The Experts below are selected from a list of 175005 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Basile Chaix - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Geographic life environments and coronary heart disease: a literature review, theoretical contributions, methodological updates, and a research agenda.
Annual Review of Public Health, 2009Co-Authors: Basile ChaixAbstract:A growing literature investigates associations between neighborhood Social environments and coronary heart disease (CHD). After reviewing the literature, we present a theoretical model of the mechanisms through which geographic life environments may influence CHD, focusing particularly on the Social-interactional environment. We suggest that, in addition to the common notions of Social cohesion or fragmentation and Social Disorder, eco-epidemiologists should consider neighborhood identities and stigmatization processes. We posit that neighborhood Social interactions affect the wide set of affective, cognitive, and relational experiences individuals have in their neighborhoods, which in turn influence the psycho-cognitive antecedents of behavior and in the end shape health behavior. Finally, we discuss key methodological challenges relevant to the advent of a new generation of neighborhood studies, including the operational definition of neighborhoods, non-residential environments, ecometric measurement, model specification strategies, mediational models, selection processes and notions of empirical/structural confounding, and the relevance of observational versus interventional studies.
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geographic life environments and coronary heart disease a literature review theoretical contributions methodological updates and a research agenda
Annual Review of Public Health, 2009Co-Authors: Basile ChaixAbstract:A growing literature investigates associations between neighborhood Social environments and coronary heart disease (CHD). After reviewing the literature, we present a theoretical model of the mechanisms through which geographic life environments may influence CHD, focusing particularly on the Social-interactional environment. We suggest that, in addition to the common notions of Social cohesion or fragmentation and Social Disorder, eco-epidemiologists should consider neighborhood identities and stigmatization processes. We posit that neighborhood Social interactions affect the wide set of affective, cognitive, and relational experiences individuals have in their neighborhoods, which in turn influence the psycho-cognitive antecedents of behavior and in the end shape health behavior. Finally, we discuss key methodological challenges relevant to the advent of a new generation of neighborhood studies, including the operational definition of neighborhoods, nonresidential environments, ecometric measurement, mo...
Patricia Ocampo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of Social capital and neighborhood characteristics on intimate partner violence a consideration of Social resources and risks
American Journal of Community Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Maritt Kirst, Luis Palma I Lazgare, Yu Janice Zhang, Patricia OcampoAbstract:Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a growing public health problem, and gaps exist in knowledge with respect to appropriate prevention and treatment strategies. A growing body of research evidence suggests that beyond individual factors (e.g., socio-economic status, psychological processes, substance abuse problems), neighborhood characteristics, such as neighborhood economic disadvantage, high crime rates, high unemployment and Social Disorder, are associated with increased risk for IPV. However, existing research in this area has focused primarily on risk factors inherent in neighborhoods, and has failed to adequately examine resources within Social networks and neighborhoods that may buffer or prevent the occurrence of IPV. This study examines the effects of neighborhood characteristics, such as economic disadvantage and Disorder, and individual and neighborhood resources, such as Social capital, on IPV among a representative sample of 2412 residents of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Using a population based sample of 2412 randomly selected Toronto adults with comprehensive neighborhood level data on a broad set of characteristics, we conducted multi-level modeling to examine the effects of individual- and neighborhood-level effects on IPV outcomes. We also examined protective factors through a comprehensive operationalization of the concept of Social capital, involving neighborhood collective efficacy, community group participation, Social network structure and Social support. Findings show that residents who were involved in one or more community groups in the last 12 months and had high perceived neighborhood problems were more likely to have experienced physical IPV. Residents who had high perceived Social support and low perceived neighborhood problems were less likely to experience non-physical IPV. These relationships did not differ by neighborhood income or gender. Findings suggest interesting contextual effects of Social capital on IPV. Consistent with previous research, higher levels of perceived neighborhood problems can reflect disadvantaged environments that are more challenged in promoting health and regulating Disorder, and can create stressors in which IPV is more likely to occur. Such analyses will be helpful to further understanding of the complex, multi-level pathways related to IPV and to inform the development of effective programs and policies with which to address and prevent this serious public health issue.
