifts in authority relationships protected space and flexibility
In: Organisational Transformation and Scientific Change: : The Impact of Institutional Restructuring on Universities and Intellectual Innovation. Bing, 2014Co-Authors: Richard WhitleyAbstract:Abstract Recent changes in the funding and governance of academic research in many OECD countries have altered established authority relationships governing research priorities and judgements. These shifts in the influence of a variety of groups and organisations over Scientific choices and careers can be expected to affect the development of different kinds of intellectual Innovations by changing the level of protected space they provide researchers and the flexibility of dominant intellectual standards governing the allocation of resources and evaluation of research outcomes. Variations in these features of public science systems influence scientists’ willingness to pursue unusual and risky projects over many years and help to explain cross-national differences in the rate and mode of development of four Innovations in the physical, biological and human sciences.
