The Experts below are selected from a list of 2043 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Vincent L Sprenkle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Development of intermediate temperature Sodium Nickel Chloride rechargeable batteries using conventional polymer sealing technologies
    Journal of Power Sources, 2017
    Co-Authors: Hee Jung Chang, Keeyoung Jung, Yooncheol Park, Nathan L. Canfield, Jeff F. Bonnett, Sori Son, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Abstract Developing advanced and reliable electrical energy storage systems is critical to fulfill global energy demands and stimulate the growth of renewable energy resources. Sodium metal halide batteries have been under serious consideration as a low cost alternative energy storage device for stationary energy storage systems. Yet, there are number of challenges to overcome for the successful market penetration, such as high operating temperature and hermetic sealing of batteries that trigger an expensive manufacturing process. Here we demonstrate simple, economical and practical sealing technologies for Na-NiCl2 batteries operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C. Conventional polymers are implemented in planar Na-NiCl2 batteries after a prescreening test, and their excellent compatibilities and durability are demonstrated by a stable performance of Na-NiCl2 battery for more than 300 cycles. The sealing methods developed in this work will be highly beneficial and feasible for prolonging battery cycle life and reducing manufacturing cost for Na-based batteries at elevated temperatures (

  • Advanced Na-NiCl2 Battery Using Nickel-Coated Graphite with Core–Shell Microarchitecture
    ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2017
    Co-Authors: Hee Jung Chang, Keeyoung Jung, Nathan L. Canfield, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Stationary electric energy storage devices (rechargeable batteries) have gained increasing prominence due to great market needs, such as smoothing the fluctuation of renewable energy resources and supporting the reliability of the electric grid. With regard to raw materials availability, Sodium-based batteries are better positioned than lithium batteries due to the abundant resource of Sodium in Earth’s crust. However, the Sodium–Nickel Chloride (Na-NiCl2) battery, one of the most attractive stationary battery technologies, is hindered from further market penetration by its high material cost (Ni cost) and fast material degradation at its high operating temperature. Here, we demonstrate the design of a core–shell microarchitecture, Nickel-coated graphite, with a graphite core to maintain electrochemically active surface area and structural integrity of the electron percolation pathway while using 40% less Ni than conventional Na-NiCl2 batteries. An initial energy density of 133 Wh/kg (at ∼C/4) and energy ...

  • Advanced Na-NiCl2 Battery Using Nickel-Coated Graphite with Core–Shell Microarchitecture
    2017
    Co-Authors: Hee Jung Chang, Keeyoung Jung, Nathan L. Canfield, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Stationary electric energy storage devices (rechargeable batteries) have gained increasing prominence due to great market needs, such as smoothing the fluctuation of renewable energy resources and supporting the reliability of the electric grid. With regard to raw materials availability, Sodium-based batteries are better positioned than lithium batteries due to the abundant resource of Sodium in Earth’s crust. However, the Sodium–Nickel Chloride (Na-NiCl2) battery, one of the most attractive stationary battery technologies, is hindered from further market penetration by its high material cost (Ni cost) and fast material degradation at its high operating temperature. Here, we demonstrate the design of a core–shell microarchitecture, Nickel-coated graphite, with a graphite core to maintain electrochemically active surface area and structural integrity of the electron percolation pathway while using 40% less Ni than conventional Na-NiCl2 batteries. An initial energy density of 133 Wh/kg (at ∼C/4) and energy efficiency of 94% are achieved at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C

  • Advanced intermediate temperature Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density
    Nature Communications, 2016
    Co-Authors: Guosheng Li, Jin Y. Kim, Hee Jung Chang, Xiaochuan Lu, Kerry D Meinhardt, Nathan L. Canfield, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal halide batteries have been considered as one of the more attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage, however, they are not used for broader applications despite their relatively well-known redox system. One of the roadblocks hindering market penetration is the high-operating temperature. Here we demonstrate that planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries can be operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C with ultra-high energy density. A specific energy density of 350 Wh kg^−1, higher than that of conventional tubular Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries (280 °C), is obtained for planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries operated at 190 °C over a long-term cell test (1,000 cycles), and it attributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature. Results reported here demonstrate that planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature could greatly benefit this traditional energy storage technology by improving battery energy density, cycle life and reducing material costs.Sodium metal halide batteries are attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage. Here, the authors report that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C display larger energy densities than tubular batteries operated at higher temperatures.

