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David B Audretsch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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does self employment reduce unemployment
Journal of Business Venturing, 2008Co-Authors: Martin Carree, Roy Thurik, Andre Van Stel, David B AudretschAbstract:This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between Self-Employment and unemployment rates. On the one hand, high unemployment rates may lead to start-up activity of self-employed individuals (the “refugee” effect). On the other hand, higher rates of Self-Employment may indicate increased entrepreneurial activity reducing unemployment in subsequent periods (the “entrepreneurial” effect). This paper introduces a new two-equation vector autoregression model capable of reconciling these ambiguities and estimates it for data from 23 OECD countries between 1974 and 2002. The empirical results confirm the existence of two distinct relationships between unemployment and Self-Employment: the “refugee” and “entrepreneurial” effects. We also find that the “entrepreneurial” effects are considerably stronger than the “refugee” effects.
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does self employment reduce unemployment
Social Science Research Network, 2007Co-Authors: Martin Carree, Roy Thurik, Andre Van Stel, David B AudretschAbstract:This paper investigates the dynamic interrelationship between Self-Employment and unemployment rates. On the one hand, unemployment rates may stimulate start-up activity of self-employed. On the other hand, higher rates of Self-Employment may indicate increased entrepreneurial activity reducing unemployment in subsequent periods. These two effects have resulted in considerable ambiguities about the interrelationship between unemployment and entrepreneurial activity. This paper introduces a two equation vector autoregression model capable of reconciling these ambiguities and tests it for data of 23 OECD countries over the period 1974-2002. The empirical results confirm the two distinct relationships between unemployment and Self-Employment, i.e., 'refugee' and 'entrepreneurial' effects. We also find that the 'entrepreneurial' effects are considerably stronger than the 'refugee' effects.
David G Blanchflower - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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self employment in oecd countries
Labour Economics, 2000Co-Authors: David G BlanchflowerAbstract:Abstract The paper examines the role and influence of Self-Employment across the OECD. The overall trend in Self-Employment, at the economy level in the years since 1966, has been down in most countries. The main exceptions to this are Portugal, New Zealand and the United Kingdom where the trend has been upward. For most countries there is a negative relationship between the Self-Employment rate and the unemployment rate. The probability of being self-employed is higher among men than women and rises with age. The least educated have the highest probability of being self-employed, however, evidence is found that the most highly educated also have relatively high probabilities. The self-employed have higher levels of job satisfaction than employees. I could find no evidence that increases in the Self-Employment rate increased the real growth rate of the economy; in fact there was even evidence of the opposite. The self-employed are less willing to move from their neighborhoods, towns and regions than are employees, presumably because of the pull of their customers. I developed a flexibility index based on information provided by individuals in 1995. According to this index the US economy was the most flexible, followed by Canada, Germany and the Netherlands. Latvia, Russia and Hungary were found to be the least flexible countries. Of the OECD countries examined, Austria and Ireland were ranked lowest.
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self employment in oecd countries
Social Science Research Network, 2000Co-Authors: David G BlanchflowerAbstract:This paper describes measurement of a Self-Employment rate and the important role the agricultural sector plays in any analysis of the determinants of Self-Employment. The determinants of the Self-Employment rate are modeled using a panel of 23 countries for the period 1966-1996. A similar analysis is then performed at the level of the individual using a time-series of cross-sections for the period 1975-1996 for 19 countries. For most countries there is a negative relationship between the Self-Employment rate and the unemployment rate. It is also shown that the self-employed are more satisfied with their jobs than are individuals who are not their own boss. I developed a flexibility index based on information provided by individuals in 1995. According to this index, the U.S. economy was the most flexible, followed by Canada, Germany and the Netherlands. Latvia, Russia and Hungary were found to be the least flexible countries. Of the OECD countries examined, Austria and Ireland were ranked lowest.
Roy Thurik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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does self employment reduce unemployment
Journal of Business Venturing, 2008Co-Authors: Martin Carree, Roy Thurik, Andre Van Stel, David B AudretschAbstract:This paper investigates the dynamic relationship between Self-Employment and unemployment rates. On the one hand, high unemployment rates may lead to start-up activity of self-employed individuals (the “refugee” effect). On the other hand, higher rates of Self-Employment may indicate increased entrepreneurial activity reducing unemployment in subsequent periods (the “entrepreneurial” effect). This paper introduces a new two-equation vector autoregression model capable of reconciling these ambiguities and estimates it for data from 23 OECD countries between 1974 and 2002. The empirical results confirm the existence of two distinct relationships between unemployment and Self-Employment: the “refugee” and “entrepreneurial” effects. We also find that the “entrepreneurial” effects are considerably stronger than the “refugee” effects.
