The Experts below are selected from a list of 369 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Gabrielle C Salfati - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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re conceptualizing cooling off periods in Serial Homicide
Homicide Studies, 2015Co-Authors: Jeffery R Osborne, Gabrielle C SalfatiAbstract:Cooling-off periods have been described as the state of returning to the offender’s usual way of life between Homicides (Burgess, 2006) and are a crucial factor in defining Serial Homicide (Douglas, Ressler, Burgess, & Hartman, 1986). If the clinical aspect referring to the offender’s emotional and motivational state is removed, these episodes can be aptly termed time intervals between Homicides. Factors such as geography, victim selection, and the offender’s level of social involvement may instead serve as more appropriate starting points for studying this concept. In the present study, these factors were examined using 16 series containing 90 time intervals with a reported median interval length between events of 34.5 days.
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south african Serial Homicide offender and victim demographics and crime scene actions
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2015Co-Authors: Gabrielle C Salfati, Gerard N Labuschagne, Amber Horning, Marina Sorochinski, Jackie De WetAbstract:There is an abundance of literature on Serial Homicide from a Western perspective that outlines operational definitions, types of offenders and how they prey upon their victims. However, currently, there is a lack of studies that compare Serial Homicide in different countries. The current study aims to give an overview of the demographics of Serial Homicide offenders and victims in South Africa and compare these to the demographics of offenders and victims from other currently available empirical studies of other countries. The sample consisted of 33 out of the total 54 solved series in South Africa between 1936–2007, which includes a total of 33 offenders, 302 victims, and 254 crime scenes. Results of the sample as a whole showed that South African Serial Homicide offenders are similar to offenders in other countries in terms of their actions at the crime scene and victim choice, with some notable exceptions. Additional analysis looked at the offender's consistency of targeting certain types of victims across their Homicide series in comparison with the patterns of Serial Homicide offenders in other countries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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south african Serial Homicide a victim focused behavioural typology
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2015Co-Authors: Amber Horning, Gabrielle C Salfati, Gerard N LabuschagneAbstract:This current study assessed the value of the Interpersonal Model in differentiating Serial Homicide offences in South Africa, notably in terms of how the offender may display behavioural patterns that are indicative of them dealing with the victim as a Person, an Object, or a Vehicle. The sample consisted of 302 offences committed by 33 offenders that occurred from 1953 to 2007 in South Africa. Multidimensional scaling analysis was used to test the Interpersonal Model and results indicated that crime themes did not directly correspond to the threefold model. Instead, two crime scene types were present: Victim as Object (where the focus was on tangible gains, interaction with the victim throughout the phases of the crime was limited, and victims included men and live women) and Victim as Vehicle (where the victim might be construed as a conduit through whom the offender could realise their specific psychological needs, the interaction was extensive, and victims tended to be vulnerable). South African Serial Homicides did not appear to have a specific sub-theme of Victim as Person, suggesting that the themes engaged in centred more on instrumentally focused actions but in qualitatively different ways. However, victim types were integral to the overall behavioural model. Using the Victim as Object/Vehicle dichotomy, 85.7% of the offences could be seen to engage dominantly in one of the two patterns at the crime scene. This not only supported the results of a twofold model, but having these many offenders showing a dominant crime scene type also shows that the model is an excellent representation of Serial Homicide offending in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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an examination of Serial Homicide in south africa the practice to research link
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2015Co-Authors: Gerard N Labuschagne, Gabrielle C SalfatiAbstract:In this paper, South African Serial Homicide cases will be used to illustrate how practice can inform research and how research can aid practice by highlighting key questions that need to be answered and practice-based assumptions that need to be empirically tested. The cases will also be used to highlight some of the unique features of series in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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classification of planning and violent behaviours in Serial Homicide a cross national comparison between south africa and the us
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2015Co-Authors: Marina Sorochinski, Gabrielle C Salfati, Gerard N LabuschagneAbstract:Recent literature suggests that different ‘styles’ of Homicide will most appropriately be reflected in the different types of behaviours committed by offenders during the crime. In the last few years, there has been a move to standardise classification systems of single Homicides and establish their cross-national generalisability. Literature on Serial Homicide to date has mostly centred on Homicides occurring in the US. However, national differences due to factors such as culture, national identity, political, and socio-economic circumstances may decrease the applicability of these models or certain aspects thereof in other countries and thus must be evaluated. The present study tested the applicability in the South African context of a recently developed US-based Serial Homicide crime scene classification framework. Specifically, this study compared the thematic differentiation in planning and violent behaviours that the offenders engage in and how this differentiation compares with that in the US. The sample consisted of 25 Homicides that were in total responsible for the murder of 267 victims. Results indicated that overall, the framework is useful and applicable in the South African sample, but important environmental and contextual constraints must be taken into account. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gerard N Labuschagne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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south african Serial Homicide offender and victim demographics and crime scene actions