  • Advanced intermediate temperature Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density
    Nature Communications, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jin Yong Kim, Hee Jung Chang, Kerry D Meinhardt, Nathan L. Canfield, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal halide batteries have been considered as one of the more attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage, however, they are not used for broader applications despite their relatively well-known redox system. One of the roadblocks hindering market penetration is the high-operating temperature. Here we demonstrate that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries can be operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C with ultra-high energy density. A specific energy density of 350 Wh kg(-1), higher than that of conventional tubular Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries (280 °C), is obtained for planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at 190 °C over a long-term cell test (1,000 cycles), and it attributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature. Results reported here demonstrate that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature could greatly benefit this traditional energy storage technology by improving battery energy density, cycle life and reducing material costs.

Roberto Benato - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Italian Experience on Electrical Storage Ageing for Primary Frequency Regulation
    MDPI AG, 2018
    Co-Authors: Roberto Benato, S. Dambone Sessa, Francesco Palone, Maura Musio, Rosario Maria Polito
    Abstract:

    The paper describes the results of different types of ageing tests performed by Terna (the Italian Transmission System Operator) applied to several electrochemical technologies, namely lithium-based and Sodium-Nickel Chloride-based technologies. In particular, the tested lithium-based technologies exploit a graphite-based anode and the following cathode electrochemistries: lithium iron phosphate, lithium Nickel cobalt aluminium, lithium Nickel cobalt manganese, and lithium titanate. These tests have been performed in the storage labs located in Sardinia (Codrongianos) and Sicily (Ciminna). The aim of the storage labs is intended to give the electrical grid ancillary services, for example, primary frequency regulation, secondary frequency regulation, voltage regulation, synthetic rotational inertia provision, and many more. For the primary frequency regulation service, the ageing of the batteries is difficult to foresee as the ageing tests are not standardized. The authors proposed some novel cycle types, which showed that, in several cases, the frequency regulation cycle ages the batteries much more than the standard cycle. The standard cycle definition has been adopted in the paper to identify a battery cycle test that was carried out to uniformly compare and rank the different technologies. Moreover, Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries are unaffected by the types of cycle and have a negligible ageing. In addition, lithium manganese oxide and lithium titanate batteries show very good behaviour with a slight degradation of the dischargeable energy, irrespectively of the type of cycle. Inversely, lithium Nickel cobalt aluminium technology shows a considerable ageing and a strong dependence on the cycle types. Even if the theoretical explanations of such aging behaviours need time to be understood and expounded, the authors are convinced that the scientific community should become aware of these experimental results

  • Sodium-Nickel Chloride battery experimental transient modelling for energy stationary storage
    Journal of Energy Storage, 2017
    Co-Authors: S. Dambone Sessa, Francesco Palone, Andrea Necci, Roberto Benato
    Abstract:

    The paper presents the analysis of Sodium Nickel Chloride batteries in transient operation, and proposes a simple but very precise model to represent both the transient and steady battery behaviours. Hence, the main purpose of this model is to foresee the battery voltage during the most important network services, which require very fast transitions from the battery charge operation to the discharge one. In order to validate the model, several comparisons between experimental measures and model results are shown.

  • Sodium Nickel Chloride battery steady-state regime model for stationary electrical energy storage
    Journal of Energy Storage, 2016
    Co-Authors: S. Dambone Sessa, Giorgio Crugnola, Stefano Zin, Marta Todeschini, Roberto Benato
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this paper is presenting a reliable modelling of Sodium-Nickel Chloride battery in order to have a powerful tool which is able to foresee the steady state battery behaviour in both discharge and charge operations. The proposed modelling approach allows representing both constant current operations and variable charge or variable discharge current ones, but it does not allow passing instantaneously from one battery mode to another one. This method is based on experimental measures. All the main modelling steps are described and a comparison between the model results and real battery measures, with the same conditions, is presented. The very good agreement between measures and model confirms the robustness of the approach for steady state applications. The paper proposes to adopt a set of standard battery measures from which it is possible to infer a simple but very precise modelling structure.

