The Experts below are selected from a list of 3642 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Cathleen A. Hanlon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bayesian Spatiotemporal Pattern and Eco-climatological Drivers of Striped Skunk Rabies in the North Central Plains.
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016Co-Authors: Ram K. Raghavan, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Douglas G. Goodin, Rolan D. Davis, Michael C. Moore, Susan M. Moore, Gary A. AndersonAbstract:Striped Skunks are one of the most important terrestrial reservoirs of rabies virus in North America, and yet the prevalence of rabies among this host is only passively monitored and the disease among this host remains largely unmanaged. Oral vaccination campaigns have not efficiently targeted striped Skunks, while periodic spillovers of striped Skunk variant viruses to other animals, including some domestic animals, are routinely recorded. In this study we evaluated the spatial and spatio-temporal patterns of infection status among striped Skunk cases submitted for rabies testing in the North Central Plains of US in a Bayesian hierarchical framework, and also evaluated potential eco-climatological drivers of such patterns. Two Bayesian hierarchical models were fitted to point-referenced striped Skunk rabies cases [n = 656 (negative), and n = 310 (positive)] received at a leading rabies diagnostic facility between the years 2007–2013. The first model included only spatial and temporal terms and a second covariate model included additional covariates representing eco-climatic conditions within a 4km2 home-range area for striped Skunks. The better performing covariate model indicated the presence of significant spatial and temporal trends in the dataset and identified higher amounts of land covered by low-intensity developed areas [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.41; 95% Bayesian Credible Intervals (CrI) = 2.08, 3.85], higher level of patch fragmentation (OR = 1.70; 95% CrI = 1.25, 2.89), and diurnal temperature range (OR = 0.54; 95% CrI = 0.27, 0.91) to be important drivers of striped Skunk rabies incidence in the study area. Model validation statistics indicated satisfactory performance for both models; however, the covariate model fared better. The findings of this study are important in the context of rabies management among striped Skunks in North America, and the relevance of physical and climatological factors as risk factors for Skunk to human rabies transmission and the space-time patterns of striped Skunk rabies are discussed.
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genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Skunk associated rabies viruses in north america with special emphasis on the central plains
Virus Research, 2013Co-Authors: Rolan D. Davis, Susan A Nadindavis, Michael Moore, Cathleen A. HanlonAbstract:Across North America the Skunk acts as a reservoir for several rabies virus variants. Some of these variants are geographically restricted in range as is the case for the California Skunk variant and two distinct variants present in Mexico. In contrast the North Central and South Central Skunk rabies viruses are dispersed in overlapping ranges over large areas of the Midwestern region of the United States with the former extending into southern parts of the Canadian prairies. Despite this extensive range, there has been only very limited molecular characterization of these two viral variants. This study has examined the genetic diversity of the rabies viruses associated with North American Skunks, with particular emphasis on the South Central Skunk variant which was found to comprise three distinct geographically restricted groups of viruses that could in some cases be further sub-divided. The phylogenetic relationships of these groups and sub-groups allowed us to infer the likely direction of spread of these variants in some instances. Patterns of amino acid replacement of North American Skunk-associated rabies viruses for both the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein products are also examined. These patterns reflect the virus phylogeny but no amino acid residues associated specifically with the Skunk host were identified.
Rolan D. Davis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bayesian Spatiotemporal Pattern and Eco-climatological Drivers of Striped Skunk Rabies in the North Central Plains.
