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Nickola C. Overall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Women's Attraction to Benevolent Sexism: Needing Relationship Security Predicts Greater Attraction to Men who Endorse Benevolent Sexism
European Journal of Social Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Emily J. Cross, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Benevolent Sexism prescribes that men should cherish and protect women in intimate relationships. Despite the romantic tone of these attitudes, prior research indicates that benevolent Sexism undermines women's competence, ambition and independence. Ambivalent Sexism theory proposes that benevolent Sexism is able to incur these costs because the promise of a chivalrous protective partner offers women security in their intimate relationships. We tested this key proposition by examining whether women who intensely need relationship security—women higher in attachment anxiety—are more attracted to men who endorse benevolent Sexism. Highly anxious women (N = 632) rated men described as endorsing benevolent Sexism as relatively more attractive, and reported greater preferences for partners to hold benevolently sexist attitudes. These results advance understanding regarding the underlying reasons women find benevolent Sexism appealing and identify who will be most vulnerable to the potential costs of benevolent Sexism.
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Dynamics Within Intimate Relationships and the Causes, Consequences, and Functions of Sexist Attitudes:
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Ambivalent Sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) revolutionized understanding of sexist attitudes by revealing how attitudes expressing that women are incompetent and seek power over men (hostile Sexism) are accompanied by more benevolent attitudes expressing that men are fulfilled by cherishing and protecting women (benevolent Sexism). In the current article, we demonstrate how recent research examining intimate relationship dynamics has advanced understanding of the causes, consequences, and functions of sexist attitudes. Men’s hostile Sexism is associated with aggressive perceptions and behaviors within intimate relationships that impede the fulfillment of fundamental relational needs. Benevolent Sexism functions to counterbalance these costs by facilitating caring relationship behavior that enhances men’s influence and satisfaction in relationships. The relationship security that benevolent Sexism promises to women is also a key reason why women endorse benevolent Sexism. Yet men’s and women’s endorsement of benevolent Sexism has benefits for men, such as greater relationship-oriented support of men’s goals, but imposes costs for women, such as by promoting dependence-oriented support that undermines women’s competence. Moreover, the relationship investment that benevolent Sexism fosters in women makes women more vulnerable to dissatisfaction when relationship problems arise. These dynamics demonstrate how seemingly positive outcomes in intimate relationships may be a barrier to gender equality.
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Internalizing Sexism within close relationships: Perceptions of intimate partners' benevolent Sexism promote women's endorsement of benevolent Sexism.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. Overall, Emily J. CrossAbstract:The current research demonstrated that women's adoption of benevolent Sexism is influenced by their perceptions of their intimate partners' agreement with benevolent Sexism. In 2 dyadic longitudinal studies, committed heterosexual couples reported on their own Sexism and perceptions of their partner's Sexism twice across 9 months (Study 1) and 5 times across 1 year (Study 2). Women who perceived that their male partner more strongly endorsed benevolent Sexism held greater and more stable benevolent Sexism across time, whereas lower perceptions of partners' benevolent Sexism predicted declines in women's benevolent Sexism across time. Changes in men's endorsement of Sexism were unrelated to perceptions of their partner's sexist attitudes. The naturalistic change in sexist attitudes shown in Studies 1 and 2 was supported by experimental evidence in Studies 3 and 4: Manipulations designed to increase perceptions of partner's benevolent Sexism led women (but not men) to report greater benevolent Sexism. Studies 3 and 4 also provided evidence that perceptions of partner's benevolent Sexism fosters perceived regard and relationship security in women, but not men, and these relationship factors enhance attitude alignment. Discriminant analyses demonstrated that these effects were specific to women's perceptions of partner's, rather than societal, levels of Sexism. In sum, these studies illustrate that women endorse benevolent Sexism when they perceive that the reverence and security that benevolent Sexism promises women are accessible in their relationships.