  • A general electric model of Sodium-Nickel Chloride battery
    AEIT 2016 - International Annual Conference: Sustainable Development in the Mediterranean Area Energy and ICT Networks of the Future, 2016
    Co-Authors: Roberto Benato, S. Dambone Sessa, Andrea Necci, Francesco Palone
    Abstract:

    The paper presents the analysis of Sodium Nickel Chloride batteries in transient operation, and proposes a very simple but quite precise model to represent both the transient and steady battery behaviours. The used modelling approach is based on steady state experimental measures. Sodium Nickel Chloride batteries are one of the most promising technologies for electrical energy stationary storage in the high voltage network. Hence, the main purpose of this model is to foresee the battery voltage during the most important network services, which require very fast transition from the battery charge operation to the discharge one. In order to validate the model, several comparisons between experimental measures and model results are shown.

  • Sodium Nickel Chloride na nicl 2 battery safety tests for stationary electrochemical energy storage
    AEIT International Annual Conference, 2016
    Co-Authors: Roberto Benato, Giorgio Crugnola, S. Dambone Sessa, Marta Todeschini, Alberto Turconi, Nicola Zanon, Stefano Zin
    Abstract:

    In the paper a view of the tests carried out to verify the safety features of Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries for stationary energy storage installations is presented. In particular, the battery behaviour in very severe conditions has been analysed, by testing: the battery responses to strong vibrations in order to simulate a seismic event or the transport conditions; the battery damages after immersion in salt water; the battery damages after strong impacts; the battery damages after the battery was set on fire. Moreover, with the purpose of analysing the electrical safety of a Sodium Nickel Chloride module, a short circuit test was performed, by inducing a short circuit between two cells inside the module, with deactivated battery protections.

Guosheng Li - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Advanced intermediate temperature Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density
    Nature Communications, 2016
    Co-Authors: Guosheng Li, Jin Y. Kim, Hee Jung Chang, Xiaochuan Lu, Kerry D Meinhardt, Nathan L. Canfield, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal halide batteries have been considered as one of the more attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage, however, they are not used for broader applications despite their relatively well-known redox system. One of the roadblocks hindering market penetration is the high-operating temperature. Here we demonstrate that planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries can be operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C with ultra-high energy density. A specific energy density of 350 Wh kg^−1, higher than that of conventional tubular Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries (280 °C), is obtained for planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries operated at 190 °C over a long-term cell test (1,000 cycles), and it attributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature. Results reported here demonstrate that planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature could greatly benefit this traditional energy storage technology by improving battery energy density, cycle life and reducing material costs.Sodium metal halide batteries are attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage. Here, the authors report that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C display larger energy densities than tubular batteries operated at higher temperatures.

  • An Advanced Na-FeCl2 ZEBRA Battery for Stationary Energy Storage Application
    Advanced Energy Materials, 2015
    Co-Authors: Guosheng Li, Jin Y. Kim, Xiaochuan Lu, Kerry D Meinhardt, Mark H Engelhard, Vish V. Viswanathan, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal Chloride batteries, ZEBRA, are considered one of the most important electrochemical devices for stationary energy storage applications because of its advantages of good cycle life, safety, and reliability. However, Sodium–Nickel Chloride (Na–NiCl2) batteries, the most promising redox chemistry in ZEBRA batteries, still face great challenges for the practical application due to its inevitable feature of using Ni cathode (high materials cost). Here, a novel intermediate-temperature Sodium–iron Chloride (Na–FeCl2) battery using a molten Sodium anode and Fe cathode is proposed and demonstrated. The first use of unique sulfur-based additives in Fe cathode enables Na–FeCl2 batteries can be assembled in the discharged state and operated at intermediate temperature (

  • the effects of temperature on the electrochemical performance of Sodium Nickel Chloride batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2012
    Co-Authors: Xiaochuan Lu, John P Lemmon, Guosheng Li, Vincent L Sprenkle, Zhenguo Yang
    Abstract:

