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Gan Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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environmental concentration and atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants in Soil from nepal source apportionment and Soil Air partitioning
Environmental Pollution, 2018Co-Authors: Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi, Ishwar Chandra Yadav, Gan ZhangAbstract:While various investigations have been driven on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants (FRs) in different framework around the world, information about contamination and fate of PBDEs and other FRs in developing countries especially in the Indian subcontinent is uncommon. Nepal being located in the Indian subcontinent, very little is known about contamination level of semi-volatile organic pollutants discharged into the environment. This motivated us to investigate the environmental fate of halogenated flame retardant (HFRs) in Nepalese condition. In this study, we investigated the concentration, fate, and sources of 9 PBDEs, 2 dechlorane plus isomers (DPs), and 6 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). Moreover, Air-Soil exchange and Soil-Air partitioning were also evaluated to characterize the pattern of Air-Soil exchange and environmental fate. In general, the concentrations of NBFRs in Soil were more prevalent than PBDEs and DPs, and accounted 95% of ∑HFRs. By and large, the concentrations of NBFRs and DPs were measured high in Kathmandu, while PBDEs level exceeded in Pokhara. Principal component analysis (PCA) study suggested contributions from commercial penta-, octa-, and deca-BDEs products and de-bromination of highly brominated PBDEs as the significant source of PBDEs. Likewise, low fanti ratio suggested DPs in Soil might have originated from long-range atmospheric transport from remote areas, while high levels of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in Soil were linked with the use of wide varieties of consumer products. The estimated fugacity fraction (ff) for individual HFR was quite lower (<0.05) than equilibrium value, suggesting that deposition and net transport from Air to the Soil is overwhelming. Soil-Air partitioning study revealed neither octanol-Air partition coefficient (KOA) nor black carbon partition coefficient (KBC-A) is an appropriate surrogate for Soil organic matter (SOM), subsequently, absorption by SOM has no or little role in the partitioning of HFRs.
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organochlorine pesticides ocps in the indus river catchment area pakistan status Soil Air exchange and black carbon mediated distribution
Chemosphere, 2016Co-Authors: Anam Bajwa, Usman Ali, Adeel Mahmood, Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal Chaudhry, Jabir Hussain Syed, Gan Zhang, Kevin C Jones, Riffat Naseem MalikAbstract:Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in passive Air and Soil samples from the catchment area of the Indus River, Pakistan. ∑15OCPs ranged between 0.68 and 13.47 ng g−1 in Soil and 375.1–1975 pg mˉ3 in Air. HCHs and DDTs were more prevalent in Soil and Air compartments. Composition profile indicated that β-HCH and p,p'-DDE were the dominant of all metabolites among HCHs and DDTs respectively. Moreover, fBC and fTOC were assessed and evaluated their potential role in the distribution status of OCPs. The fTOC and fBC ranged between 0.77 and 2.43 and 0.04–0.30% respectively in Soil. Regression analysis showed the strong influence of fBC than fTOC on the distribution of OCPs in the Indus River catchment area Soil. Equilibrium status was observed for β-HCH, δ-HCH, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, TC, HCB and Heptachlor with ff ranged between 0.3 and 0.59 while assessing the Soil–Air exchange of OCPs.
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assessing the combined influence of toc and black carbon in Soil Air partitioning of pbdes and dps from the indus river basin pakistan
Environmental Pollution, 2015Co-Authors: Usman Ali, Adeel Mahmood, Jabir Hussain Syed, Gan Zhang, Kevin C Jones, Athanasios Katsoyiannis, Riffat Naseem MalikAbstract:Abstract Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DPs) were investigated in the Indus River Basin from Pakistan. Concentrations of ∑PBDEs and ∑DPs were ranged between 0.05 and 2.38 and 0.002–0.53 ng g−1 in the surface Soils while 1.43–22.1 and 0.19–7.59 pg m−3 in the passive Air samples, respectively. Black carbon (fBC) and total organic carbon (fTOC) fractions were also measured and ranged between 0.73 and 1.75 and 0.04–0.2%, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed strong influence of fBC than fTOC on the distribution of PBDEs and DPs in the Indus River Basin Soils. BDE's congener profile suggested the input of penta–bromodiphenylether (DE-71) commercial formulation in the study area. Soil–Air partitioning of PBDEs were investigated by employing octanol-Air partition coefficients (KOA) and black carbon-Air partition coefficients (KBC−A). The results of both models suggested the combined influence of total organic carbon (absorption) and black carbon (adsorption) in the studied area.