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the allure of Sexism psychological entitlement fosters women s endorsement of benevolent Sexism over time
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2014Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Chris G Sibley, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Benevolent Sexism functions to uphold gender inequality by expressing caring and reverent attitudes exclusively toward women. Do these subjective benefits lure women to endorse benevolent Sexism? We tested this by examining whether women’s psychological entitlement was associated with concurrent levels of benevolent Sexism and longitudinal changes in benevolent Sexism over 1 year in a national panel sample (N = 4421 New Zealanders). As predicted, latent variable interaction analyses indicated that women higher in psychological entitlement more strongly endorsed benevolent Sexism and increasingly endorsed benevolent Sexism over the year. Men’s psychological entitlement was more weakly associated with benevolent Sexism concurrently and unrelated to changes in benevolent Sexism across time. These findings provide the first evidence that the benefits of benevolent Sexism are central to women’s adoption and endorsement of sexist attitudes toward their own gender—attitudes which contribute more broadly to the m...
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The Allure of Sexism: Psychological Entitlement Fosters Women’s Endorsement of Benevolent Sexism Over Time
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2013Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Chris G Sibley, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Benevolent Sexism functions to uphold gender inequality by expressing caring and reverent attitudes exclusively toward women. Do these subjective benefits lure women to endorse benevolent Sexism? We tested this by examining whether women’s psychological entitlement was associated with concurrent levels of benevolent Sexism and longitudinal changes in benevolent Sexism over 1 year in a national panel sample (N = 4421 New Zealanders). As predicted, latent variable interaction analyses indicated that women higher in psychological entitlement more strongly endorsed benevolent Sexism and increasingly endorsed benevolent Sexism over the year. Men’s psychological entitlement was more weakly associated with benevolent Sexism concurrently and unrelated to changes in benevolent Sexism across time. These findings provide the first evidence that the benefits of benevolent Sexism are central to women’s adoption and endorsement of sexist attitudes toward their own gender—attitudes which contribute more broadly to the m...
Matthew D. Hammond - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism Across the Ages
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Petar Milojev, Yanshu Huang, Chris G SibleyAbstract:Ambivalent Sexism theory states that prejudice toward women comprises two interrelated ideologies. Endorsement of hostile Sexism—aggressive and competitive attitudes toward women—is linked with endorsement of benevolent Sexism—paternalistic and patronizing attitudes toward women. We conduct the first systematic tests of how endorsement of Sexism differs across age and across time, using six waves of a nationally representative panel sample of New Zealand adults ( N = 10,398). Results indicated U-shaped trajectories for men’s endorsement of hostile Sexism, women’s hostile Sexism, and women’s benevolent Sexism across the life span. However, over time, endorsement of these sexist attitudes tended to decrease for most ages. In contrast, men’s benevolent Sexism followed a positive linear trajectory across age and tended not to change over time. These results provide novel evidence of how ambivalent Sexism differs across age and highlight that benevolent Sexism is particularly tenacious.
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Dynamics Within Intimate Relationships and the Causes, Consequences, and Functions of Sexist Attitudes:
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Ambivalent Sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) revolutionized understanding of sexist attitudes by revealing how attitudes expressing that women are incompetent and seek power over men (hostile Sexism) are accompanied by more benevolent attitudes expressing that men are fulfilled by cherishing and protecting women (benevolent Sexism). In the current article, we demonstrate how recent research examining intimate relationship dynamics has advanced understanding of the causes, consequences, and functions of sexist attitudes. Men’s hostile Sexism is associated with aggressive perceptions and behaviors within intimate relationships that impede the fulfillment of fundamental relational needs. Benevolent Sexism functions to counterbalance these costs by facilitating caring relationship behavior that enhances men’s influence and satisfaction in relationships. The relationship security that benevolent Sexism promises to women is also a key reason why women endorse benevolent Sexism. Yet men’s and women’s endorsement of benevolent Sexism has benefits for men, such as greater relationship-oriented support of men’s goals, but imposes costs for women, such as by promoting dependence-oriented support that undermines women’s competence. Moreover, the relationship investment that benevolent Sexism fosters in women makes women more vulnerable to dissatisfaction when relationship problems arise. These dynamics demonstrate how seemingly positive outcomes in intimate relationships may be a barrier to gender equality.
