The Experts below are selected from a list of 327 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kurt Hugenberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Mere Social Categorization Modulates Identification of Facial Expressions of Emotion
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Steven G. Young, Kurt HugenbergAbstract:The ability of the human face to communicate emotional states via facial expressions is well known, and past research has established the importance and universality of emotional facial expressions. However, recent evidence has revealed that facial expressions of emotion are most accurately recognized when the perceiver and expresser are from the same cultural ingroup. The current research builds on this literature and extends this work. Specifically, we find that mere Social Categorization, using a minimal-group paradigm, can create an ingroup emotion-identification advantage even when the culture of the target and perceiver is held constant. Follow-up experiments show that this effect is supported by differential motivation to process ingroup versus outgroup faces and that this motivational disparity leads to more configural processing of ingroup faces than of outgroup faces. Overall, the results point to distinct processing modes for ingroup and outgroup faces, resulting in differential identification accuracy for facial expressions of emotion.
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Social Categorization and stereotyping how Social Categorization biases person perception and face memory
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2008Co-Authors: Kurt Hugenberg, Donald F SaccoAbstract:The current article offers a brief history of research and theory related to Social Categorization and stereotyping. We begin by outlining research focusing on category selection, category activation, and category application. We then discuss the consequences of Social Categorization, noting that one of the most important and ubiquitous effects of Social Categorization is homogenization or assimilation. We then extend this research related to the assimilative consequences of Social Categorization to the realm of face memory. Specifically, we introduce the Categorization-Individuation Model (see also Hugenberg et al., forthcoming) as a new model of the Cross-Race Effect, or the difficulty many perceivers have in recognizing members of other racial groups. The Categorization-Individuation Model argues that the Cross-Race Effect is due to the tendency to categorize out-group members but individuate in-group members. Finally, we summarize the extant research in support of this new model of person memory and close by discussing the current state of, and potential future directions for, Social Categorization research. Whereas attitudes may be Social psychology’s most indispensable concept (Allport, 1935), Social Categorization may run a close second. To a great extent, Social Categorization is one of the cornerstones of the Social cognitive revolution in Social psychology. The idea that we spontaneously and effortlessly group Social targets into categories, and mentally represent and activate beliefs about those categories, is an old one in Social psychology (Allport, 1954; Bruner, 1957; Tajfel & Wilkes, 1963). Indeed, the processing efficiency gleaned from such Categorization lies at the heart of classic Social cognitive theory on person perception (Brewer, 1988; Fiske & Neuberg, 1990; Fiske & Taylor, 1991). Activating and applying Social category information, or stereotyping, allows us to navigate a complex Social environment by simplifying judgments and conserving cognitive capacity (Macrae, Milne, & Bodenhausen, 1994). In most Social situations, we do not need perfect information about others around us. Instead, we
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the cross category effect mere Social Categorization is sufficient to elicit an own group bias in face recognition
Psychological Science, 2007Co-Authors: Michael J Bernstein, Steven G. Young, Kurt HugenbergAbstract:Although the cross-race effect (CRE) is a well-established phenomenon, both perceptual-expertise and Social-Categorization models have been proposed to explain the effect. The two studies reported here investigated the extent to which categorizing other people as in-group versus out-group members is sufficient to elicit a pattern of face recognition analogous to that of the CRE, even when perceptual expertise with the stimuli is held constant. In Study 1, targets were categorized as members of real-life in-groups and out-groups (based on university affiliation), whereas in Study 2, targets were categorized into experimentally created minimal groups. In both studies, recognition performance was better for targets categorized as in-group members, despite the fact that perceptual expertise was equivalent for in-group and out-group faces. These results suggest that Social-cognitive mechanisms of in-group and out-group Categorization are sufficient to elicit performance differences for in-group and out-group f...