    Sodium–Nickel Chloride (ZEBRA) batteries are typically operated at relatively high temperatures (3 300 °C) to achieve adequate electrochemical performance. In the present study, the effects of operating temperature on the electrochemical performance of planar-type Na/NiCl2 batteries were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of battery operation at low temperatures (£200 °C). The planar-type cell was able to be cycled at C/3 rate at as low as 175 °C despite higher cell polarization. Overall, low operating temperature resulted in a considerable improvement in the stability of cell performance. Cell degradation was negligible at 175 °C, while 55% increase in end-of-charge polarization was observed at 280 °C after 60 cycles. SEM analysis indicated that the degradation at higher temperatures was related to the particle growth of both Nickel and Sodium Chloride. The cells tested at lower temperatures (£200 °C), however, exhibited a sharp drop in voltage at the end of discharge due to the diffusion limitation, possibly caused by the limited ionic conductivity of catholyte or the poor wettability of Sodium on the β"-Al2O3 solid electrolyte (BASE). FInally,, improvements in the ionic conductivity of catholyte and Sodium wetting as well as reduction in the ohmic resistance of BASE are required to enhance themore » battery performance at low temperatures.« less

Jin Y. Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Advanced intermediate temperature Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density
    Nature Communications, 2016
    Co-Authors: Guosheng Li, Jin Y. Kim, Hee Jung Chang, Xiaochuan Lu, Kerry D Meinhardt, Nathan L. Canfield, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal halide batteries have been considered as one of the more attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage, however, they are not used for broader applications despite their relatively well-known redox system. One of the roadblocks hindering market penetration is the high-operating temperature. Here we demonstrate that planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries can be operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C with ultra-high energy density. A specific energy density of 350 Wh kg^−1, higher than that of conventional tubular Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries (280 °C), is obtained for planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries operated at 190 °C over a long-term cell test (1,000 cycles), and it attributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature. Results reported here demonstrate that planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature could greatly benefit this traditional energy storage technology by improving battery energy density, cycle life and reducing material costs.Sodium metal halide batteries are attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage. Here, the authors report that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C display larger energy densities than tubular batteries operated at higher temperatures.

  • An Advanced Na-FeCl2 ZEBRA Battery for Stationary Energy Storage Application
    Advanced Energy Materials, 2015
    Co-Authors: Guosheng Li, Jin Y. Kim, Xiaochuan Lu, Kerry D Meinhardt, Mark H Engelhard, Vish V. Viswanathan, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal Chloride batteries, ZEBRA, are considered one of the most important electrochemical devices for stationary energy storage applications because of its advantages of good cycle life, safety, and reliability. However, Sodium–Nickel Chloride (Na–NiCl2) batteries, the most promising redox chemistry in ZEBRA batteries, still face great challenges for the practical application due to its inevitable feature of using Ni cathode (high materials cost). Here, a novel intermediate-temperature Sodium–iron Chloride (Na–FeCl2) battery using a molten Sodium anode and Fe cathode is proposed and demonstrated. The first use of unique sulfur-based additives in Fe cathode enables Na–FeCl2 batteries can be assembled in the discharged state and operated at intermediate temperature (

  • Novel ternary molten salt electrolytes for intermediate-temperature Sodium/Nickel Chloride batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2012
    Co-Authors: Christopher A. Coyle, Jin Y. Kim, John P Lemmon, Vincent L Sprenkle, Zhenguo Yang
    Abstract:

    Abstract The Sodium–Nickel Chloride (ZEBRA) battery is operated at relatively high temperature (250–350 °C) to achieve adequate electrochemical performance. Reducing the operating temperature in the range of 150200 °C can not only lead to enhanced cycle life by suppressing temperature-related degradations, but also allow the use of lower cost materials for construction. To achieve adequate electrochemical performance at lower operating temperatures, reduction in ohmic losses is required, including the reduced ohmic resistance of β″-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) and the incorporation of low melting point secondary electrolytes. In present work, planar-type Na/NiCl 2 cells with a thin BASE (600 μm) and low melting point secondary electrolyte were evaluated at reduced temperatures. Molten salts used as secondary electrolytes were fabricated by the partial replacement of NaCl in the standard secondary electrolyte (NaAlCl 4 ) with other lower melting point alkali metal salts such as NaBr, LiCl, and LiBr. Electrochemical characterization of these ternary molten salts demonstrated improved ionic conductivity and sufficient electrochemical window at reduced temperatures. Furthermore, Na/NiCl 2 cells with 50 mol% NaBr-containing secondary electrolyte exhibited reduced polarizations at 175 °C compared to the cell with the standard NaAlCl 4 catholyte. The cells also exhibited stable cycling performance even at 150 °C.

