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David M Buss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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jealousy evidence of strong sex differences using both forced choice and continuous measure paradigms
Personality and Individual Differences, 2015Co-Authors: Mons Bendixen, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, David M BussAbstract:Abstract Despite some controversy about sex differences in jealousy, data largely support that sex differences studied with the forced choice (FC) paradigm are robust: Men, relative to women, report greater jealousy in response to Sexual Infidelity than in response to emotional Infidelity. Corresponding sex differences for continuous measures of jealousy typically have been less robust in the literature. A large sample of Norwegian students (N = 1074) randomly responded to either FC or continuous measure questionnaires covering four Infidelity scenarios. Large, comparable, theoretically-predicted sex differences were evident for both FC and continuous measures. Relationship status, Infidelity experiences, and question order manipulation (activation) did not consistently influence the sex differences for either measure, nor did individual differences in socioSexual orientation or relationship commitment. These large sex differences are especially noteworthy as they emerge from a highly egalitarian nation with high paternal investment expectancy, and because they contradict social role theories that predict a diminution of psychological sex differences as gender economic equality increases.
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romantic jealousy in early adulthood and in later life
Human Nature, 2004Co-Authors: Todd K Shackelford, Martin Voracek, David P Schmitt, David M Buss, Viviana A Weekesshackelford, Richard L MichalskiAbstract:Young men are more distressed by a partner’s Sexual Infidelity, whereas young women are more distressed by a partner’s emotional Infidelity. The present research investigated (a) whether the sex difference in jealousy replicates in an older sample, and (b) whether younger people differ from older people in their selection of the more distressing Infidelity scenario. We presented forced-choice dilemmas to 202 older people (mean age = 67 years) and to 234 younger people (mean age = 20 years). The sex difference replicated in the older sample. In addition, older women were less likely than younger women to select a partner’s emotional Infidelity as more distressing than a partner’s Sexual Infidelity. Discussion offers directions for future work on sex differences and age differences in jealousy.
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sex differences in jealousy in evolutionary and cultural perspective tests from the netherlands germany and the united states
Psychological Science, 1996Co-Authors: Bram P Buunk, Alois Angleitner, Viktor Oubaid, David M BussAbstract:As predicted by models derived from evolutionary psychology, men within the United States have been shown to exhibit greater psychological and physiological distress to Sexual than to emotional Infidelity of their partner, and women have been shown to exhibit more distress to emotional than to Sexual Infidelity Because cross-cultural tests are critical for evolutionary hypotheses, we examined these sex differences in three parallel studies conducted in the Netherlands (N = 207), Germany (N = 200), and the United States (N = 224) Two key findings emerged First, the sex differences in Sexual jealousy are robust across these cultures, providing support for the evolutionary psychological model Second, the magnitude of the sex differences varies somewhat across cultures—large for the United States, medium for Germany and the Netherlands Discussion focuses on the evolutionary psychology of jealousy and on the sensitivity of sex differences in the Sexual sphere to cultural input
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sex differences in jealousy not gone not forgotten and not explained by alternative hypotheses
Psychological Science, 1996Co-Authors: David M Buss, Randy J Larsen, Drew WestenAbstract:More than a decade before there were systematic etnpirical tests of the proposition, evolutionary psychologists hypothesized that men and women would differ psychologically in the weighting given to the cues that trigger Sexual jealousy (Daly, Wilson, & Weghorst, 1982: Symons, 1979). Because fertilization occurs internally within women, over hutnan evolutionary history men have recurrently faced an adaptive problem not faced by women—the problem of uncertainty in their genetic parentage of offspring. Sexual infidelities by a man's mate would have compromised his paternity, threatening the loss of his investments, commitments, and mating effort, as well as his partner's parental effort—all of which risked getting channeled to another man's children. Men's jealousy, therefore, has been hypothesized to be triggered by cues to .Sexual Infidelity. Over human evolutionary history women did not face the adaptive problem of maternity uncertainty. The internal fertilization of a woman's own eggs meant that the certainty in her genetic parentage did not deviate from 1009?. From an ancestral woman's perspective, however, infidelities by her regular mate could have been enormously damaging. The man's time, energy, commitment, parental investment, and resources could get channeled to another woman and her children. For these reasons, evolutionary psychologists have hypothesized that women's jealousy would be triggered by cues to the long-term diversion of such commitments, such as a man's emotional involvement with another woman (Daly et al., 1982; Symons, 1979). Emotional involvement and Sexual Infidelity are clearly correlated events in everyday life, and hence both sexes are predicted to