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016Co-Authors: Ram K. Raghavan, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Douglas G. Goodin, Rolan D. Davis, Michael C. Moore, Susan M. Moore, Gary A. AndersonAbstract:Striped Skunks are one of the most important terrestrial reservoirs of rabies virus in North America, and yet the prevalence of rabies among this host is only passively monitored and the disease among this host remains largely unmanaged. Oral vaccination campaigns have not efficiently targeted striped Skunks, while periodic spillovers of striped Skunk variant viruses to other animals, including some domestic animals, are routinely recorded. In this study we evaluated the spatial and spatio-temporal patterns of infection status among striped Skunk cases submitted for rabies testing in the North Central Plains of US in a Bayesian hierarchical framework, and also evaluated potential eco-climatological drivers of such patterns. Two Bayesian hierarchical models were fitted to point-referenced striped Skunk rabies cases [n = 656 (negative), and n = 310 (positive)] received at a leading rabies diagnostic facility between the years 2007–2013. The first model included only spatial and temporal terms and a second covariate model included additional covariates representing eco-climatic conditions within a 4km2 home-range area for striped Skunks. The better performing covariate model indicated the presence of significant spatial and temporal trends in the dataset and identified higher amounts of land covered by low-intensity developed areas [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.41; 95% Bayesian Credible Intervals (CrI) = 2.08, 3.85], higher level of patch fragmentation (OR = 1.70; 95% CrI = 1.25, 2.89), and diurnal temperature range (OR = 0.54; 95% CrI = 0.27, 0.91) to be important drivers of striped Skunk rabies incidence in the study area. Model validation statistics indicated satisfactory performance for both models; however, the covariate model fared better. The findings of this study are important in the context of rabies management among striped Skunks in North America, and the relevance of physical and climatological factors as risk factors for Skunk to human rabies transmission and the space-time patterns of striped Skunk rabies are discussed.
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genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Skunk associated rabies viruses in north america with special emphasis on the central plains
Virus Research, 2013Co-Authors: Rolan D. Davis, Susan A Nadindavis, Michael Moore, Cathleen A. HanlonAbstract:Across North America the Skunk acts as a reservoir for several rabies virus variants. Some of these variants are geographically restricted in range as is the case for the California Skunk variant and two distinct variants present in Mexico. In contrast the North Central and South Central Skunk rabies viruses are dispersed in overlapping ranges over large areas of the Midwestern region of the United States with the former extending into southern parts of the Canadian prairies. Despite this extensive range, there has been only very limited molecular characterization of these two viral variants. This study has examined the genetic diversity of the rabies viruses associated with North American Skunks, with particular emphasis on the South Central Skunk variant which was found to comprise three distinct geographically restricted groups of viruses that could in some cases be further sub-divided. The phylogenetic relationships of these groups and sub-groups allowed us to infer the likely direction of spread of these variants in some instances. Patterns of amino acid replacement of North American Skunk-associated rabies viruses for both the nucleoprotein and glycoprotein products are also examined. These patterns reflect the virus phylogeny but no amino acid residues associated specifically with the Skunk host were identified.
Gary A. Anderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bayesian Spatiotemporal Pattern and Eco-climatological Drivers of Striped Skunk Rabies in the North Central Plains.
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016Co-Authors: Ram K. Raghavan, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Douglas G. Goodin, Rolan D. Davis, Michael C. Moore, Susan M. Moore, Gary A. AndersonAbstract:Striped Skunks are one of the most important terrestrial reservoirs of rabies virus in North America, and yet the prevalence of rabies among this host is only passively monitored and the disease among this host remains largely unmanaged. Oral vaccination campaigns have not efficiently targeted striped Skunks, while periodic spillovers of striped Skunk variant viruses to other animals, including some domestic animals, are routinely recorded. In this study we evaluated the spatial and spatio-temporal patterns of infection status among striped Skunk cases submitted for rabies testing in the North Central Plains of US in a Bayesian hierarchical framework, and also evaluated potential eco-climatological drivers of such patterns. Two Bayesian hierarchical models were fitted to point-referenced striped Skunk rabies cases [n = 656 (negative), and n = 310 (positive)] received at a leading rabies diagnostic facility between the years 2007–2013. The first model included only spatial and temporal terms and a second covariate model included additional covariates representing eco-climatic conditions within a 4km2 home-range area for striped Skunks. The better performing covariate model indicated the presence of significant spatial and temporal trends in the dataset and identified higher amounts of land covered by low-intensity developed areas [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.41; 95% Bayesian Credible Intervals (CrI) = 2.08, 3.85], higher level of patch fragmentation (OR = 1.70; 95% CrI = 1.25, 2.89), and diurnal temperature range (OR = 0.54; 95% CrI = 0.27, 0.91) to be important drivers of striped Skunk rabies incidence in the study area. Model validation statistics indicated satisfactory performance for both models; however, the covariate model fared better. The findings of this study are important in the context of rabies management among striped Skunks in North America, and the relevance of physical and climatological factors as risk factors for Skunk to human rabies transmission and the space-time patterns of striped Skunk rabies are discussed.
