The Experts below are selected from a list of 303 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kalev Kuklane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Use of a novel smart heating Sleeping Bag to improve wearers' local thermal comfort in the feet.
Scientific reports, 2016Co-Authors: Wenfang Song, Chengjiao Zhang, Faming Wang, Dan Dan Lai, Kalev KuklaneAbstract:Previous studies have revealed that wearers had low skin temperatures and cold and pain sensations in the feet, when using Sleeping Bags under defined comfort and limit temperatures. To improve wearers’ local thermal comfort in the feet, a novel heating Sleeping Bag (i.e., MARHT) was developed by embedding two heating pads into the traditional Sleeping Bag (i.e., MARCON) in this region. Seven female and seven male volunteers underwent two tests on different days. Each test lasted for three hours and was performed in a climate chamber with a setting temperature deduced from EN 13537 (2012) (for females: comfort temperature of −0.4 °C, and for males: the limit temperature of −6.4 °C). MARHT was found to be effective in maintaining the toe and feet temperatures within the thermoneutral range for both sex groups compared to the linearly decreased temperatures in MARCON during the 3-hour exposure. In addition, wearing MARHT elevated the toe blood flow significantly for most females and all males. Thermal and comfort sensations showed a large improvement in feet and a small to moderate improvement in the whole body for both sex groups in MARHT. It was concluded that MARHT is effective in improving local thermal comfort in the feet.
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Smart heating Sleeping Bags for improving wearers' thermal comfort at the feet
Extreme physiology and medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Chengjiao Zhang, Faming Wang, Dan Dan Lai, Kalev KuklaneAbstract:Sleeping Bags are portable products, which are essential for Sleeping outdoors. Generally, a Sleeping Bag is comprised of an outer layer, an inner lining layer and the filler. The EN 13537 (2012) and ASTM F1720 (2014) standards are widely used to determine the thermal insulation of Sleeping Bags by means of thermal manikin. Previous studies have found that local thermal discomfort at feet was often seen despite the mean skin temperature was well within thermoneutral range under the defined comfort and limit temperature [1]. Thus, it is meaningful to design smart heating Sleeping Bags to improve the local thermal comfort of the users. In this study, a novel smart Sleeping Bag was developed by incorporating heating fabrics into the feet region of the Bag. The physiological and psychological responses when using traditional Sleeping Bag and the smart Sleeping Bag were investigated and compared.
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Development of the combat Sleeping Bag system of the Latvian National Armed Forces
2014Co-Authors: Igors Šitvjenkins, Kalev Kuklane, Ausma Vilumsone, Iveta AbeleAbstract:Latvian National Armed forces (LNAF) in cooperation with Lund University, Sweden and Riga Technical University, Latvia has developed the combat Sleeping Bag system (CSBS) of the LNAF under the Soldier System platform (SSP) 2009 – 2013 modernization program. Protection from the cold and thermal infrared surveillance during the low level metabolic heat rate of Sleeping (40 W/m2) is the key aspect of the survivability of the soldier in combat and training operation to maintain task fulfilled. Three level CSBS were evaluated in conjunction with eleven combinations of the combat dress uniform system (CDU) of the LNAF Combat individual protection system (CIPS). There is no existing standard for the requirements of the combat Sleeping Bags. The evaluation was done under the modified civil standard EN 13537:2002 “Requirements for Sleeping Bags” in the climatic chamber of the Lund University. LNAF had special needs of the location of the mannequin according to the operation using and possible location of the soldier inside Sleeping Bag, closing mode of the Sleeping Bag, as well as area of the Sleeping Bag contact points to the ground during the combat and training. Parallel calculation method was used and the values were corrected for standard. CSBS providing protection comply with the requirements of NATO AECTP-230 “Climatic conditions” cold climate categories C0, C1, representing actual climatic condition of the Republic of Latvia, as well as ISAF operation region. The following range of the quality was established during evaluation – lowest level Itot, parallel=0.824 m2K/W, Itot, serial=0.881 m2K/W, Itot, standard=0.758 m2K/W, comfort temperature +8.8 °C, limit temperature +4.4 °C, extreme temperature –9 °C; highest level Itot, parallel=1.612 m2K/W, Itot, serial=1.819 m2K/W, Itot, standard=1.383 m2K/W, Comfort temperature –10.5 °C, limit temperature –18.1 °C, extreme temperature –40.2 °C. Increasing number of layers doesn’t provide adequate increase of the thermal insulation, due to compressing of the layers and decreasing amount of the static air. Physiological model for calculation of extreme temperature of the standard EN 13537:2002 “Requirements for the Sleeping Bags” utilizes 25 years old female with weight of 60 kg, height of 1.60 m, and body area of 1.62 m2. LNAF average soldier’s corresponding parameters are male, 24 years old, weight 81 kg, height 1.81 m and body area 2,0 m2. Difference between physiological model of the standard EN 13537:2002 and LNAF soldier should be evaluated during the field trial under the life weather condition. The high level of the CSBS protection against thermal infrared surveillance was defined during the field evaluation. There is no any standard defines requirements of the thermal infrared protection level. Difference in ergonomic models and customizing of the thermal infrared protection evaluation making limitation of the logistics system in order to provide ability of making open tenders. (Less)