Edward Z Tronick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a mediational model for the impact of exposure to community violence on early child behavior problems
Child Development, 2001Co-Authors: Oriana L Linares, Timothy Heeren, Elisa Bronfman, B Zuckerman, Marilyn Augustyn, Edward Z TronickAbstract:This study examined how maternal distress mediates the link between exposure to community violence (CV) and the development of early child behavior problems. Research was conducted among 160 children, 3,0 to 5,11 in age, who resided in high-crime neighborhoods. Using structural equation modeling, latent variables were constructed to identify model components: maternal socioeconomic status (SES) and public assistance status, exposure to CV (maternal perceptions of local violence, Social Disorder, and fear of crime; and frequency of child cowitnessing violent events), family aggression (partner aggression toward mother and partner aggression toward child), maternal distress (global distress and posttraumatic stress Disorder symptoms), and early child behavior problems (internalizing and externalizing). Bivariate correlations indicated that CV, maternal distress, and early child behavior problems were significantly intercorrelated. A series of structural equation models was specified to estimate the direct and indirect effect of CV on early child behavior problems. A direct model indicated a significant path from CV to early child behavior problems, after controlling for maternal SES and family aggression. The direct CV-early child behavior problems path diminished, however, when maternal distress was included in the model, after controlling for maternal SES and family aggression. Results are consistent with a mediation model of the impact of maternal distress symptoms on the link between CV and early child behavior problems.
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a mediational model for the impact of exposure to community violence on early child behavior problems
Child Development, 2001Co-Authors: Oriana L Linares, Timothy Heeren, Elisa Bronfman, B Zuckerman, Marilyn Augustyn, Edward Z TronickAbstract:This study examined how maternal distress mediates the link between exposure to community violence (CV) and the development of early child behavior problems. Research was conducted among 160 children, 3,0 to 5,11 in age, who resided in high-crime neighborhoods. Using structural equation modeling, latent variables were constructed to identify model components: maternal socioeconomic status (SES) and public assistance status, exposure to CV (maternal perceptions of local violence, Social Disorder, and fear of crime; and frequency of child cowitnessing violent events), family aggression (partner aggression toward mother and partner aggression toward child), maternal distress (global distress and posttraumatic stress Disorder symptoms), and early child behavior problems (internalizing and externalizing). Bivariate correlations indicated that CV, maternal distress, and early child behavior problems were significantly intercorrelated. A series of structural equation models was specified to estimate the direct and indirect effect of CV on early child behavior problems. A direct model indicated a significant path from CV to early child behavior problems, after controlling for maternal SES and family aggression. The direct CV - early child behavior problems path diminished, however, when maternal distress was included in the model, after controlling for maternal SES and family aggression. Results are consistent with a mediation model of the impact of maternal distress symptoms on the link between CV and early child behavior problems. (Abstract Adapted from Source: Child Development, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by the Society for Research in Child Development; Blackwell Publishers, Inc.) Early Childhood Witnessing Community Violence Witnessing Violence Effects Child Behavior Child Problem Behavior Child Witness Community Violence Effects Urban Violence Urban Youth Exposure to Violence Family Characteristics Parent Characteristics Psychological Victimization Effects Behavior Causes Mother Characteristics 06-01
Jacques Normand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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providing affordable family housing and reducing residential segregation by income a systematic review
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Laurie M Anderson, Joseph St Charles, Mindy Thompson Fullilove, Susan C Scrimshaw, Jonathan E Fielding, Jacques NormandAbstract:The inadequate supply of affordable housing for low-income families and the increasing spatial segregation of some households by income, race, ethnicity, or Social class into unsafe neighborhoods are among the most prevalent community health concerns related to family housing. When affordable housing is not available to low-income households, family resources needed for food, medical or dental care, and other necessities are diverted to housing costs. Two housing programs intended to provide affordable housing and, concurrently, reduce the residential segregation of low-income families into unsafe neighborhoods of concentrated poverty, are reviewed: the creation of mixed-income housing developments and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Section 8 Rental Voucher Program. The effectiveness of mixed-income housing developments could not be ascertained by this systematic review because of a lack of comparative research. Scientific evidence was sufficient to conclude that rental voucher programs improve household safety as measured by reduced exposure to crimes against person and property and decreased neighborhood Social Disorder. Effectiveness of rental voucher programs on youth health risk behaviors, mental health status, and physical health status could not be determined because too few studies of adequate design and execution reported these outcomes.