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does self employment reduce unemployment
Social Science Research Network, 2007Co-Authors: Martin Carree, Roy Thurik, Andre Van Stel, David B AudretschAbstract:This paper investigates the dynamic interrelationship between Self-Employment and unemployment rates. On the one hand, unemployment rates may stimulate start-up activity of self-employed. On the other hand, higher rates of Self-Employment may indicate increased entrepreneurial activity reducing unemployment in subsequent periods. These two effects have resulted in considerable ambiguities about the interrelationship between unemployment and entrepreneurial activity. This paper introduces a two equation vector autoregression model capable of reconciling these ambiguities and tests it for data of 23 OECD countries over the period 1974-2002. The empirical results confirm the two distinct relationships between unemployment and Self-Employment, i.e., 'refugee' and 'entrepreneurial' effects. We also find that the 'entrepreneurial' effects are considerably stronger than the 'refugee' effects.
Mark P. Taylor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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self employment and windfall gains in britain evidence from panel data
Economica, 2001Co-Authors: Mark P. TaylorAbstract:Liquidity constraints can affect Self-Employment in a number of ways. They can prohibit potential entrepreneurs from starting up in business, they can restrict the growth of existing entrepreneurial activities and, in the extreme, they can result in small business failure. This paper uses British panel data to investigate the effects of relaxing liquidity constraints on Self-Employment through the unanticipated receipt of windfall gains. The results suggest that the amount of payment received has a positive and concave effect on the probability of entering Self-Employment and on the performance of an existing Self-Employment enterprise, consistent with the liquidity constraint hypothesis.
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self employment and windfall gains in britain evidence from panel data
Economica, 2001Co-Authors: Mark P. TaylorAbstract:Liquidity constraints can prohibit potential entrepreneurs from starting up in business, can restrict the growth of existing entrepreneurial activities and, in the extreme, can result in small business failure. This paper uses British panel data to investigate the effects of relaxing liquidity constraints on Self-Employment through the unanticipated receipt of windfall gains. It discusses the different impacts the receipt of a windfall payment may have on self- employment. The results suggest that the size of the payment received has a positive and concave effect on the probability of entering Self-Employment and on the performance of an existing Self-Employment enterprise, consistent with the liquidity constraint hypothesis. from starting up in business, they can restrict the growth of existing activities and, in the extreme, they can result in the failure of an enterprise. The underlying rationale behind the various government assistance schemes established in the majority of developed economies is the belief that capital markets do not provide adequate funds to finance small enterprises.1 This paper provides new evidence on the impact of windfall gains on: (i) transitions into Self-Employment, (ii) survival rates in Self-Employment and (iii) the growth of entrepreneurial activities using British panel data. The use of panel data allows us to overcome the usual problem encountered when investigating liquidity constraints in Self-Employment-that of endogeneity. Unexpected windfall gains, for example, inheritances or lottery winnings, reduce the liquidity constraints on (potential) entrepreneurs. How this influences subsequent labour market behaviour provides an indirect test of various liquidity constraint hypotheses. Previous evidence on capital constraints and entrepreneurial activities has focused primarily on business start-ups. Evans and Jovanovic (1989) and Evans and Leighton (1989) use US data to show that the probability of entering Self-Employment increases with family assets, which is consistent with the hypothesis that entrepreneurs face liquidity constraints. Lindh and Olhsson (1996) use Swedish micro data and report that the probability of self- employment increases by 54% if lottery winnings are received and by 27% on receipt of an average sized inheritance. Using VAT registration data for the United Kingdom, Black et al. (1996) produce results consistent with the hypothesis that small-firm formation is restricted by capital constraints. More
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survival of the fittest an analysis of self employment duration in britain
The Economic Journal, 1999Co-Authors: Mark P. TaylorAbstract:This paper uses data from the British Household Panel Survey to investigate the duration of Self-Employment spells in Britain. The results suggest that 40% of Self-Employment ventures started since 1991 have not survived their first year in business. Evidence is produced showing that a substantial proportion of Self-Employment spells are not terminated through bankruptcy, but through moves to alternative employment. The fittest, in terms of Self-Employment survival, are those with no previous unemployment experience but with some work experience, who quit their previous job, and who entered Self-Employment with some initial capital. Policy makers have implemented initiatives designed to encourage and facilitate the growth of small businesses and Self-Employment in Britain. Such enterprises are regarded as an important source of job creation and innovation. Despite this, little attention has focused on their success. This paper investigates