be attuned to both sources of strategic interference (Buss, 1989; Buss, Larsen, Westen, & Semmelroth, 1992). But these events can and do occur without one another: A casual Sexual encounter need not entail emotional involvement, and deep emotional involvement can occur in the absence of Sexual intercourse. The sexes are predicted to differ in the weighting of the cues to these two kinds of Infidelity, with men more intensely focused on Sexual and women on emotional Infidelity. DeSteno and Salovey (DS, this issue) have proposed an alternative explanation, the "double-shot hypothesis," to account for empirically discovered sex differences corresponding to the evolutionary predictions. Harris and Christenfeld's (HC, this issue) "logical belief hypothesis" is a variant of this alternative. The double-shot hypothesis proposes that the obtained sex differences are due not to evolved psychological differences, but rather to different beliefs (in some groups of men and
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sex differences in jealousy evolution physiology and psychology
Psychological Science, 1992Co-Authors: David M Buss, Randy J Larsen, Drew Westen, Jennifer SemmelrothAbstract:In species with internal female fertilization, males risk both lowered paternity probability and investment in rival gametes if their mates have Sexual contact with other males. Females of such species do not risk lowered maternity probability through partner Infidelity, but they do risk the diversion of their mates' commitment and resources to rival females. Three studies tested the hypothesis that sex differences in jealousy emerged in humans as solutions to the respective adaptive problems faced by each sex. In Study 1, men and women selected which event would upset them more—a partner's Sexual Infidelity or emotional Infidelity. Study 2 recorded physiological responses (heart rate, electrodermal response, corrugator supercilii contraction) while subjects imagined separately the two types of partner Infidelity. Study 3 tested the effect of being in a committed Sexual relationship on the activation of jealousy. All studies showed large sex differences, confirming hypothesized sex linkages in jealousy ac...
Christine R Harris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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factors associated with jealousy over real and imagined Infidelity an examination of the social cognitive and evolutionary psychology perspectives
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2003Co-Authors: Christine R HarrisAbstract:Three hundred fifty-eight undergraduates completed anonymous questionnaires regarding jealousy over a mate's Infidelity. More men than women predicted that Sexual Infidelity would be worse than emotional Infidelity when given the forced-choice hypothetical measures used in previous work. When some of the implications of hypothetical Infidelity were controlled, the gender difference disappeared. One hundred twenty-seven participants reported having actual experience with a mate's Infidelity. The two genders did not differ in degree of focus on the Sexual versus emotional aspects of a mate's real betrayal. Sexual jealousy was correlated with having a greater number of Sexual relationships and, for men but not women, with placing higher importance on sex in dating relationships. The results are discussed from a social-cognitive perspective.
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a review of sex differences in Sexual jealousy including self report data psychophysiological responses interpersonal violence and morbid jealousy
Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2003Co-Authors: Christine R HarrisAbstract:The specific innate modular theory of jealousy hypothesizes that natural selection shaped Sexual jealousy as a mechanism to prevent cuckoldry, and emotional jealousy as a mechanism to prevent resource loss. Therefore, men should be primarily jealous over a mate's Sexual Infidelity and women over a mate's emotional Infidelity. Five lines of evidence have been offered as support: self report responses, psychophysiological data, domestic violence (including spousal abuse and homicide), and morbid jealousy cases. This article reviews each line of evidence and finds only one hypothetical measure consistent with the hypothesis. This, however, is contradicted by a variety of other measures (including reported reactions to real Infidelity). A meta-analysis of jealousy-inspired homicides, taking into account base rates for murder, found no evidence that jealousy disproportionately motivates men to kill. The findings are discussed from a social-cognitive theoretical perspective.
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Sexual and romantic jealousy in heteroSexual and homoSexual adults
Psychological Science, 2002Co-Authors: Christine R HarrisAbstract:Several theorists have claimed that men are innately more upset by a mate's Sexual Infidelity and women are more upset by a mate's emotional Infidelity because the sexes faced different adaptive problems (for men, cuckoldry; for women, losing a mate's resources). The present work examined this theory of jealousy as a specific innate module in 196 adult men and women of homoSexual and heteroSexual orientations. As in previous work, heteroSexuals' responses to a forced-choice question about hypothetical Infidelity yielded a gender difference. However, no gender differences were found when participants recalled personal experiences with a mate's actual Infidelity. Men and women, regardless of Sexual orientation, on average focused more on a mate's emotional Infidelity than on a mate's Sexual Infidelity. Responses to hypothetical Infidelity were uncorrelated with reactions to actual Infidelity. This finding casts doubt on the validity of the hypothetical measures used in previous research.