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Validation of the physiological model of Sleeping Bags defined in EN13537 (2002)
2012Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Li-yen Lin, Chuansi Gao, Ingvar Holmér, Mengmeng ZhaoAbstract:Abstract in Undetermined In this study, we validated comfort and limit temperatures of four Sleeping Bags with different levels of insulation defined according to EN 13537. Six male subjects and four female subjects underwent totally 20 two-hour exposures in four Sleeping Bags at four intended testing temperatures: 11.2, 3.8, 2.1 and -9.0 °C. The subjective perceptions and physiological responses of these subjects were reported and analysed. It was found that the EN 13537 defined comfort temperature and limit temperature were underestimated for Sleeping Bags MA3, HAG and MAM. The predictions are so conservative that further revision may be required to meet the requirements of both manufacturers and consumers. In contrast, for the Sleeping Bag MA0 with a low level of insulation, the limit temperature defined by EN 13537 was slightly overestimated. Finally, traditional Sleeping Bags may be required to be redesigned to provide consumers both whole body comfort as well as local thermal comfort at feet/toes or users need to be made aware of the need for their better insulation. (Less)
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Testing Sleeping Bags According to EN 13537:2002: Details That Make the Difference
International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE, 2010Co-Authors: Kalev Kuklane, Valter DejkeAbstract:The European Standard on Sleeping Bag requirements (EN 13537:2002) describes a procedure to determine environmental temperature limits for safe usage of Sleeping Bags regarding their thermal insulation. However, there are several possible sources of error related to this procedure. The main aim of this work was to determine the influence of the various measuring parameters on the acuity of the respective parameters in order to judge the requirements. The results indicated that air velocity, mattress insulation and time between unpacking the Bag and measurement had a significant impact on the result, with a difference of up to 5–15% in thermal insulation between minimum and maximum allowable parameter levels. On the other hand, manikin weight, thickness of the artificial ground and presence of a face mask were found to have a negligible influence. The article also discusses more general aspects of the standard including the calculation methods used.
Faming Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Designing a smart electrically heated Sleeping Bag to improve wearers’ feet thermal comfort while Sleeping in a cold ambient environment
Textile Research Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Chengjiao Zhang, Chongguang Ren, Wenfang Song, Faming WangAbstract:In this study, a novel smart electrically heated Sleeping Bag was developed by incorporating a proportional–integral–derivative heating control system into a traditional Sleeping Bag. The smart Sleeping Bag was aimed to maintain human feet temperature within the thermoneutral range (i.e. 25.0–34.0℃) by automatically adjusting the heat power to the feet region based on real-time human toe temperatures. Subsequently, the performance of the newly developed smart Sleeping Bag in improving human thermal comfort was investigated by human trials. Eight female subjects underwent two 8-hour sleep trials, that is, the smart Sleeping Bag with power turned on (SleepingBagHT) and the smart Sleeping Bag with power turned off (SleepingBagCON). All trials were performed at an air temperature of 6.1 ± 0.5℃ (i.e. the EN 13537 defined comfort temperature for females), relative humidity of 80 ± 5% and air velocity of 0.4 ± 0.1 m/s. It was found that SleepingBagHT could maintain both the foot and toe temperatures within the t...
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Use of a novel smart heating Sleeping Bag to improve wearers' local thermal comfort in the feet.
Scientific reports, 2016Co-Authors: Wenfang Song, Chengjiao Zhang, Faming Wang, Dan Dan Lai, Kalev KuklaneAbstract:Previous studies have revealed that wearers had low skin temperatures and cold and pain sensations in the feet, when using Sleeping Bags under defined comfort and limit temperatures. To improve wearers’ local thermal comfort in the feet, a novel heating Sleeping Bag (i.e., MARHT) was developed by embedding two heating pads into the traditional Sleeping Bag (i.e., MARCON) in this region. Seven female and seven male volunteers underwent two tests on different days. Each test lasted for three hours and was performed in a climate chamber with a setting temperature deduced from EN 13537 (2012) (for females: comfort temperature of −0.4 °C, and for males: the limit temperature of −6.4 °C). MARHT was found to be effective in maintaining the toe and feet temperatures within the thermoneutral range for both sex groups compared to the linearly decreased temperatures in MARCON during the 3-hour exposure. In addition, wearing MARHT elevated the toe blood flow significantly for most females and all males. Thermal and comfort sensations showed a large improvement in feet and a small to moderate improvement in the whole body for both sex groups in MARHT. It was concluded that MARHT is effective in improving local thermal comfort in the feet.