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Internalizing Sexism within close relationships: Perceptions of intimate partners' benevolent Sexism promote women's endorsement of benevolent Sexism.
Journal of personality and social psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. Overall, Emily J. CrossAbstract:The current research demonstrated that women's adoption of benevolent Sexism is influenced by their perceptions of their intimate partners' agreement with benevolent Sexism. In 2 dyadic longitudinal studies, committed heterosexual couples reported on their own Sexism and perceptions of their partner's Sexism twice across 9 months (Study 1) and 5 times across 1 year (Study 2). Women who perceived that their male partner more strongly endorsed benevolent Sexism held greater and more stable benevolent Sexism across time, whereas lower perceptions of partners' benevolent Sexism predicted declines in women's benevolent Sexism across time. Changes in men's endorsement of Sexism were unrelated to perceptions of their partner's sexist attitudes. The naturalistic change in sexist attitudes shown in Studies 1 and 2 was supported by experimental evidence in Studies 3 and 4: Manipulations designed to increase perceptions of partner's benevolent Sexism led women (but not men) to report greater benevolent Sexism. Studies 3 and 4 also provided evidence that perceptions of partner's benevolent Sexism fosters perceived regard and relationship security in women, but not men, and these relationship factors enhance attitude alignment. Discriminant analyses demonstrated that these effects were specific to women's perceptions of partner's, rather than societal, levels of Sexism. In sum, these studies illustrate that women endorse benevolent Sexism when they perceive that the reverence and security that benevolent Sexism promises women are accessible in their relationships.
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the allure of Sexism psychological entitlement fosters women s endorsement of benevolent Sexism over time
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2014Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Chris G Sibley, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Benevolent Sexism functions to uphold gender inequality by expressing caring and reverent attitudes exclusively toward women. Do these subjective benefits lure women to endorse benevolent Sexism? We tested this by examining whether women’s psychological entitlement was associated with concurrent levels of benevolent Sexism and longitudinal changes in benevolent Sexism over 1 year in a national panel sample (N = 4421 New Zealanders). As predicted, latent variable interaction analyses indicated that women higher in psychological entitlement more strongly endorsed benevolent Sexism and increasingly endorsed benevolent Sexism over the year. Men’s psychological entitlement was more weakly associated with benevolent Sexism concurrently and unrelated to changes in benevolent Sexism across time. These findings provide the first evidence that the benefits of benevolent Sexism are central to women’s adoption and endorsement of sexist attitudes toward their own gender—attitudes which contribute more broadly to the m...
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The Allure of Sexism: Psychological Entitlement Fosters Women’s Endorsement of Benevolent Sexism Over Time
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2013Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Chris G Sibley, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Benevolent Sexism functions to uphold gender inequality by expressing caring and reverent attitudes exclusively toward women. Do these subjective benefits lure women to endorse benevolent Sexism? We tested this by examining whether women’s psychological entitlement was associated with concurrent levels of benevolent Sexism and longitudinal changes in benevolent Sexism over 1 year in a national panel sample (N = 4421 New Zealanders). As predicted, latent variable interaction analyses indicated that women higher in psychological entitlement more strongly endorsed benevolent Sexism and increasingly endorsed benevolent Sexism over the year. Men’s psychological entitlement was more weakly associated with benevolent Sexism concurrently and unrelated to changes in benevolent Sexism across time. These findings provide the first evidence that the benefits of benevolent Sexism are central to women’s adoption and endorsement of sexist attitudes toward their own gender—attitudes which contribute more broadly to the m...
Susan T. Fiske - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An ambivalent alliance. Hostile and benevolent Sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality.