issues concerning the success of the self-employed by examining the length of Self-Employment spells using life tables and Cox proportional hazard models, and the reasons given for leaving Self-Employment. Unlike most previous studies, it is concerned with the individual running the firm, allowing personal characteristics to influence the probability of survival. Uniquely, the data allow the separate analysis of voluntary and involuntary selfemployment terminations. All analyses are carried out separately for men and women using micro-level data from the British Household Panel Survey. Previous work analysing Self-Employment survival rates has mainly focused on personal asset and wealth holdings. Most is consistent with the hypothesis that entrepreneurial activity is restricted by liquidity constraints, either by preventing firm entry (Evans and Leighton, 1989; Evans and Jovanovic, 1989;
Joan Benach - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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s05 5 employment conditions as determinants of psychological wellbeing among workers in chile association of temporary employment job insecurity and employment precariousness with job satisfaction and mental health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Alejandra Vives, Joan Benach, Francisca GonzálezAbstract:Introduction Transformations in the world of work have led to a growth of temporary employment, job instability and perceived of job insecurity, and an overall precarisation of employment relations. In Chile, transformations in employment relations go back to the 1979 Plan Nacional, but scarce epidemiologic research has addressed the effects on psychological wellbeing. This study assesses the associations between different measures of insecure or precarious employment conditions and the job satisfaction and mental health of workers in Chile. Methods Subsample of 2679 formally employed workers from the first Chilean Work, employment health and quality of life survey (2009–2010). Prevalence rate ratios were estimated via Poisson regressions for each exposure (perceived job and income insecurity; self-reported job instability; temporary contract; employment precariousness (Employment Precariousness scale) and outcome (job satisfaction and mental health (GHQ-12)). Age, education, occupation and previous unemployment were included as potential confounders. Results Job satisfaction increased slightly in women with temporary contracts, decreased significantly with job insecurity in men and with income insecurity, self-reported job instability and employment precariousness in both women and men. Mental health showed no significant association with type of contract, decreased significantly with job insecurity, especially in men, and with income insecurity and self-reported job instability in women and men, and, in a graded manner, with employment precariousness in women. Conclusion As elsewhere, in Chile poor employment conditions are associated with decreased worker wellbeing. However, well-known exposure measures such as type of contract showed no associations, and job insecurity exhibited less consistent „associations than self-reported employment stability. The multidimensional employment precariousness scale demonstrated associations only for women. Results highlight the importance of employment conditions for workers’ psychological wellbeing and of the theoretical and operational approach to their measurement for occupational health research.
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o03 2 informal employees in the european union working conditions employment precariousness and health
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Joan Benach, Alejandra Vives, Mireia Julia, Francesc Belvis, Gemma TarafaAbstract:Introduction Informal employment, despite infrequent in the European Union compared with middle and low-income countries, affects an important number of workers. However, little is known about informal employment and its association with health. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of informal employment in the EU-27, a well as their associated working and employment conditions (extent of employment precariousness), and to analyse its relationship with health compared to other employment arrangements. Methods Data from the fifth European Working Condition Survey of 2010 was used. A subsample of 27,076 salaried workers from EU-27 on working age people (15–64 years) was selected. As dependent variables we selected psychological well-being and self-related health. We calculated the prevalence of poor working conditions (i.e. psychosocial risk variables, job satisfaction, place of work,…) and employment precariousness across three classes of employment arrangements: permanent, temporary and informal. Logistic regression models were fitted in order to test the association between psychological well-being and self-related health with contract arrangements. Results The proportion of informal employees in the EU-27 was 4% among men and 5% among women. A gradient of poor working conditions and employment precariousness was present according to type of contract, where the best conditions were observed among permanent employees and the worst among informal employees. In spite of this gradient, temporary and informal employees had similar risks compared with permanent workers regarding both poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health for both sexes. Conclusions Informal employment is also present in high-income countries and is characterised by worse working conditions and higher employment precariousness than formal employment. However, their risk of poor psychosocial well-being and self-related health was similar to that of temporary employees, both being higher than that of permanent employees.