  • novel ternary molten salt electrolytes for intermediate temperature Sodium Nickel Chloride batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2012
    Co-Authors: Christopher A. Coyle, Jin Y. Kim, John P Lemmon, Vincent L Sprenkle, Zhenguo Yang
    Abstract:

    Abstract The Sodium–Nickel Chloride (ZEBRA) battery is operated at relatively high temperature (250–350 °C) to achieve adequate electrochemical performance. Reducing the operating temperature in the range of 150200 °C can not only lead to enhanced cycle life by suppressing temperature-related degradations, but also allow the use of lower cost materials for construction. To achieve adequate electrochemical performance at lower operating temperatures, reduction in ohmic losses is required, including the reduced ohmic resistance of β″-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) and the incorporation of low melting point secondary electrolytes. In present work, planar-type Na/NiCl 2 cells with a thin BASE (600 μm) and low melting point secondary electrolyte were evaluated at reduced temperatures. Molten salts used as secondary electrolytes were fabricated by the partial replacement of NaCl in the standard secondary electrolyte (NaAlCl 4 ) with other lower melting point alkali metal salts such as NaBr, LiCl, and LiBr. Electrochemical characterization of these ternary molten salts demonstrated improved ionic conductivity and sufficient electrochemical window at reduced temperatures. Furthermore, Na/NiCl 2 cells with 50 mol% NaBr-containing secondary electrolyte exhibited reduced polarizations at 175 °C compared to the cell with the standard NaAlCl 4 catholyte. The cells also exhibited stable cycling performance even at 150 °C.

  • The effects of temperature on the electrochemical performance of Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries
    Journal of Power Sources, 2012
    Co-Authors: Jin Y. Kim, John P Lemmon, Vincent L Sprenkle, Zhenguo Yang
    Abstract:

    Sodium–Nickel Chloride (ZEBRA) batteries are typically operated at relatively high temperatures (3 300 °C) to achieve adequate electrochemical performance. In the present study, the effects of operating temperature on the electrochemical performance of planar-type Na/NiCl2 batteries were investigated to evaluate the feasibility of battery operation at low temperatures (£200 °C). The planar-type cell was able to be cycled at C/3 rate at as low as 175 °C despite higher cell polarization. Overall, low operating temperature resulted in a considerable improvement in the stability of cell performance. Cell degradation was negligible at 175 °C, while 55% increase in end-of-charge polarization was observed at 280 °C after 60 cycles. SEM analysis indicated that the degradation at higher temperatures was related to the particle growth of both Nickel and Sodium Chloride. The cells tested at lower temperatures (£200 °C), however, exhibited a sharp drop in voltage at the end of discharge due to the diffusion limitation, possibly caused by the limited ionic conductivity of catholyte or the poor wettability of Sodium on the β"-Al2O3 solid electrolyte (BASE). FInally,, improvements in the ionic conductivity of catholyte and Sodium wetting as well as reduction in the ohmic resistance of BASE are required to enhance themore » battery performance at low temperatures.« less

Kerry D Meinhardt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Advanced intermediate temperature Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density
    Nature Communications, 2016
    Co-Authors: Guosheng Li, Jin Y. Kim, Hee Jung Chang, Xiaochuan Lu, Kerry D Meinhardt, Nathan L. Canfield, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal halide batteries have been considered as one of the more attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage, however, they are not used for broader applications despite their relatively well-known redox system. One of the roadblocks hindering market penetration is the high-operating temperature. Here we demonstrate that planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries can be operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C with ultra-high energy density. A specific energy density of 350 Wh kg^−1, higher than that of conventional tubular Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries (280 °C), is obtained for planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries operated at 190 °C over a long-term cell test (1,000 cycles), and it attributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature. Results reported here demonstrate that planar Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature could greatly benefit this traditional energy storage technology by improving battery energy density, cycle life and reducing material costs.Sodium metal halide batteries are attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage. Here, the authors report that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C display larger energy densities than tubular batteries operated at higher temperatures.