The American psychologist, 2001Co-Authors: Peter Glick, Susan T. FiskeAbstract:The equation of prejudice with antipathy is challenged by recent research on Sexism. Benevolent Sexism (a subjectively favorable, chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who embrace conventional roles) coexists with hostile Sexism (antipathy toward women who are viewed as usurping men's power). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, first validated in U.S. samples, has been administered to over 15,000 men and women in 19 nations. Hostile and benevolent Sexism are complementary, cross-culturally prevalent ideologies, both of which predict gender inequality. Women, as compared with men, consistently reject hostile Sexism but often endorse benevolent Sexism (especially in the most sexist cultures). By rewarding women for conforming to a patriarchal status quo, benevolent Sexism inhibits gender equality. More generally, affect toward minority groups is often ambivalent, but subjectively positive stereotypes are not necessarily benign.
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Hostile and Benevolent Sexism: Measuring Ambivalent Sexist Attitudes Toward Women
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1997Co-Authors: Peter Glick, Susan T. FiskeAbstract:A theory of Sexism as ambivalence, not just hostility, toward women is presented. Ambivalent Sexism Theory distinguishes between hostile and “benevolent” Sexism (each addresses issues of power, gender differentiation, and sexuality). Benevolent Sexism encompasses subjectively positive (for the sexist) attitudes toward women in traditional roles: protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations. Hostile Sexism encompasses the negative equivalents on each dimension: dominative paternalism, derogatory beliefs, and heterosexual hostility. Both forms of Sexism serve to justify and maintain patriarchy and traditional gender roles. The validity of a measure of these constructs, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), is reviewed. Comparisons are offered between the ASI and other measures of sexist attitudes (e.g., the AWS), with suggestions for the proper domains of different scales.
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The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996Co-Authors: Peter Glick, Susan T. FiskeAbstract:The authors present a theory of Sexism formulated as ambivalence toward women and validate a corresponding measure, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). The ASI taps 2 positively correlated components of Sexism that nevertheless represent opposite evaluative orientations toward women: sexist antip
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the ambivalent Sexism inventory differentiating hostile and benevolent Sexism
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996Co-Authors: Peter Glick, Susan T. FiskeAbstract:The authors present a theory of Sexism formulated as ambivalence toward women and validate a corresponding measure, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). The ASI taps 2 positively correlated components of Sexism that nevertheless represent opposite evaluative orientations toward women: sexist antipathy or Hostile Sexism (HS) and a subjectively positive ( for sexist men ) orientation toward women, Benevolent Sexism (BS). HS and BS are hypothesized to encompass 3 sources of male ambivalence: Paternalism, Gender Differentiation, and Heterosexuality. Six ASI studies on 2,250 respondents established convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity. Overall ASI scores predict ambivalent attitudes toward women, the HS scale correlates with negative attitudes toward and stereotypes about women, and the BS scale (for nonstudent men only) correlates with positive attitudes toward and stereotypes about women. A copy of the ASI is provided, with scoring instructions, as a tool for further explorations of sexist ambivalence.
Peter Glick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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When Contact Correlates with Prejudice: Adolescents’ Romantic Relationship Experience Predicts Greater Benevolent Sexism in Boys and Hostile Sexism in Girls
Sex Roles, 2010Co-Authors: Soledad De Lemus, Miguel Moya, Peter GlickAbstract:The present research examines how romantic relationship experience and age predict ambivalent Sexism in adolescents. We measured sexist beliefs and romantic relationship experience in a large sample of Spanish adolescents ( N = 1447), ranging from 12 to 19 years of age. Consistent with prior research, age predicted less sexist beliefs. Controlling for the effects of age, relationship experience predicted increased hostile Sexism in girls and increased benevolent Sexism in boys. Additionally, younger boys (12–14 years) with greater relationship experience tended to endorse hostile Sexism more strongly. The general decline in Sexism over the course of adolescence masks a contrasting effect of romantic experience, which suggests that heterosexual adolescents’ desire to attract romantic partners may foster, rather than reduce, Sexism.
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An ambivalent alliance. Hostile and benevolent Sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality.