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Smart heating Sleeping Bags for improving wearers' thermal comfort at the feet
Extreme physiology and medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Chengjiao Zhang, Faming Wang, Dan Dan Lai, Kalev KuklaneAbstract:Sleeping Bags are portable products, which are essential for Sleeping outdoors. Generally, a Sleeping Bag is comprised of an outer layer, an inner lining layer and the filler. The EN 13537 (2012) and ASTM F1720 (2014) standards are widely used to determine the thermal insulation of Sleeping Bags by means of thermal manikin. Previous studies have found that local thermal discomfort at feet was often seen despite the mean skin temperature was well within thermoneutral range under the defined comfort and limit temperature [1]. Thus, it is meaningful to design smart heating Sleeping Bags to improve the local thermal comfort of the users. In this study, a novel smart Sleeping Bag was developed by incorporating heating fabrics into the feet region of the Bag. The physiological and psychological responses when using traditional Sleeping Bag and the smart Sleeping Bag were investigated and compared.
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Validation of the physiological model of Sleeping Bags defined in EN13537 (2002)
2012Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Li-yen Lin, Chuansi Gao, Ingvar Holmér, Mengmeng ZhaoAbstract:Abstract in Undetermined In this study, we validated comfort and limit temperatures of four Sleeping Bags with different levels of insulation defined according to EN 13537. Six male subjects and four female subjects underwent totally 20 two-hour exposures in four Sleeping Bags at four intended testing temperatures: 11.2, 3.8, 2.1 and -9.0 °C. The subjective perceptions and physiological responses of these subjects were reported and analysed. It was found that the EN 13537 defined comfort temperature and limit temperature were underestimated for Sleeping Bags MA3, HAG and MAM. The predictions are so conservative that further revision may be required to meet the requirements of both manufacturers and consumers. In contrast, for the Sleeping Bag MA0 with a low level of insulation, the limit temperature defined by EN 13537 was slightly overestimated. Finally, traditional Sleeping Bags may be required to be redesigned to provide consumers both whole body comfort as well as local thermal comfort at feet/toes or users need to be made aware of the need for their better insulation. (Less)
Jianhua Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Prediction of air temperature for thermal comfort of people using Sleeping Bags: a review
International journal of biometeorology, 2008Co-Authors: Jianhua HuangAbstract:Six models for determining air temperatures for thermal comfort of people using Sleeping Bags were reviewed. These models were based on distinctive metabolic rates and mean skin temperatures. All model predictions of air temperatures are low when the insulation values of the Sleeping Bag are high. Nevertheless, prediction variations are greatest for the Sleeping Bags with high insulation values, and there is a high risk of hypothermia if an inappropriate Sleeping Bag is chosen for the intended conditions of use. There is, therefore, a pressing need to validate the models by wear trial and determine which one best reflects ordinary consumer needs.
Chengjiao Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Designing a smart electrically heated Sleeping Bag to improve wearers’ feet thermal comfort while Sleeping in a cold ambient environment
Textile Research Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Chengjiao Zhang, Chongguang Ren, Wenfang Song, Faming WangAbstract:In this study, a novel smart electrically heated Sleeping Bag was developed by incorporating a proportional–integral–derivative heating control system into a traditional Sleeping Bag. The smart Sleeping Bag was aimed to maintain human feet temperature within the thermoneutral range (i.e. 25.0–34.0℃) by automatically adjusting the heat power to the feet region based on real-time human toe temperatures. Subsequently, the performance of the newly developed smart Sleeping Bag in improving human thermal comfort was investigated by human trials. Eight female subjects underwent two 8-hour sleep trials, that is, the smart Sleeping Bag with power turned on (SleepingBagHT) and the smart Sleeping Bag with power turned off (SleepingBagCON). All trials were performed at an air temperature of 6.1 ± 0.5℃ (i.e. the EN 13537 defined comfort temperature for females), relative humidity of 80 ± 5% and air velocity of 0.4 ± 0.1 m/s. It was found that SleepingBagHT could maintain both the foot and toe temperatures within the t...
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Use of a novel smart heating Sleeping Bag to improve wearers' local thermal comfort in the feet.