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on wonderful women and seeing smiles Social Categorization moderates the happy face response latency advantage
Social Cognition, 2006Co-Authors: Kurt Hugenberg, Sabine SczesnyAbstract:The current studies investigate how Social Categorization may influence the perception of facial expressions. Across two experiments, we find that the speed and accuracy of facial expression Categorization is modulated by the targets’ Social category. Specifically, we test the extent to which the Happy Face Advantage in expression Categorization (the tendency for happy expressions to be accurately categorized more quickly than negative expressions) is moderated by target sex. Both experiments indicate that target sex moderates Categorization speed and accuracy, such that happy faces are categorized more quickly and accurately on female than on male target faces. Importantly, Experiment 2 pits an evaluative explanation against a stereotyping explanation for this effect, and finds that the effects are better explained by evaluation than by stereotyping. Thus, the results suggest that the sex of a target may provide an evaluative context in which facial expressions are perceived, yielding further evidence that Social Categorization and the perception of facial affect are intertwined. The communicative function of facial expressions is central to our Social lives. Quickly and accurately decoding the expressions of others in our Social environment is critical to understanding the internal states, beliefs, and intentions of others (Keltner & Haidt, 1999), which itself is key in successful Social action. Indeed, recent research suggests that damage to the amygdala, a key brain structure known to
Salvatore Maria Aglioti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal facial reactivity patterns predict Social Categorization bias triggered by unconscious and conscious emotional stimuli
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Giorgia Ponsi, Maria Serena Panasiti, Giulia Rizza, Salvatore Maria AgliotiAbstract:Members of highly Social species decode, interpret, and react to the emotion of a conspecific depending on whether the other belongs to the same (ingroup) or different (outgroup) Social group. While studies indicate that consciously perceived emotional stimuli drive Social Categorization, information about how implicit emotional stimuli and specific physiological signatures affect Social Categorization is lacking. We addressed this issue by exploring whether subliminal and supraliminal affective priming can influence the Categorization of neutral faces as ingroup versus outgroup. Functional infrared thermal imaging was used to investigate whether the effect of affective priming on the Categorization decision was moderated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). During the subliminal condition, we found that stronger SNS activation after positive or negative affective primes induced ingroup and outgroup face Categorization, respectively. The exact opposite pattern (i.e. outgroup after positive and ingroup after negative primes) was observed in the supraliminal condition. We also found that misattribution effects were stronger in people with low emotional awareness, suggesting that this trait moderates how one recognizes SNS signals and employs them for unrelated decisions. Our results allow the remarkable implication that low-level affective reactions coupled with sympathetic activation may bias Social Categorization.
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influence of warmth and competence on the promotion of safe in group selection stereotype content model and Social Categorization of faces
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Giorgia Ponsi, Maria Serena Panasiti, Mariastella Scandola, Salvatore Maria AgliotiAbstract:Categorizing an individual as a friend or foe plays a pivotal role in navigating the Social world. According to the stereotype content model (SCM), Social perception relies on two fundamental dimensions, warmth and competence, which allow us to process the intentions of others and their ability to enact those intentions, respectively. Social cognition research indicates that, in Categorization tasks, people tend to classify other individuals as more likely to belong to the out-group than the in-group (in-group overexclusion effect, IOE) when lacking diagnostic information, probably with the aim of protecting in-group integrity. Here, we explored the role of warmth and competence in group-membership decisions by testing 62 participants in a Social-Categorization task consisting of 150 neutral faces. We assessed whether (a) warmth and competence ratings could predict the in-group/out-group Categorization, and (b) the reliance on these two dimensions differed in low-IOE versus high-IOE participants. Data sho...
Astrid C Homan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Work Group Diversity and Group Performance : An Integrative Model and Research Agenda Work Group Diversity and Group Performance : An Integrative Model and Research Agenda
Journal of Applied Psychology, 2005Co-Authors: Astrid C HomanAbstract:Research on the relationship between work group diversity and performance has yielded inconsistent results. To address this problem, the authors propose the Categorization-elaboration model (CEM), which reconceptualizes and integrates information/decision making and Social Categorization perspectives on work-group diversity and performance. The CEM incorporates mediator and moderator variables that typically have been ignored in diversity research and incorporates the view that information/decision making and Social Categorization processes interact such that intergroup biases flowing from Social Categorization disrupt the elaboration (in-depth processing) of task-relevant information and perspectives. In addition, the authors propose that attempts to link the positive and negative effects of diversity to specific types of diversity should be abandoned in favor of the assumption that all dimensions of diversity may have positive as well as negative effects. The ways in which these propositions may set the agenda for future research in diversity are discussed. Work-group
Joachim I Krueger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Social Categorization and the Perception of Groups and Group Differences
Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2008Co-Authors: Joachim I Krueger, Theresa E. DidonatoAbstract:The classification of human beings into distinct groups is a fundamental feature of Social perception. Problematic phenomena, such as prejudice, discrimination, and intergroup conflict, are commonly traced back to Categorization. We explore the minimal conditions under which Categorization occurs and the basic mechanisms by which it affects cognition and behavior. We show that comparisons between groups are not necessary for Categorization, reveal the conditions under which people overestimate or underestimate differences between groups, and sketch a model showing how Social Categorization gives rise to differences in the evaluation of ingroups and outgroups and to differences in the accuracy of judgments of ingroups and outgroups. We conclude with reflections on intergroup conflict and the role of moral judgment in such conflicts.