Joanne L. Maki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Challenges to controlling rabies in Skunk populations using oral rabies vaccination: A review.
Zoonoses and public health, 2018Co-Authors: A. Wohlers, Emily W. Lankau, E. H. Oertli, Joanne L. MakiAbstract:Controlling rabies in Skunk populations is an important public health concern in many parts of the United States due to the potential for Skunk rabies outbreaks in urban centres and the possible role for Skunks in raccoon rabies variant circulation. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) programmes have supported wildlife rabies control efforts globally but using ORV to control rabies in Skunk populations has proven more challenging than with other target species, like foxes, coyotes and raccoons. A review of published studies found that some ORV constructs are immunogenic in Skunks and protect against virulent rabies virus challenges, especially when delivered by direct installation into the oral cavity. However, in field ORV programmes using currently available vaccine-bait formats and distribution methods targeting other rabies reservoir species, Skunks often fail to seroconvert. Field effectiveness of ORV in Skunks appears to be limited by poor bait uptake or inadequate ingestion of vaccine rather than from poor vaccine efficacy. Observations of captive Skunks revealed vaccine spillage when handling and biting into baits such that modification of bait formats might improve field effectiveness. In addition, a dose-response relationship between bait distribution density and post-baiting seroconversion among Skunks was observed across the limited number of field studies. Additional research is needed to identify opportunities to modify ORV baits and distribution strategies to improve the viability of ORV as a rabies control strategy in Skunks.
Ram K. Raghavan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bayesian Spatiotemporal Pattern and Eco-climatological Drivers of Striped Skunk Rabies in the North Central Plains.
PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016Co-Authors: Ram K. Raghavan, Cathleen A. Hanlon, Douglas G. Goodin, Rolan D. Davis, Michael C. Moore, Susan M. Moore, Gary A. AndersonAbstract:Striped Skunks are one of the most important terrestrial reservoirs of rabies virus in North America, and yet the prevalence of rabies among this host is only passively monitored and the disease among this host remains largely unmanaged. Oral vaccination campaigns have not efficiently targeted striped Skunks, while periodic spillovers of striped Skunk variant viruses to other animals, including some domestic animals, are routinely recorded. In this study we evaluated the spatial and spatio-temporal patterns of infection status among striped Skunk cases submitted for rabies testing in the North Central Plains of US in a Bayesian hierarchical framework, and also evaluated potential eco-climatological drivers of such patterns. Two Bayesian hierarchical models were fitted to point-referenced striped Skunk rabies cases [n = 656 (negative), and n = 310 (positive)] received at a leading rabies diagnostic facility between the years 2007–2013. The first model included only spatial and temporal terms and a second covariate model included additional covariates representing eco-climatic conditions within a 4km2 home-range area for striped Skunks. The better performing covariate model indicated the presence of significant spatial and temporal trends in the dataset and identified higher amounts of land covered by low-intensity developed areas [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.41; 95% Bayesian Credible Intervals (CrI) = 2.08, 3.85], higher level of patch fragmentation (OR = 1.70; 95% CrI = 1.25, 2.89), and diurnal temperature range (OR = 0.54; 95% CrI = 0.27, 0.91) to be important drivers of striped Skunk rabies incidence in the study area. Model validation statistics indicated satisfactory performance for both models; however, the covariate model fared better. The findings of this study are important in the context of rabies management among striped Skunks in North America, and the relevance of physical and climatological factors as risk factors for Skunk to human rabies transmission and the space-time patterns of striped Skunk rabies are discussed.