Per Moldrup - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of dry bulk density and particle size fraction on gas transport parameters in variably saturated landfill cover Soil
Waste Management, 2011Co-Authors: P N Wickramarachchi, Per Moldrup, Shoichiro Hamamoto, Ken Kawamoto, Masanao Nagamori, Toshiko KomatsuAbstract:Abstract Landfill sites are emerging in climate change scenarios as a significant source of greenhouse gases. The compacted final Soil cover at landfill sites plays a vital role for the emission, fate and transport of landfill gases. This study investigated the effects of dry bulk density, ρ b , and particle size fraction on the main Soil–gas transport parameters – Soil–gas diffusivity ( D p / D o , ratio of gas diffusion coefficients in Soil and free Air) and Air permeability ( k a ) – under variably-saturated moisture conditions. Soil samples were prepared by three different compaction methods (Standard and Modified Proctor compaction, and hand compaction) with resulting ρ b values ranging from 1.40 to 2.10 g cm −3 . Results showed that D p and k a values for the ‘+gravel’ fraction ( e ), likely due to enhanced gas diffusion and advection through less tortuous, large-pore networks. The effect of dry bulk density on D p and k a was most pronounced for the ‘+gravel’ fraction. Normalized ratios were introduced for all Soil–gas parameters: (i) for gas diffusivity D p / D f , the ratio of measured D p to D p in total porosity ( f ), (ii) for Air permeability k a / k a ,pF4.1 , the ratio of measured k a to k a at 1235 kPa matric potential (=pF 4.1), and (iii) for Soil–Air content, the ratio of Soil–Air content ( e ) to total porosity ( f ) (Air saturation). Based on the normalized parameters, predictive power-law models for D p ( e / f ) and k a ( e / f ) models were developed based on a single parameter (water blockage factor M for D p and P for k a ). The water blockage factors, M and P , were found to be linearly correlated to ρ b values, and the effects of dry bulk density on D p and k a for both ‘+gravel’ and ‘−gravel’ fractions were well accounted for by the new models.
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two region extended archie s law model for Soil Air permeability and gas diffusivity
Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2011Co-Authors: Shoichiro Hamamoto, Per Moldrup, Ken Kawamoto, Lis Wollesen De Jonge, Per Schjonning, Toshiko KomatsuAbstract:The Air permeability (k a ) and Soil gas diffusion coefficients (D p ) are controlling factors for gas transport and fate in variably saturated Soils. We developed a unified model for k a and D based on the classical Archie's law, extended by: (i) allowing for two-region gas transport behavior for structured Soils, with the natural field moisture condition (set at -100 cm H 2 O matric potential [pF 2]) as the reference (spliced) point between the large-pore (drained pore diameter ≥30 μm at pF ≤ 2) and the small-pore (subsequently drained pores 2) regions, and (ii) including a percolation threshold, set as 10% of the total porosity for structureless porous media or 10% of the porosity in the large-pore region for structured Soils. The resulting extended Archie's law with reference point (EXAR) models for k a and D were fitted to the measured data. For both structureless and structured porous media, Archie's saturation exponent (n) was higher for D p than for k a , indicating higher water blockage effects on gas diffusion. For structured Soils, the saturation exponent for the large-pore region (n 1 ) was lower than for the small-pore region (n 2 ). Generally, n 1 values of ∼1 for k a and 2 for D p and n 2 values of 4/3 for k a and 7/3 for D described the data well. Two reference-point expressions for k a at pF 2 were also developed and tested together with existing models for D at pF 2 against independent data across Soil types. The best-performing reference-point models were a k a model based on the classical Kozeny equation and the Moldrup D p model.