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2015Co-Authors: Gabrielle C Salfati, Gerard N Labuschagne, Amber Horning, Marina Sorochinski, Jackie De WetAbstract:There is an abundance of literature on Serial Homicide from a Western perspective that outlines operational definitions, types of offenders and how they prey upon their victims. However, currently, there is a lack of studies that compare Serial Homicide in different countries. The current study aims to give an overview of the demographics of Serial Homicide offenders and victims in South Africa and compare these to the demographics of offenders and victims from other currently available empirical studies of other countries. The sample consisted of 33 out of the total 54 solved series in South Africa between 1936–2007, which includes a total of 33 offenders, 302 victims, and 254 crime scenes. Results of the sample as a whole showed that South African Serial Homicide offenders are similar to offenders in other countries in terms of their actions at the crime scene and victim choice, with some notable exceptions. Additional analysis looked at the offender's consistency of targeting certain types of victims across their Homicide series in comparison with the patterns of Serial Homicide offenders in other countries. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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south african Serial Homicide a victim focused behavioural typology
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2015Co-Authors: Amber Horning, Gabrielle C Salfati, Gerard N LabuschagneAbstract:This current study assessed the value of the Interpersonal Model in differentiating Serial Homicide offences in South Africa, notably in terms of how the offender may display behavioural patterns that are indicative of them dealing with the victim as a Person, an Object, or a Vehicle. The sample consisted of 302 offences committed by 33 offenders that occurred from 1953 to 2007 in South Africa. Multidimensional scaling analysis was used to test the Interpersonal Model and results indicated that crime themes did not directly correspond to the threefold model. Instead, two crime scene types were present: Victim as Object (where the focus was on tangible gains, interaction with the victim throughout the phases of the crime was limited, and victims included men and live women) and Victim as Vehicle (where the victim might be construed as a conduit through whom the offender could realise their specific psychological needs, the interaction was extensive, and victims tended to be vulnerable). South African Serial Homicides did not appear to have a specific sub-theme of Victim as Person, suggesting that the themes engaged in centred more on instrumentally focused actions but in qualitatively different ways. However, victim types were integral to the overall behavioural model. Using the Victim as Object/Vehicle dichotomy, 85.7% of the offences could be seen to engage dominantly in one of the two patterns at the crime scene. This not only supported the results of a twofold model, but having these many offenders showing a dominant crime scene type also shows that the model is an excellent representation of Serial Homicide offending in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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an examination of Serial Homicide in south africa the practice to research link
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2015Co-Authors: Gerard N Labuschagne, Gabrielle C SalfatiAbstract:In this paper, South African Serial Homicide cases will be used to illustrate how practice can inform research and how research can aid practice by highlighting key questions that need to be answered and practice-based assumptions that need to be empirically tested. The cases will also be used to highlight some of the unique features of series in South Africa. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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classification of planning and violent behaviours in Serial Homicide a cross national comparison between south africa and the us
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2015Co-Authors: Marina Sorochinski, Gabrielle C Salfati, Gerard N LabuschagneAbstract:Recent literature suggests that different ‘styles’ of Homicide will most appropriately be reflected in the different types of behaviours committed by offenders during the crime. In the last few years, there has been a move to standardise classification systems of single Homicides and establish their cross-national generalisability. Literature on Serial Homicide to date has mostly centred on Homicides occurring in the US. However, national differences due to factors such as culture, national identity, political, and socio-economic circumstances may decrease the applicability of these models or certain aspects thereof in other countries and thus must be evaluated. The present study tested the applicability in the South African context of a recently developed US-based Serial Homicide crime scene classification framework. Specifically, this study compared the thematic differentiation in planning and violent behaviours that the offenders engage in and how this differentiation compares with that in the US. The sample consisted of 25 Homicides that were in total responsible for the murder of 267 victims. Results indicated that overall, the framework is useful and applicable in the South African sample, but important environmental and contextual constraints must be taken into account. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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south african Serial Homicide consistency in victim types and crime scene actions across series
Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 2015Co-Authors: Gabrielle C Salfati, Gerard N Labuschagne, Amber Horning, Marina SorochinskiAbstract:Key to understanding the significance of behavioural evidence for linkage purposes is in establishing how consistently an offender displays the same or similar behaviours across their series. There have however to date been very few studies aiming at identifying salient components of offending behaviour that can be used reliably for linking individual crimes as part of a single series. In addition, studies that have been conducted have all dealt with Serial Homicide in the Western world and have been based on small samples of cases from each country. Some of the recent literature has started to disentangle some of these salient features, notably the victim, violence levels, control, and planning. The current study focused on evaluating the consistency of these features across series, using a sample of Serial Homicides from South Africa consisting of 30 offenders with a total of 283 victims and 235 crime scenes. Results indicate that the level of interaction with the victim may be influential to the stability or instability of offending patterns across the series. How offenders approach planning in their offence also showed a certain degree of consistency, with patterns of violence being the least consistent across the series of all components tested. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carrie Trojan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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linking criminal history to crime scene behavior in single victim and Serial Homicide implications for offender profiling research
Homicide Studies, 2011Co-Authors: Carrie Trojan, Gabrielle C SalfatiAbstract:Research has consistently shown that the average individual who commits one or more Homicides is likely to have a criminal record, but little research has focused on whether individuals behave in a psychologically or thematically consistent way in both their Homicide crime scene actions and prior offending. The current study examines the crime scene behaviors of single and Serial Homicide offenders to identify patterns that can be compared to themes in their prior offending. The results showed that crime scene actions occurred on a continuum from hostile to cognitive actions with Serial offenders concentrating at the latter end of this continuum. However, only a small group of the Serial Homicide offenders committed similarly themed prior offenses and Homicide behaviors, which raises questions regarding the hypotheses of behavioral consistency underlying offender profiling.
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comparing the criminal history profiles of Serial and single victim Homicide offenders
Victims & Offenders, 2010Co-Authors: Carrie Trojan, Gabrielle C SalfatiAbstract:Abstract Few studies have compared single and Serial Homicide offenders' criminal histories. To understand more completely how these offenders differ, Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA) is used to compare single and Serial Homicide offenders' profiles comprised of ten prior offending variables. The profiles of offenders overall co-occurred in four thematic groupings that were differentiated by the type of violent offenses contained in that group and whether the offenses were aimed at people, property, or both. Results additionally showed that most Serial offenders had criminal history profiles that were unique from one another and from single offenders. The implications for differentiating offenders are discussed.
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a multidimensional analysis of criminal specialization among single victim and Serial Homicide offenders
Homicide Studies, 2010Co-Authors: Carrie Trojan, Gabrielle C SalfatiAbstract:The degree of difference between single and Serial Homicide offenders’ criminal histories is not fully understood at present. The current study compares these offenders’ criminal histories to identify general trends in the degree and type of offending specialization that they demonstrate. The results showed that a single framework can account for patterns in the criminal histories of these offenders, according to a co-occurrence of violent versus instrumental offenses, and most offenders could be allocated to one of these offense groups and considered specialists. However, Serial offenders were more likely to be considered specialists in instrumental offenses compared to single offenders, highlighting one important point of difference between these offenders.
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Linking criminal history to crime scene behaviors in singlevictim and Serial Homicide: Implications for offender profiling research. Manuscript submitted for publication
2010Co-Authors: Hsx Hsx. /trojan, Carrie Trojan, Salfatihomicide Studies, Gabrielle C SalfatiAbstract:Research has consistently shown that the average individual who commits one or more Homicides is likely to have a criminal record, but little research has focused on whether individuals behave in a psychologically or thematically consistent way in both their Homicide crime scene actions and prior offending. The current study examines the crime scene behaviors of single and Serial Homicide offenders to identify patterns that can be compared to themes in their prior offending. The results showed that crime scene actions occurred on a continuum from hostile to cognitive actions with Serial offenders concentrating at the latter end of this continuum. However, only a small group of the Serial Homicide offenders committed similarly themed prior offenses and Homicide behaviors, which raises questions regarding the hypotheses of behavioral consistency underlying offender profiling
Stephen P Nawrocki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a taphonomic analysis of human cremains from the fox hollow farm Serial Homicide site
The analysis of burned human remains 2015 ISBN 978-0-12-800451-7 págs. 229-245, 2015Co-Authors: Amanda Baker Bontrager, Stephen P NawrockiAbstract:Publisher Summary The Fox Hollow Farm assemblage presented numerous difficulties for the forensic anthropologists involved in the recovery and analysis. The study examined in this chapter is conducted to help shed light on the behavioral (assailant-induced) and environmental factors that altered the remains in the postmortem interval. The goal is to determine whether the physical characteristics of the cremains could indicate if at least some of the victims were burned in a fleshed or dry state even though the fragments had been transported and buried subsequent to burning. Fox Hollow remains are compared to five other samples of burned bones, at least four of which were known to have been burned or cremated in a fleshed state. These five samples experienced different postburning histories, including plowing, excavation, commercial pulverizing, and anatomical study. Some were collected quickly after death, while others had been buried. The Fox Hollow remains do display fractures that are associated with burning of fresh or fleshed remains, including deep transverse, longitudinal and curvilinear fractures, delamination, and warping. However, the occurrence of the fracture types in the Fox Hollow sample is considerably lower than that displayed by most of the other samples. By itself, this evidence would seem to suggest that a larger number of Fox Hollow victims were burned in a dry state than in a fleshed state.