The American psychologist, 2001Co-Authors: Peter Glick, Susan T. FiskeAbstract:The equation of prejudice with antipathy is challenged by recent research on Sexism. Benevolent Sexism (a subjectively favorable, chivalrous ideology that offers protection and affection to women who embrace conventional roles) coexists with hostile Sexism (antipathy toward women who are viewed as usurping men's power). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory, first validated in U.S. samples, has been administered to over 15,000 men and women in 19 nations. Hostile and benevolent Sexism are complementary, cross-culturally prevalent ideologies, both of which predict gender inequality. Women, as compared with men, consistently reject hostile Sexism but often endorse benevolent Sexism (especially in the most sexist cultures). By rewarding women for conforming to a patriarchal status quo, benevolent Sexism inhibits gender equality. More generally, affect toward minority groups is often ambivalent, but subjectively positive stereotypes are not necessarily benign.
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the two faces of adam ambivalent Sexism and polarized attitudes toward women
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1997Co-Authors: Peter Glick, Jeffrey Diebold, Barbara Baileywerner, Lin ZhuAbstract:Two studies using Peter Glick and Susan Fiske's Ambivalent Sexism Inventory examined sexist men's attitudes toward women. The authors hypothesized that ambivalent sexist (as compared with nonsexist) men would habitually classify women into polarized subgroups (those they put on a "pedestal" and those they place in the "gutter"). Study 1 revealed that ambivalent Sexism predicted greater polarization in men's evaluations of spontaneously generated female subtypes. Study 2 demonstrated that the negative component of sexist ambivalence (hostile Sexism) predicted less favorable evaluations of women in a nontraditional role (career women), whereas the subjectively positive component of sexist ambivalence (benevolent Sexism) predicted favorable feelings toward women in a traditional role (homemakers). Implications for the nature of sexist ambivalence (and other forms of ambivalent prejudice) are discussed.
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Hostile and Benevolent Sexism: Measuring Ambivalent Sexist Attitudes Toward Women
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 1997Co-Authors: Peter Glick, Susan T. FiskeAbstract:A theory of Sexism as ambivalence, not just hostility, toward women is presented. Ambivalent Sexism Theory distinguishes between hostile and “benevolent” Sexism (each addresses issues of power, gender differentiation, and sexuality). Benevolent Sexism encompasses subjectively positive (for the sexist) attitudes toward women in traditional roles: protective paternalism, idealization of women, and desire for intimate relations. Hostile Sexism encompasses the negative equivalents on each dimension: dominative paternalism, derogatory beliefs, and heterosexual hostility. Both forms of Sexism serve to justify and maintain patriarchy and traditional gender roles. The validity of a measure of these constructs, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI), is reviewed. Comparisons are offered between the ASI and other measures of sexist attitudes (e.g., the AWS), with suggestions for the proper domains of different scales.
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The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1996Co-Authors: Peter Glick, Susan T. FiskeAbstract:The authors present a theory of Sexism formulated as ambivalence toward women and validate a corresponding measure, the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI). The ASI taps 2 positively correlated components of Sexism that nevertheless represent opposite evaluative orientations toward women: sexist antip
Chris G Sibley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Benevolent Sexism and Hostile Sexism Across the Ages
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Petar Milojev, Yanshu Huang, Chris G SibleyAbstract:Ambivalent Sexism theory states that prejudice toward women comprises two interrelated ideologies. Endorsement of hostile Sexism—aggressive and competitive attitudes toward women—is linked with endorsement of benevolent Sexism—paternalistic and patronizing attitudes toward women. We conduct the first systematic tests of how endorsement of Sexism differs across age and across time, using six waves of a nationally representative panel sample of New Zealand adults ( N = 10,398). Results indicated U-shaped trajectories for men’s endorsement of hostile Sexism, women’s hostile Sexism, and women’s benevolent Sexism across the life span. However, over time, endorsement of these sexist attitudes tended to decrease for most ages. In contrast, men’s benevolent Sexism followed a positive linear trajectory across age and tended not to change over time. These results provide novel evidence of how ambivalent Sexism differs across age and highlight that benevolent Sexism is particularly tenacious.