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unified measurement system for the gas dispersion coefficient Air permeability and gas diffusion coefficient in variably saturated Soil
Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Shoichiro Hamamoto, Per Moldrup, Toshiko Komatsu, Ken Kawamoto, Dennis E RolstonAbstract:The transport of gaseous compounds in Soil takes place by gas diffusion, advection, and dispersion. Gas transport processes are influenced by the Soil-gas diffusion coefficient (D p ), Air permeability (k a ) and Soil-gas dispersion coefficient (D H ), respectively. Of three gas transport parameters, D H is the least understood, especially how it is correlated to Soil type, moisture conditions, and other transport parameters (i.e., D p and k a ). In this study, a unified measurement system (UMS) that enables sequential measurement of D p , k a , and D H on the same Soil core was developed. The experimental sequence is based on a two-chamber measurement of D H and k a , followed by a one-chamber measurement of D p . Gaseous oxygen concentration and Air pressure sensors are located in inlet and outlet chambers as well as at multiple points along the Soil column. Using different particle-size fractions of non-aggregated (Toyoura sand) and aggregated (Nishi-Tokyo loam) Soils, the effects of Soil structure, particle (aggregate) size, and column scale (5-cm i.d. and 30-cm or 60-cm length) on the three gas transport parameters were investigated. For both Soils, D H linearly increased with increasing pore-Air velocity. For Toyoura sand, gas dispersivity (λ = D H /u 0 ) decreased with increasing Soil-Air content, while for Nishi-Tokyo loam, gas dispersivity decreased with increasing Soil-Air content to a minimum value when inter-aggregate pores were drained and increased again when the pores inside the Soil aggregates started to act as tortuous Air-filled pathways. In the arterial pore region (corresponding to the total pore volume for Narita sand and the inter-aggregate pore volume for Nishi-Tokyo loam), a linear relation between tortuosity of the Air-filled pore network (T, calculated from D p ) and the gas dispersivity (λ) was observed.
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a gas diffusivity model based on Air solid and water phase resistance in variably saturated Soil
Vadose Zone Journal, 2008Co-Authors: Anne Thorbjorn, Per Moldrup, Toshiko Komatsu, Helle Blendstrup, Dennis E RolstonAbstract:Gas diffusion in Soil is governed by the gas diffusion coefficient ( D p ) and its variation with Air-filled porosity (e). Accurate or an upper-limit (risk assessment standpoint) prediction of D p (e) is essential when carrying out gas transport and fate calculations. We developed a D p (e) model for relatively unstructured Soil separating the individual resistance of Soil Air, solids, and moisture to D p . Assuming the total Soil resistance to gas diffusion can be described by three power-law terms representing Air-content reduction, solids-induced tortuosity, and water-induced disconnectivity yields the so-called Soil Air Phase Individual Resistances (SAPHIR) model. The SAPHIR model predicts D p as a function of the actual e, a particle shape factor ( p ), the volumetric Soil water content (θ), and a water-blockage factor ( w ). The D p (e) was measured at different θ on repacked and undisturbed Soil samples. The new D p data combined with literature data implied values of p in the interval 0 to 1 and w in the interval 1 to 7, depending on particle diameter, fine-particle content, and compaction. Tested against 810 measurements of D p on undisturbed Soils, SAPHIR with average values of p = 0.6 and w = 3 performed equally well or better than traditional models; however, the test implied a need for different parameter values for more sandy Soils (lower p and higher w ), as well as for more compacted Soils (lower p ).
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linear model to predict Soil gas diffusivity from two Soil water retention points in unsaturated volcanic ash Soils
Soils and Foundations, 2008Co-Authors: Augustus C Resurreccion, Toshiko Komatsu, Ken Kawamoto, Seiko Yoshikawa, Masanobu Oda, Per MoldrupAbstract:Risk assessment and design of remediation methods at Soil sites polluted with gaseous phase contaminant require an accurate description of Soil-gas diffusion coefficient (Dp) which is typically governed by the variations in Soil Air-filled porosity (va). For undisturbed volcanic ash Soils, recent studies have shown that a linear Dp(va) model, taking into account inactive Air-filled pore space (threshold Soil-Air content, va, th), captured the Dp data across the total Soil moisture range from wet to completely dry conditions. In this study, we developed a simple, easy to apply, and still accurate linear Dp(va) model for undisturbed volcanic ash Soils. The model slope C and intercept (interpreted as va, th) were derived using the classical Buckingham (1904) Dp(va) power-law model, vaX, at two Soil-water matric potentials of pF 2 (near field capacity condition) and pF 4.1 (near wilting point condition), and assuming the same value for the Buckingham exponent (X=2.3) in agreement with measured data. This linear Dp(va) prediction model performed better than the traditionally-used non-linear Dp(va) models, especially at dry Soil conditions, when tested against several independent data sets from literature. Model parameter sensitivity analysis on Soil compaction effects showed that a decrease in slope C and va, th due to uniaxial reduction of Air-filled pore space in between aggregates markedly affects the magnitude of Soil-gas diffusivity. We recommend the new Dp(va) model using only the Soil-Air contents at two Soil-water matric potential conditions (field capacity and wilting point) for a rapid assessment of the entire Dp-va function.