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psychophysiological responses to imagined Infidelity the specific innate modular view of jealousy reconsidered
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2000Co-Authors: Christine R HarrisAbstract:Three studies measured psychophysiological reactivity (heart rate, blood pressure, and electrodermal activity) while participants imagined a mate's Infidelity. The specific innate modular theory of gender differences in jealousy hypothesizes that men are upset by Sexual Infidelity and women are upset by emotional Infidelity, because of having faced different adaptive challenges (cuckoldry and loss of a mate's resources, respectively). This view was not supported. In men, Sexual-Infidelity imagery elicited greater reactivity than emotional-Infidelity imagery. But, Sexual imagery elicited greater reactivity even when Infidelity was not involved, suggesting that the differential reactivity may not specifically index greater jealousy. In two studies with reasonable power, women did not respond more strongly to emotional Infidelity. Moreover, women with committed Sexual relationship experience showed reactivity patterns similar to those of men. Hypothetical Infidelity self-reports were unrelated to reactivity.
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gender jealousy and reason
Psychological Science, 1996Co-Authors: Christine R Harris, Nicholas ChristenfeldAbstract:Research has suggested that men are especially bothered by evidence of their partner's Sexual Infidelity, whereas women are troubled more by evidence of emotional Infidelity One evolutionary account (Buss, Larsen, Westen, & Semmelroth, 1992) argues that this is an innate difference, arising from men's need for paternity certainty and women's need for male investment in their offspring We suggest that the difference may instead be based on reasonable differences between the sexes in how they interpret evidence of Infidelity A man, thinking that women have sex only when in love, has reason to believe that if his mate has sex with another man, she is in love with that other A woman, thinking that men can have sex without love, should still be bothered by Sexual Infidelity, but less so because it does not imply that her mate has fallen in love as well A survey of 137 subjects confirmed that men and women do differ in the predicted direction in how much they think each form of Infidelity implies the other, pro...
Todd K Shackelford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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experimental activation of anti cuckoldry mechanisms responsive to female Sexual Infidelity
Personality and Individual Differences, 2013Co-Authors: Valerie G Starratt, William F Mckibbin, Todd K ShackelfordAbstract:Abstract Recent research indicates that men may have evolved mechanisms dedicated to detecting and responding to the risk of partner Infidelity. Because activation of these “anti-cuckoldry” mechanisms depends on partner Infidelity, or the perception of partner Infidelity, existing evidence for such mechanisms relies on correlational data. The current study tests several predictions regarding men’s anti-cuckoldry mechanisms in an experimental design. As predicted, the results demonstrated: (1a) experimental activation of men’s anti-cuckoldry mechanisms by presenting them with a vignette depicting a female partner’s Sexual Infidelity; (1b) no activation of men’s anti-cuckoldry mechanisms by presenting them with a vignette depicting a Sexual encounter without female Infidelity; (2) experimental activation of men’s anti-cuckoldry mechanisms was influenced by their perceived risk of partner Infidelity; and (3) women were not influenced by the partner Infidelity manipulation.
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Sexual coercion in intimate relationships a comparative analysis of the effects of women s Infidelity and men s dominance and control
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2009Co-Authors: Aaron T Goetz, Todd K ShackelfordAbstract:Researchers studying the proximate (or immediate) causes of Sexual coercion have proposed that partner rape is motivated by a man’s attempt to dominate and control his partner and that this expression of power is the product of men’s social roles. Researchers studying the ultimate (or evolutionary) causes, in contrast, have proposed that partner rape may function as an anti-cuckoldry tactic, with its occurrence related to a man’s suspicions of his partner’s Sexual Infidelity. In two studies, we collected data relevant to both perspectives to explore how these variables interact with men’s Sexual coercion in an intimate relationship. Regression analyses from Study 1 (self-reports from 256 men) and Study 2 (partner-reports from 290 women) indicated that men’s Sexual coercion of their partners was consistently predicted by female Infidelity and men’s controlling behavior, suggesting that both variables are necessary to explain men’s Sexual coercion. Discussion addressed limitations of the current research and highlighted the importance of integrating multiple levels of analysis when studying men’s Sexual coercion of their intimate partners.
