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Seiki Takatsuki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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food habits of Sika deer at otome highland yamanashi with reference to sasa nipponica
Mammal Study, 2013Co-Authors: Kazuhiro Takahashi, Akira Uehara, Seiki TakatsukiAbstract:For the last two decades, Sika deer in Japan have expanded their range. The Otome Highland in Yamanashi Prefecture, central Japan, is no exception, as the abundance of Sika deer has increased in this region, particularly over the last decade. Because many populations of Sika deer inhabiting the central or northern Pacific region of Japan are dependent on Sasa nipponica, a dwarf bamboo growing in the understory of deciduous broad-leaved forests, as a food plant (Takatsuki 1983, 1986; Ueda et al. 2002; Kobayashi and Takatsuki 2012), the deer population of Otome Highland, which belongs to the same climatic zone, is also expected to depend on this species. The forest of Otome Highland was once a montane forest of Fagus crenata, but was logged to become a secondary oak forest, which is common to other places. A unique point of this highland is that it was logged for skiing in 1951, and subsequently, a grassland composed of grasses and various forbs developed. Thus, Sika deer would utilize both forest and grassland. In many habitats of Sika deer, Sasa nipponica is an important food for the deer during the winter because other forbs and grasses senesce and trees and shrubs lose their leaves; thus, S. nipponica is the almost only evergreen forage plant. Therefore, documenting the extent of deer grazing on S. nipponica during winter is important. Thus, the objectives of this study were to quantitatively analyze the food habits of Sika deer in the Otome Highland and to determine their grazing intensity on S. nipponica.
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a comparison of food habits of two sympatric ruminants of mt yatsugatake central japan Sika deer and japanese serow
Acta Theriologica, 2012Co-Authors: Kento Kobayashi, Seiki TakatsukiAbstract:Comparison of food habits of sympatric animals provides understanding of interspecific relations. Previous studies of food habits of the two ruminants of Japan, Sika deer (Cervus nippon) and Japanese serows (Capricornis crispus), have shown that Sika deer are variable, and they are gazers in northern Japan, but browsers in southern Japan, whereas Japanese serows are browsers. However, these studies described the food habits of each species separately, and no study has compared the food habits of these species living in sympatry. Therefore, we examined these species on Mt. Yatsugatake, central Japan, using microhistological analyses and nutritional analyses of feces. Sasa nipponica, a dwarf bamboo, predominated in the fecal composition of Sika deer, whereas both S. nipponica and dicotyledonous plants were found in the feces of Japanese serows. Crude protein levels of serow feces were higher than those of deer. The particle sizes of plant fragments in serow feces were smaller than those in deer feces, suggesting that serow fed more selectively on digestible plants than deer did. These results support the suggestions of previous studies conducted in different habitats and show that Sika deer are less selective grazers, and Japanese serows are more selective browsers. Thus, food differences are likely explained by the feeding ecophysiology of the animals and not habitat differences.
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effects of Sika deer on vegetation in japan a review
Biological Conservation, 2009Co-Authors: Seiki TakatsukiAbstract:The Japanese Sika deer Cervus nippon has expanded its range by nearly 70% during the last two decades. Browsing by Sika deer affects vegetation in both agricultural and forested habitats. Effects of Sika deer on vegetation are conspicuous on deer-inhabited islands: forest structure and composition are altered by deer grazing and browsing, and consequently regeneration is prevented. By felling of old trees, forest gaps are formed, but since sapling recruitment is prevented, shade intolerant plants invade. Unpalatable forbs like ragwort Senecio cannabifolius and ferns like bracken Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) become dominants in open habitats. At the places of highest deer density, the Zoysia japonica community, a low growing grass mat, develops. Sika deer function as a seed dispersal agent of this grass. Indirect effects of Sika deer are not well studied, but some studies have shown reduction of understory bamboo cover, which in turn improves the survival of tree seedlings and declines of wood mice Apodemus spp. Japanese forests in lower mountainous areas were widely logged during the 1940s and 1950s. These areas were not well planted during the war and until 1950, but thereafter intensively planted to alter to conifer plantation as a nationwide campaign. For several decades after the war, rodents and hares grazed planted trees. According to growth of the planted trees to form canopy, which is unfavorable for rodents and hares, their damage declined. After the 1960s, old-growth forests in high mountainous areas were logged, and conifers were planted. Animals causing forestry damage were replaced by Sika deer during the 1980s. Sika deer eat a wide variety of foods, and are gregarious, which causes heavy impacts on vegetation. Effects of Sika deer are expanding to natural forests, alpine vegetation, and marshes. To reduce damages on forestry and natural vegetation, as many as 100,000 Sika deer are culled every year. However, the hunter population is rapidly declining, and it is expected population control by culling will be insufficient. Although Sika deer are an important component of Japanese forests, current population densities exceed the capacity of many ecosystems to tolerate herbivory.