Kevin C Jones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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organochlorine pesticides ocps in the indus river catchment area pakistan status Soil Air exchange and black carbon mediated distribution
Chemosphere, 2016Co-Authors: Anam Bajwa, Usman Ali, Adeel Mahmood, Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal Chaudhry, Jabir Hussain Syed, Gan Zhang, Kevin C Jones, Riffat Naseem MalikAbstract:Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in passive Air and Soil samples from the catchment area of the Indus River, Pakistan. ∑15OCPs ranged between 0.68 and 13.47 ng g−1 in Soil and 375.1–1975 pg mˉ3 in Air. HCHs and DDTs were more prevalent in Soil and Air compartments. Composition profile indicated that β-HCH and p,p'-DDE were the dominant of all metabolites among HCHs and DDTs respectively. Moreover, fBC and fTOC were assessed and evaluated their potential role in the distribution status of OCPs. The fTOC and fBC ranged between 0.77 and 2.43 and 0.04–0.30% respectively in Soil. Regression analysis showed the strong influence of fBC than fTOC on the distribution of OCPs in the Indus River catchment area Soil. Equilibrium status was observed for β-HCH, δ-HCH, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, TC, HCB and Heptachlor with ff ranged between 0.3 and 0.59 while assessing the Soil–Air exchange of OCPs.
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assessing the combined influence of toc and black carbon in Soil Air partitioning of pbdes and dps from the indus river basin pakistan
Environmental Pollution, 2015Co-Authors: Usman Ali, Adeel Mahmood, Jabir Hussain Syed, Gan Zhang, Kevin C Jones, Athanasios Katsoyiannis, Riffat Naseem MalikAbstract:Abstract Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DPs) were investigated in the Indus River Basin from Pakistan. Concentrations of ∑PBDEs and ∑DPs were ranged between 0.05 and 2.38 and 0.002–0.53 ng g−1 in the surface Soils while 1.43–22.1 and 0.19–7.59 pg m−3 in the passive Air samples, respectively. Black carbon (fBC) and total organic carbon (fTOC) fractions were also measured and ranged between 0.73 and 1.75 and 0.04–0.2%, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed strong influence of fBC than fTOC on the distribution of PBDEs and DPs in the Indus River Basin Soils. BDE's congener profile suggested the input of penta–bromodiphenylether (DE-71) commercial formulation in the study area. Soil–Air partitioning of PBDEs were investigated by employing octanol-Air partition coefficients (KOA) and black carbon-Air partition coefficients (KBC−A). The results of both models suggested the combined influence of total organic carbon (absorption) and black carbon (adsorption) in the studied area.
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factors influencing the Soil Air partitioning and the strength of Soils as a secondary source of polychlorinated biphenyls to the atmosphere
Environmental Science & Technology, 2011Co-Authors: Ana Cabrerizo, Jordi Dachs, Damia Barcelo, Claudia Moeckel, Gemma Caballero, Mariiajosei Ojeda, Kevin C JonesAbstract:Soils are a major reservoir of persistent organic pollutants, and Soil–Air partitioning and exchange are key processes controlling the atmospheric concentrations and regional fate of pollutants. Here, we report and discuss the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Soils, their measured fugacities in Soil, the Soil–Air partition coefficients (KSA) and Soil–Air fugacity gradients in rural background areas of N-NE Spain and N-NW England. Four sampling campaigns were carried out to assess seasonal and daily variability and differences between sampling sites. KSA values were significantly dependent on Soil temperature and Soil organic matter quantity, and to a minor extent organic matter type. All the PCB congeners in the Soil are close to equilibrium with the atmosphere at rural Ebro sites, but Soil fugacities tend to be higher than ambient Air fugacities in early and late summer, consistent with the influence of temperature on Soil–Air partitioning. Therefore, during warm periods, Soils incre...