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Social Categorization moderates Social projection
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2002Co-Authors: Russell W Clement, Joachim I KruegerAbstract:When categorized into Social groups, people view members of in-groups, but not members of out-groups, as being similar to themselves. In three experiments, Social Categorization moderated the spread of Social projection in both minimal and value-tagged laboratory groups and regardless of whether individual perceivers judged both groups or only one. The Categorization effect tracked changes in the perceiver's group status so that most perceivers projected only to present but not past in-groups. The lack of out-group projection supported an anchoring hypothesis, according to which self-referent information is engaged only when it is considered applicable to the judgment at hand. The induction hypothesis and the differentiation hypothesis, which predicted positive and negative out-group projection, respectively, were not supported. Implications for theories of intergroup perception and bias are discussed.
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Social Categorization and the truly false consensus effect
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1993Co-Authors: Joachim I Krueger, Joanna S ZeigerAbstract:The false consensus effect involves adequate inductive reasoning and egocentric biases. To detect truly false consensus effects (TFCEs), we correlated item endorsements with the differences between estimated and actual consensus within Ss. In Experiment 1, Ss overgeneralized from themselves to gender in-groups and to the overall population, but not to gender out-groups. Experiments 2 and 3 demonstrated intuitive understanding of consensus bias. Another person's choices were inferred from that person's population estimates or estimates about the gender in-group. In Experiment 4, Ss inferred that consensus estimates for a behavior were higher among people who were willing to engage in that behavior than among those who were not. Implications of these findings for general induction, Social Categorization, and the psychological processes underlying TFCEs are discussed. When, for example, Freud. . . got hold of a simple but significant fact he would feel, and know [italics added ], that it was an example of something general or universal. . . that is the way the mind of a genius works. (Jones, 1953, p. 66) [Projection is] not essentially different from the tendency to assume naively that others feel or react in the same manner as we ourselves do. (Homey, 1939, p. 26)
Giorgia Ponsi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal facial reactivity patterns predict Social Categorization bias triggered by unconscious and conscious emotional stimuli
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2017Co-Authors: Giorgia Ponsi, Maria Serena Panasiti, Giulia Rizza, Salvatore Maria AgliotiAbstract:Members of highly Social species decode, interpret, and react to the emotion of a conspecific depending on whether the other belongs to the same (ingroup) or different (outgroup) Social group. While studies indicate that consciously perceived emotional stimuli drive Social Categorization, information about how implicit emotional stimuli and specific physiological signatures affect Social Categorization is lacking. We addressed this issue by exploring whether subliminal and supraliminal affective priming can influence the Categorization of neutral faces as ingroup versus outgroup. Functional infrared thermal imaging was used to investigate whether the effect of affective priming on the Categorization decision was moderated by the activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). During the subliminal condition, we found that stronger SNS activation after positive or negative affective primes induced ingroup and outgroup face Categorization, respectively. The exact opposite pattern (i.e. outgroup after positive and ingroup after negative primes) was observed in the supraliminal condition. We also found that misattribution effects were stronger in people with low emotional awareness, suggesting that this trait moderates how one recognizes SNS signals and employs them for unrelated decisions. Our results allow the remarkable implication that low-level affective reactions coupled with sympathetic activation may bias Social Categorization.
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influence of warmth and competence on the promotion of safe in group selection stereotype content model and Social Categorization of faces
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Giorgia Ponsi, Maria Serena Panasiti, Mariastella Scandola, Salvatore Maria AgliotiAbstract:Categorizing an individual as a friend or foe plays a pivotal role in navigating the Social world. According to the stereotype content model (SCM), Social perception relies on two fundamental dimensions, warmth and competence, which allow us to process the intentions of others and their ability to enact those intentions, respectively. Social cognition research indicates that, in Categorization tasks, people tend to classify other individuals as more likely to belong to the out-group than the in-group (in-group overexclusion effect, IOE) when lacking diagnostic information, probably with the aim of protecting in-group integrity. Here, we explored the role of warmth and competence in group-membership decisions by testing 62 participants in a Social-Categorization task consisting of 150 neutral faces. We assessed whether (a) warmth and competence ratings could predict the in-group/out-group Categorization, and (b) the reliance on these two dimensions differed in low-IOE versus high-IOE participants. Data sho...