Scientific reports, 2016Co-Authors: Wenfang Song, Chengjiao Zhang, Faming Wang, Dan Dan Lai, Kalev KuklaneAbstract:Previous studies have revealed that wearers had low skin temperatures and cold and pain sensations in the feet, when using Sleeping Bags under defined comfort and limit temperatures. To improve wearers’ local thermal comfort in the feet, a novel heating Sleeping Bag (i.e., MARHT) was developed by embedding two heating pads into the traditional Sleeping Bag (i.e., MARCON) in this region. Seven female and seven male volunteers underwent two tests on different days. Each test lasted for three hours and was performed in a climate chamber with a setting temperature deduced from EN 13537 (2012) (for females: comfort temperature of −0.4 °C, and for males: the limit temperature of −6.4 °C). MARHT was found to be effective in maintaining the toe and feet temperatures within the thermoneutral range for both sex groups compared to the linearly decreased temperatures in MARCON during the 3-hour exposure. In addition, wearing MARHT elevated the toe blood flow significantly for most females and all males. Thermal and comfort sensations showed a large improvement in feet and a small to moderate improvement in the whole body for both sex groups in MARHT. It was concluded that MARHT is effective in improving local thermal comfort in the feet.
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Smart heating Sleeping Bags for improving wearers' thermal comfort at the feet
Extreme physiology and medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Chengjiao Zhang, Faming Wang, Dan Dan Lai, Kalev KuklaneAbstract:Sleeping Bags are portable products, which are essential for Sleeping outdoors. Generally, a Sleeping Bag is comprised of an outer layer, an inner lining layer and the filler. The EN 13537 (2012) and ASTM F1720 (2014) standards are widely used to determine the thermal insulation of Sleeping Bags by means of thermal manikin. Previous studies have found that local thermal discomfort at feet was often seen despite the mean skin temperature was well within thermoneutral range under the defined comfort and limit temperature [1]. Thus, it is meaningful to design smart heating Sleeping Bags to improve the local thermal comfort of the users. In this study, a novel smart Sleeping Bag was developed by incorporating heating fabrics into the feet region of the Bag. The physiological and psychological responses when using traditional Sleeping Bag and the smart Sleeping Bag were investigated and compared.
Dan Dan Lai - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Use of a novel smart heating Sleeping Bag to improve wearers' local thermal comfort in the feet.
Scientific reports, 2016Co-Authors: Wenfang Song, Chengjiao Zhang, Faming Wang, Dan Dan Lai, Kalev KuklaneAbstract:Previous studies have revealed that wearers had low skin temperatures and cold and pain sensations in the feet, when using Sleeping Bags under defined comfort and limit temperatures. To improve wearers’ local thermal comfort in the feet, a novel heating Sleeping Bag (i.e., MARHT) was developed by embedding two heating pads into the traditional Sleeping Bag (i.e., MARCON) in this region. Seven female and seven male volunteers underwent two tests on different days. Each test lasted for three hours and was performed in a climate chamber with a setting temperature deduced from EN 13537 (2012) (for females: comfort temperature of −0.4 °C, and for males: the limit temperature of −6.4 °C). MARHT was found to be effective in maintaining the toe and feet temperatures within the thermoneutral range for both sex groups compared to the linearly decreased temperatures in MARCON during the 3-hour exposure. In addition, wearing MARHT elevated the toe blood flow significantly for most females and all males. Thermal and comfort sensations showed a large improvement in feet and a small to moderate improvement in the whole body for both sex groups in MARHT. It was concluded that MARHT is effective in improving local thermal comfort in the feet.
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Smart heating Sleeping Bags for improving wearers' thermal comfort at the feet
Extreme physiology and medicine, 2015Co-Authors: Chengjiao Zhang, Faming Wang, Dan Dan Lai, Kalev KuklaneAbstract:Sleeping Bags are portable products, which are essential for Sleeping outdoors. Generally, a Sleeping Bag is comprised of an outer layer, an inner lining layer and the filler. The EN 13537 (2012) and ASTM F1720 (2014) standards are widely used to determine the thermal insulation of Sleeping Bags by means of thermal manikin. Previous studies have found that local thermal discomfort at feet was often seen despite the mean skin temperature was well within thermoneutral range under the defined comfort and limit temperature [1]. Thus, it is meaningful to design smart heating Sleeping Bags to improve the local thermal comfort of the users. In this study, a novel smart Sleeping Bag was developed by incorporating heating fabrics into the feet region of the Bag. The physiological and psychological responses when using traditional Sleeping Bag and the smart Sleeping Bag were investigated and compared.