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Effects of Sika deer on vegetation in Japan: A review
Biological Conservation, 2009Co-Authors: Seiki TakatsukiAbstract:The Japanese Sika deer Cervus nippon has expanded its range by nearly 70% during the last two decades. Browsing by Sika deer affects vegetation in both agricultural and forested habitats. Effects of Sika deer on vegetation are conspicuous on deer-inhabited islands: forest structure and composition are altered by deer grazing and browsing, and consequently regeneration is prevented. By felling of old trees, forest gaps are formed, but since sapling recruitment is prevented, shade intolerant plants invade. Unpalatable forbs like ragwort Senecio cannabifolius and ferns like bracken Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) become dominants in open habitats. At the places of highest deer density, the Zoysia japonica community, a low growing grass mat, develops. Sika deer function as a seed dispersal agent of this grass. Indirect effects of Sika deer are not well studied, but some studies have shown reduction of understory bamboo cover, which in turn improves the survival of tree seedlings and declines of wood mice Apodemus spp. Japanese forests in lower mountainous areas were widely logged during the 1940s and 1950s. These areas were not well planted during the war and until 1950, but thereafter intensively planted to alter to conifer plantation as a nationwide campaign. For several decades after the war, rodents and hares grazed planted trees. According to growth of the planted trees to form canopy, which is unfavorable for rodents and hares, their damage declined. After the 1960s, old-growth forests in high mountainous areas were logged, and conifers were planted. Animals causing forestry damage were replaced by Sika deer during the 1980s. Sika deer eat a wide variety of foods, and are gregarious, which causes heavy impacts on vegetation. Effects of Sika deer are expanding to natural forests, alpine vegetation, and marshes. To reduce damages on forestry and natural vegetation, as many as 100,000 Sika deer are culled every year. However, the hunter population is rapidly declining, and it is expected population control by culling will be insufficient. Although Sika deer are an important component of Japanese forests, current population densities exceed the capacity of many ecosystems to tolerate herbivory. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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geographical variations in food habits of Sika deer the northern grazer vs the southern browser
2009Co-Authors: Seiki TakatsukiAbstract:Based on the fall/winter food compositions of 19 local Sika populations from Hokkaido to Kyushu, covering the cool temperate zone to the warm temperate zone, a clear tendency was found. The northern Sika deer (>36° N) were dependent on dwarf bamboos and other graminoids, while the southern deer (<35° N) were dependent on browse and fruits. That is, the northern deer were grazers while the southern one were browser types in food habits. This largely corresponded to the genetic groups as well as vegetational zones. The populations around 35° N were variable and the proportions of graminoids ranged from 20% to 80%. The food compositions of Sika deer on the Japanese Archipelago vary greatly, suggesting elasticity of this cervid. The background of this difference is discussed.
Margit Cichnamarkl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Sika deer cervus nippon specific real time pcr method to detect fraudulent labelling of meat and meat products
Scientific Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Maria Kaltenbrunner, Rupert Hochegger, Margit CichnamarklAbstract:Since game meat is more valuable and expensive than meat from domesticated animal species it is a potential target for adulteration. Analytical methods must allow the identification and quantification of meat species to be applicable for the detection of fraudulent labelling. We developed a real-time PCR assay for the authentication of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) and products thereof. The primer/probe system amplifies a 71 bp fragment of the kappa-casein precursor gene. Since the target sequence contained only one Sika deer-specific base, we introduced a deliberate base mismatch in the forward primer. The real-time PCR assay did not show cross-reactivity with 19 animal and 49 plant species tested. Low cross-reactivity was observed with red deer, fallow deer, reindeer and moose. However, with a ΔCt value of ≥11.79 between Sika deer and the cross-reacting species, cross-reactivity will not affect the accuracy of the method. LOD and LOQ, determined by analysing serial dilutions of a DNA extract containing 1% (w/w) Sika deer DNA in pig DNA, were 0.3% and 0.5%, respectively. The accuracy was evaluated by analysing DNA mixtures and DNA isolates from meat extract mixtures and meat mixtures. In general, recoveries were in the range from 70 to 130%.