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chapter 13 a taphonomic analysis of human cremains from the fox hollow farm Serial Homicide site
The Analysis of Burned Human Remains (Second Edition), 2015Co-Authors: Amanda Baker Bontrager, Stephen P NawrockiAbstract:The Fox Hollow Farm assemblage presented numerous difficulties for the forensic anthropologists involved in the recovery and analysis. The study examined in this chapter is conducted to help shed light on the behavioural (assailant-induced) and environmental factors that altered the remains in the postmortem interval. The goal is to determine whether the physical characteristics of the cremains could indicate if at least some of the victims were burned in a fleshed or dry state even though the fragments had been transported and buried subsequent to burning. Fox Hollow remains are compared with five other samples of burned bones, at least four of which were known to have been burned or cremated in a fleshed state. These five samples experienced different postburning histories, including plowing, excavation, commercial pulverising and anatomical study. Some were collected quickly after death, while others had been buried. The Fox Hollow remains do display fractures that are associated with burning of fresh or fleshed remains, including deep transverse, longitudinal and curvilinear fractures, delamination and warping. However, the occurrence of the fracture types in the Fox Hollow sample is considerably lower than that displayed by most of the other samples. By itself, this evidence would seem to suggest that a larger number of Fox Hollow victims were burned in a dry state than in a fleshed state.
Andreas Mokros - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using bayes theorem in behavioural crime linking of Serial Homicide
Legal and Criminological Psychology, 2013Co-Authors: Benny Salo, Angelo Zappala, Dario Bosco, Andreas Mokros, Jukka Siren, Jukka Corander, Pekka SanttilaAbstract:Purpose. The study extends research by Santtila et al. (2008) by investigating the effectiveness of linking cases of Serial Homicide using behavioural patterns of offenders, analysed through Bayesian reasoning. The study also investigates the informative value of individual behavioural variables in the linking process. Methods. Offender behaviour was coded from official documents relating to 116 solved Homicide cases belonging to 19 separate series. The basis of the linkage analyses was 92 behaviours coded as present or absent in the case based on investigator observations on the crime scene. We developed a Bayesian method for linking crime cases and judged its accuracy using cross-validation. We explored the information added by individual behavioural variables, first, by testing if the variable represented purely noise with respect to classification, and second, by excluding variables from the original model, one by one, by choosing the behaviour that had the smallest effect on classification accuracy. Results. The model achieved a classification accuracy of 83.6% whereas chance expectancy was 5.3%. In simulated scenarios of only one and two known cases in a series, the accuracy was 59.0 and 69.2%, respectively. No behavioural variable represented pure noise but the same level of accuracy was achieved by analysing a set of 15, as analysing all 92 variables. Conclusion. The study illustrates the utility of analysing individual behavioural variables through Bayesian reasoning for crime linking. Feasible applied use of the approach is illustrated by the effectiveness of analysing a small set of carefully chosen variables.
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behavioural crime linking in Serial Homicide
Psychology Crime & Law, 2008Co-Authors: Pekka Santtila, Tom Pakkanen, Angelo Zappala, Dario Bosco, Maria Valkama, Andreas MokrosAbstract:Abstract The present study aimed to identify dimensions of variation in Serial Homicide and to use these dimensions to behaviourally link offences committed by the same offender with each other. The sample consisted of 116 Italian Homicides committed by 23 individual offenders. Each offender had committed at least two Homicides. As some offenders had worked together and some murders involved more than one victim, there were 155 unique pairings of offenders and victims. Dichotomous variables reflecting crime features and victim characteristics were coded for each case. Using Mokken scaling, a nonparametric alternative to factor analysis, seven dimensions of variation were identified. Five of the dimensions described variations in the motivation for the killings. Three of these were concerned with aspects of instrumental motivation whereas two of the motivational scales described variations in sexual motivation. The two remaining dimensions dealt with the level of planning evident in the crime scene behavio...