  • Advanced intermediate temperature Sodium–Nickel Chloride batteries with ultra-high energy density
    Nature Communications, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jin Yong Kim, Hee Jung Chang, Kerry D Meinhardt, Nathan L. Canfield, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal halide batteries have been considered as one of the more attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage, however, they are not used for broader applications despite their relatively well-known redox system. One of the roadblocks hindering market penetration is the high-operating temperature. Here we demonstrate that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries can be operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C with ultra-high energy density. A specific energy density of 350 Wh kg(-1), higher than that of conventional tubular Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries (280 °C), is obtained for planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at 190 °C over a long-term cell test (1,000 cycles), and it attributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature. Results reported here demonstrate that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature could greatly benefit this traditional energy storage technology by improving battery energy density, cycle life and reducing material costs.

  • advanced intermediate temperature Sodium Nickel Chloride batteries with ultra high energy density
    Nature Communications, 2016
    Co-Authors: Jin Yong Kim, Hee Jung Chang, Kerry D Meinhardt, Nathan L. Canfield, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal halide batteries have been considered as one of the more attractive technologies for stationary electrical energy storage, however, they are not used for broader applications despite their relatively well-known redox system. One of the roadblocks hindering market penetration is the high-operating temperature. Here we demonstrate that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries can be operated at an intermediate temperature of 190 °C with ultra-high energy density. A specific energy density of 350 Wh kg(-1), higher than that of conventional tubular Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries (280 °C), is obtained for planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at 190 °C over a long-term cell test (1,000 cycles), and it attributed to the slower particle growth of the cathode materials at the lower operating temperature. Results reported here demonstrate that planar Sodium-Nickel Chloride batteries operated at an intermediate temperature could greatly benefit this traditional energy storage technology by improving battery energy density, cycle life and reducing material costs.

  • Batteries: An Advanced Na–FeCl2 ZEBRA Battery for Stationary Energy Storage Application (Adv. Energy Mater. 12/2015)
    Advanced Energy Materials, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jin Yong Kim, Kerry D Meinhardt, Mark H Engelhard, Vish V. Viswanathan, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal Chloride batteries, ZEBRA, are considered as one of the most important electrochemical devices for stationary energy storage applications because of its advantages of good cycle life, safety, and reliability. However, Sodium-Nickel Chloride (Na-NiCl2) batteries, the most promising redox chemistry in ZEBRA batteries, still face great challenges for the practical application due to its inevitable feature of using Ni cathode (high materials cost). In this work, a novel intermediate-temperature Sodium-iron Chloride (Na-FeCl2) battery using a molten Sodium anode and Fe cathode is proposed and demonstrated. The first use of unique sulfur-based additives in Fe cathode enables Na-FeCl2 batteries can be assembled in the discharged state and operated at intermediate-temperature (

  • An Advanced Na-FeCl2 ZEBRA Battery for Stationary Energy Storage Application
    Advanced Energy Materials, 2015
    Co-Authors: Guosheng Li, Jin Y. Kim, Xiaochuan Lu, Kerry D Meinhardt, Mark H Engelhard, Vish V. Viswanathan, Vincent L Sprenkle
    Abstract:

    Sodium-metal Chloride batteries, ZEBRA, are considered one of the most important electrochemical devices for stationary energy storage applications because of its advantages of good cycle life, safety, and reliability. However, Sodium–Nickel Chloride (Na–NiCl2) batteries, the most promising redox chemistry in ZEBRA batteries, still face great challenges for the practical application due to its inevitable feature of using Ni cathode (high materials cost). Here, a novel intermediate-temperature Sodium–iron Chloride (Na–FeCl2) battery using a molten Sodium anode and Fe cathode is proposed and demonstrated. The first use of unique sulfur-based additives in Fe cathode enables Na–FeCl2 batteries can be assembled in the discharged state and operated at intermediate temperature (