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authenticity control of game meat products a single method to detect and quantify adulteration of fallow deer dama dama red deer cervus elaphus and Sika deer cervus nippon by real time pcr
Food Chemistry, 2015Co-Authors: Barbara Druml, Rupert Hochegger, Stephanie Grandits, Walter Mayer, Margit CichnamarklAbstract:This contribution presents a single real-time PCR assay allowing the determination of the deer content (the sum of fallow deer (Dama dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Sika deer (Cervus nippon)) in meat products to detect food adulteration. The PCR assay does not show cross-reactivity with 20 animal species and 43 botanical species potentially contained in game meat products. The limit of quantification is 0.5% for fallow deer and red deer and 0.1% for Sika deer. The deer content in meat products is determined by relating the concentration obtained with the deer PCR assay to that obtained with a reference system which amplifies mammals and poultry DNA. The analysis of binary meat mixtures with pork, a meat mixture containing equal amounts of fallow deer, red deer and Sika deer in pork and a model game sausage showed that the quantification approach is very accurate (systematic error generally <25%).
Simon J Goodman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bottlenecks drift and differentiation the population structure and demographic history of Sika deer cervus nippon in the japanese archipelago
Molecular Ecology, 2001Co-Authors: Simon J Goodman, Graeme M Swanson, Josephine M Pemberton, Hidetoshi B Tamate, Rebecca Wilson, Junko Nagata, Shirow Tatsuzawa, Dale R. McculloughAbstract:We assessed genetic differentiation and diversity in 14 populations of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) from Japan and four populations of Sika deer introduced to the UK, using nine microsatellite loci. We observed extreme levels of differentiation and significant differences in diversity between populations. Our results do not support morphological subspecies designations, but are consistent with previous mitochondrial DNA analyses which suggest the existence of two genetically distinct lineages of Sika deer in Japan. The source of Sika introduced to the UK was identified as Kyushu. The underlying structure of Japanese populations probably derives from drift in separate glacial refugia and male dispersal limited by distance. This structure has been perturbed by bottlenecks and habitat fragmentation, resulting from human activity from the mid-nineteenth century. Most current genetic differentiation and differences in diversity among populations probably result from recent drift. Coalescent model analysis suggests Sika on each of the main Japanese islands have experienced different recent population histories. Hokkaido, which has large areas of continuous habitat, has maintained high levels of gene flow. In Honshu the population is highly fragmented and is likely to have been evolving by drift alone. In Kyushu there has been a balance between gene flow and drift but all the populations have experienced high levels of drift. Habitat fragment size was not significantly associated with genetic diversity in populations but there was a significant correlation between habitat fragment size and effective population size.
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introgression through rare hybridization a genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and Sika deer genus cervus in argyll scotland
Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: Simon J Goodman, Katharine Abernethy, Nicholas H Barton, Graeme M Swanson, Josephine M PembertonAbstract:In this article we describe the structure of a hybrid zone in Argyll, Scotland, between native red deer (Cervus elaphus) and introduced Japanese Sika deer (Cervus nippon), on the basis of a genetic analysis using 11 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA. In contrast to the findings of a previous study of the same population, we conclude that the deer fall into two distinct genetic classes, corresponding to either a Sika-like or red-like phenotype. Introgression is rare at any one locus, but where the taxa overlap up to 40% of deer carry apparently introgressed alleles. While most putative hybrids are heterozygous at only one locus, there are rare multiple heterozygotes, reflecting significant linkage disequilibrium within both Sika- and red-like populations. The rate of backcrossing into the Sika population is estimated as H = 0.002 per generation and into red, H = 0.001 per generation. On the basis of historical evidence that red deer entered Kintyre only recently, a diffusion model evaluated by maximum likelihood shows that Sika have increased at approximately 9.2% yr-1 from low frequency and disperse at a rate of approximately 3.7 km yr-1. Introgression into the red-like population is greater in the south, while introgression into Sika varies little along the transect. For both Sika- and red-like populations, the degree of introgression is 30-40% of that predicted from the rates of current hybridization inferred from linkage disequilibria; however, in neither case is this statistically significant evidence for selection against introgression.