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the allure of Sexism psychological entitlement fosters women s endorsement of benevolent Sexism over time
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2014Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Chris G Sibley, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Benevolent Sexism functions to uphold gender inequality by expressing caring and reverent attitudes exclusively toward women. Do these subjective benefits lure women to endorse benevolent Sexism? We tested this by examining whether women’s psychological entitlement was associated with concurrent levels of benevolent Sexism and longitudinal changes in benevolent Sexism over 1 year in a national panel sample (N = 4421 New Zealanders). As predicted, latent variable interaction analyses indicated that women higher in psychological entitlement more strongly endorsed benevolent Sexism and increasingly endorsed benevolent Sexism over the year. Men’s psychological entitlement was more weakly associated with benevolent Sexism concurrently and unrelated to changes in benevolent Sexism across time. These findings provide the first evidence that the benefits of benevolent Sexism are central to women’s adoption and endorsement of sexist attitudes toward their own gender—attitudes which contribute more broadly to the m...
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The Allure of Sexism: Psychological Entitlement Fosters Women’s Endorsement of Benevolent Sexism Over Time
Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2013Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Chris G Sibley, Nickola C. OverallAbstract:Benevolent Sexism functions to uphold gender inequality by expressing caring and reverent attitudes exclusively toward women. Do these subjective benefits lure women to endorse benevolent Sexism? We tested this by examining whether women’s psychological entitlement was associated with concurrent levels of benevolent Sexism and longitudinal changes in benevolent Sexism over 1 year in a national panel sample (N = 4421 New Zealanders). As predicted, latent variable interaction analyses indicated that women higher in psychological entitlement more strongly endorsed benevolent Sexism and increasingly endorsed benevolent Sexism over the year. Men’s psychological entitlement was more weakly associated with benevolent Sexism concurrently and unrelated to changes in benevolent Sexism across time. These findings provide the first evidence that the benefits of benevolent Sexism are central to women’s adoption and endorsement of sexist attitudes toward their own gender—attitudes which contribute more broadly to the m...
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benevolent and hostile Sexism and preferences for romantic partners
Personality and Individual Differences, 2009Co-Authors: Lucy K Travaglia, Nickola C. Overall, Chris G SibleyAbstract:Abstract This research investigated the associations between sexist attitudes and preferences for romantic partners both cross-sectionally ( N = 347 women, 130 men) and longitudinally over a nine-month period ( N = 174 women). Women placed greater importance on status/resources partner characteristics, particularly when they were high in Benevolent Sexism (ideation of women who conform to traditional gender roles). Longitudinal analyses also revealed that, for women, Benevolent Sexism predicted increases in status/resources preferences over time. Men, in contrast, placed greater importance on attractiveness/vitality characteristics, particularly when they were high in Hostile Sexism (hostility toward women who oppose traditional roles). These findings indicate that sexist ideologies promote preferences for romantic partners who possess qualities congruent with traditional gender roles.
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When Women Become More Hostilely Sexist toward their Gender: The System-Justifying Effect of Benevolent Sexism
Sex Roles, 2007Co-Authors: Chris G Sibley, Nickola C. Overall, John DuckittAbstract:Two longitudinal studies examined the system-justifying effect of women’s benevolent sexist ideology in New Zealand female undergraduate samples. Women’s endorsement of benevolent Sexism predicted longitudinal changes in hostile sexist attitudes toward their gender over 6-month (study 1; n = 117) and 12-month (study 2; n = 76) periods. Consistent with Ambivalent Sexism Theory, these findings indicate that women’s endorsement of benevolent Sexism disarms resistance to, and increases their endorsement of, more hostile forms of Sexism directed toward their gender. However, the disarming effect of benevolent Sexism occurred only for women high in Right-Wing Authoritarianism (study 2), suggesting that threat-driven authoritarian motivations for collective security and social cohesion cause women to actively participate in an ideological system that perpetuates gender inequality.