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providing affordable family housing and reducing residential segregation by income a systematic review
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2003Co-Authors: Laurie M Anderson, Joseph St Charles, Mindy Thompson Fullilove, Susan C Scrimshaw, Jonathan E Fielding, Jacques NormandAbstract:Abstract Overview The inadequate supply of affordable housing for low-income families and the increasing spatial segregation of some households by income, race, ethnicity, or Social class into unsafe neighborhoods are among the most prevalent community health concerns related to family housing. When affordable housing is not available to low-income households, family resources needed for food, medical or dental care, and other necessities are diverted to housing costs. Two housing programs intended to provide affordable housing and, concurrently, reduce the residential segregation of low-income families into unsafe neighborhoods of concentrated poverty, are reviewed: the creation of mixed-income housing developments and the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Section 8 Rental Voucher Program. The effectiveness of mixed-income housing developments could not be ascertained by this systematic review because of a lack of comparative research. Scientific evidence was sufficient to conclude that rental voucher programs improve household safety as measured by reduced exposure to crimes against person and property and decreased neighborhood Social Disorder. Effectiveness of rental voucher programs on youth health risk behaviors, mental health status, and physical health status could not be determined because too few studies of adequate design and execution reported these outcomes.
Maritt Kirst - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of Social capital and neighborhood characteristics on intimate partner violence a consideration of Social resources and risks
American Journal of Community Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Maritt Kirst, Luis Palma I Lazgare, Yu Janice Zhang, Patricia OcampoAbstract:Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a growing public health problem, and gaps exist in knowledge with respect to appropriate prevention and treatment strategies. A growing body of research evidence suggests that beyond individual factors (e.g., socio-economic status, psychological processes, substance abuse problems), neighborhood characteristics, such as neighborhood economic disadvantage, high crime rates, high unemployment and Social Disorder, are associated with increased risk for IPV. However, existing research in this area has focused primarily on risk factors inherent in neighborhoods, and has failed to adequately examine resources within Social networks and neighborhoods that may buffer or prevent the occurrence of IPV. This study examines the effects of neighborhood characteristics, such as economic disadvantage and Disorder, and individual and neighborhood resources, such as Social capital, on IPV among a representative sample of 2412 residents of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Using a population based sample of 2412 randomly selected Toronto adults with comprehensive neighborhood level data on a broad set of characteristics, we conducted multi-level modeling to examine the effects of individual- and neighborhood-level effects on IPV outcomes. We also examined protective factors through a comprehensive operationalization of the concept of Social capital, involving neighborhood collective efficacy, community group participation, Social network structure and Social support. Findings show that residents who were involved in one or more community groups in the last 12 months and had high perceived neighborhood problems were more likely to have experienced physical IPV. Residents who had high perceived Social support and low perceived neighborhood problems were less likely to experience non-physical IPV. These relationships did not differ by neighborhood income or gender. Findings suggest interesting contextual effects of Social capital on IPV. Consistent with previous research, higher levels of perceived neighborhood problems can reflect disadvantaged environments that are more challenged in promoting health and regulating Disorder, and can create stressors in which IPV is more likely to occur. Such analyses will be helpful to further understanding of the complex, multi-level pathways related to IPV and to inform the development of effective programs and policies with which to address and prevent this serious public health issue.