G F Sensabaugh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a mitochondrial control region and cytochromebphylogeny of Sika deer cervus nippon and report of tandem repeats in the control region
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 1999Co-Authors: Ying Wang, Charles E Cook, G F SensabaughAbstract:Abstract Sika deer (Cervus nipponTemminck) are endemic to mainland and insular Asia. Numerous subspecies have been named, but they are not quantitatively well defined. Portions of the mitochondrial cytochromebgene (450 bp) and control region (512 bp) were sequenced from 28 individuals belonging to five Sika subspecies and twoCervus elaphussubspecies. Phylogenetic trees constructed using these sequences clearly demonstrated that Sika are monophyletic with respect toC. elaphus.A survey of variation in the control region showed that approximately half the variation occurred in a 100-base segment between positions 150 and 250 in the left domain of the control region. Within this region there were three tandemly repeated copies of a 39-base motif. In addition, two of the samples (C. n. aplodontusandC. n. hortulorum) contained, respectively, two and four additional copies of the repeated motif.
Josephine M Pemberton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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bottlenecks drift and differentiation the population structure and demographic history of Sika deer cervus nippon in the japanese archipelago
Molecular Ecology, 2001Co-Authors: Simon J Goodman, Graeme M Swanson, Josephine M Pemberton, Hidetoshi B Tamate, Rebecca Wilson, Junko Nagata, Shirow Tatsuzawa, Dale R. McculloughAbstract:We assessed genetic differentiation and diversity in 14 populations of Sika deer (Cervus nippon) from Japan and four populations of Sika deer introduced to the UK, using nine microsatellite loci. We observed extreme levels of differentiation and significant differences in diversity between populations. Our results do not support morphological subspecies designations, but are consistent with previous mitochondrial DNA analyses which suggest the existence of two genetically distinct lineages of Sika deer in Japan. The source of Sika introduced to the UK was identified as Kyushu. The underlying structure of Japanese populations probably derives from drift in separate glacial refugia and male dispersal limited by distance. This structure has been perturbed by bottlenecks and habitat fragmentation, resulting from human activity from the mid-nineteenth century. Most current genetic differentiation and differences in diversity among populations probably result from recent drift. Coalescent model analysis suggests Sika on each of the main Japanese islands have experienced different recent population histories. Hokkaido, which has large areas of continuous habitat, has maintained high levels of gene flow. In Honshu the population is highly fragmented and is likely to have been evolving by drift alone. In Kyushu there has been a balance between gene flow and drift but all the populations have experienced high levels of drift. Habitat fragment size was not significantly associated with genetic diversity in populations but there was a significant correlation between habitat fragment size and effective population size.
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introgression through rare hybridization a genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and Sika deer genus cervus in argyll scotland
Genetics, 1999Co-Authors: Simon J Goodman, Katharine Abernethy, Nicholas H Barton, Graeme M Swanson, Josephine M PembertonAbstract:In this article we describe the structure of a hybrid zone in Argyll, Scotland, between native red deer (Cervus elaphus) and introduced Japanese Sika deer (Cervus nippon), on the basis of a genetic analysis using 11 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA. In contrast to the findings of a previous study of the same population, we conclude that the deer fall into two distinct genetic classes, corresponding to either a Sika-like or red-like phenotype. Introgression is rare at any one locus, but where the taxa overlap up to 40% of deer carry apparently introgressed alleles. While most putative hybrids are heterozygous at only one locus, there are rare multiple heterozygotes, reflecting significant linkage disequilibrium within both Sika- and red-like populations. The rate of backcrossing into the Sika population is estimated as H = 0.002 per generation and into red, H = 0.001 per generation. On the basis of historical evidence that red deer entered Kintyre only recently, a diffusion model evaluated by maximum likelihood shows that Sika have increased at approximately 9.2% yr-1 from low frequency and disperse at a rate of approximately 3.7 km yr-1. Introgression into the red-like population is greater in the south, while introgression into Sika varies little along the transect. For both Sika- and red-like populations, the degree of introgression is 30-40% of that predicted from the rates of current hybridization inferred from linkage disequilibria; however, in neither case is this statistically significant evidence for selection against introgression.