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male mate retention mediates the relationship between female Sexual Infidelity and female directed violence
Personality and Individual Differences, 2008Co-Authors: Farnaz Kaighobadi, Valerie G Starratt, Todd K Shackelford, Danielle PoppAbstract:Abstract Previous research has documented relationships between (1) female Sexual Infidelity and men’s non-violent mate retention behaviors, and (2) men’s non-violent mate retention behaviors and partner-directed violence. In the two studies, we examined two additional relationships: (1) the relationship between accusations of female Sexual Infidelity and men’s partner-directed violence and (2) whether men’s direct guarding mate retention behaviors mediates the relationship between accusations of female Sexual Infidelity and men’s partner-directed violence. The results indicate that (1) accusations of female Sexual Infidelity predict men’s partner-directed violence, (2) men’s reports of direct guarding mediates the relationship between accusations of partner Sexual Infidelity and partner-directed violence (Study 1, N = 165) and (3) women’s reports of men’s direct guarding partially mediates the same relationship (Study 2, N = 306). The discussion addresses sex differences identified in the mediation analyses, notes limitations of the research, and highlights directions for future research.
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relationship experience as a predictor of romantic jealousy
Personality and Individual Differences, 2006Co-Authors: Samantha M Murphy, Todd K Shackelford, Robin R Vallacher, David F Bjorklund, Jennifer L YungerAbstract:Abstract We examined between-sex differences and within-sex differences in jealousy in response to a romantic partner’s Sexual and emotional Infidelity. In addition to replicating established sex differences in jealousy, we investigated a potential trigger for within-sex differences in jealousy. We hypothesized that men will be more distressed by Sexual Infidelity and women will be more distressed by emotional Infidelity and that relationship experience will trigger men and women to respond in evolutionarily predictable ways. We replicated previous research on sex differences in jealousy and demonstrated that relationship experience predicts upset over Infidelity, but primarily for men. Relative to men without relationship experience, men with such experience reported greater distress about a partner’s Sexual Infidelity. Discussion focuses on the relevance of relationship experience to within-sex differences in distress over a partner’s infidelities.
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romantic jealousy in early adulthood and in later life
Human Nature, 2004Co-Authors: Todd K Shackelford, Martin Voracek, David P Schmitt, David M Buss, Viviana A Weekesshackelford, Richard L MichalskiAbstract:Young men are more distressed by a partner’s Sexual Infidelity, whereas young women are more distressed by a partner’s emotional Infidelity. The present research investigated (a) whether the sex difference in jealousy replicates in an older sample, and (b) whether younger people differ from older people in their selection of the more distressing Infidelity scenario. We presented forced-choice dilemmas to 202 older people (mean age = 67 years) and to 234 younger people (mean age = 20 years). The sex difference replicated in the older sample. In addition, older women were less likely than younger women to select a partner’s emotional Infidelity as more distressing than a partner’s Sexual Infidelity. Discussion offers directions for future work on sex differences and age differences in jealousy.
Christopher J Carpenter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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meta analyses of sex differences in responses to Sexual versus emotional Infidelity men and women are more similar than different
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2012Co-Authors: Christopher J CarpenterAbstract:From 54 articles, 172 effect sizes were meta-analyzed to determine whether men and women are differentially distressed by emotional versus Sexual Infidelity. Predictions were derived and tested fro...
John T. Jost - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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priming the primal scene betrayal trauma narcissism and attitudes toward Sexual Infidelity
Self and Identity, 2008Co-Authors: Orsolya Hunyady, Lawrence Josephs, John T. JostAbstract:We used mindset priming techniques to conduct an experimental study (N = 316) designed to assess ideas derived from psychoanalytic theory. Specifically, we investigated the possibility that the unconscious activation of the Oedipal situation would lead people—especially men and individuals who possess narcissistic personality features—to become more prohibitive toward Sexual Infidelity in romantic relationships. Results supported this hypothesis, which was tested using a new scale of attitudes toward Sexual Infidelity. Although men and narcissists tend to be more permissive towards Sexual Infidelity in general, when they are led to identify and empathize with the victim of betrayal, they become as disapproving of extra-dyadic Sexual involvement as are women and low narcissists. Correlational evidence indicates that narcissism is positively associated with the likelihood of having affairs, the number of partners cheated on, and (for women but not men) the likelihood of being cheated on. In addition, the (s...