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ubiquitous net volatilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Soils and parameters influencing their Soil Air partitioning
Environmental Science & Technology, 2011Co-Authors: Ana Cabrerizo, Jordi Dachs, Damia Barcelo, Claudia Moeckel, Mariajose Ojeda, Gemma Caballero, Kevin C JonesAbstract:Soils are a major reservoir of organic pollutants, and Soil–Air partitioning and exchange are key processes controlling the regional fate of pollutants. Here, we report and discuss the Soil concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their Soil fugacities, the Soil–Air partition coefficients (KSA) and Soil–Air gradients for rural and semirural Soils, in background areas of N-NE Spain and N-NW England. Different sampling campaigns were carried out to assess seasonal variability and differences between sampling sites. KSA values were dependent on Soil temperature and Soil organic quantity and type. Soil fugacities of phenanthrene and its alkyl homologues were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than their ambient Air fugacities for all sampling sites and periods. The Soil to Air fugacity ratio was correlated with Soil temperature and Soil redox potential. Similar trends for other PAHs were found but with lower fugacity ratios. The ubiquitous source of PAHs from background Soils to the atmosphere f...
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ubiquitous net volatilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from Soils and parameters influencing their Soil Air partitioning
Environmental Science & Technology, 2011Co-Authors: Ana Cabrerizo, Jordi Dachs, Damia Barcelo, Claudia Moeckel, Mariajose Ojeda, Gemma Caballero, Kevin C JonesAbstract:Soils are a major reservoir of organic pollutants, and Soil–Air partitioning and exchange are key processes controlling the regional fate of pollutants. Here, we report and discuss the Soil concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their Soil fugacities, the Soil–Air partition coefficients (KSA) and Soil–Air gradients for rural and semirural Soils, in background areas of N-NE Spain and N-NW England. Different sampling campaigns were carried out to assess seasonal variability and differences between sampling sites. KSA values were dependent on Soil temperature and Soil organic quantity and type. Soil fugacities of phenanthrene and its alkyl homologues were 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than their ambient Air fugacities for all sampling sites and periods. The Soil to Air fugacity ratio was correlated with Soil temperature and Soil redox potential. Similar trends for other PAHs were found but with lower fugacity ratios. The ubiquitous source of PAHs from background Soils to the atmosphere f...
Ishwar Chandra Yadav - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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environmental concentration and atmospheric deposition of halogenated flame retardants in Soil from nepal source apportionment and Soil Air partitioning
Environmental Pollution, 2018Co-Authors: Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi, Ishwar Chandra Yadav, Gan ZhangAbstract:While various investigations have been driven on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other flame retardants (FRs) in different framework around the world, information about contamination and fate of PBDEs and other FRs in developing countries especially in the Indian subcontinent is uncommon. Nepal being located in the Indian subcontinent, very little is known about contamination level of semi-volatile organic pollutants discharged into the environment. This motivated us to investigate the environmental fate of halogenated flame retardant (HFRs) in Nepalese condition. In this study, we investigated the concentration, fate, and sources of 9 PBDEs, 2 dechlorane plus isomers (DPs), and 6 novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). Moreover, Air-Soil exchange and Soil-Air partitioning were also evaluated to characterize the pattern of Air-Soil exchange and environmental fate. In general, the concentrations of NBFRs in Soil were more prevalent than PBDEs and DPs, and accounted 95% of ∑HFRs. By and large, the concentrations of NBFRs and DPs were measured high in Kathmandu, while PBDEs level exceeded in Pokhara. Principal component analysis (PCA) study suggested contributions from commercial penta-, octa-, and deca-BDEs products and de-bromination of highly brominated PBDEs as the significant source of PBDEs. Likewise, low fanti ratio suggested DPs in Soil might have originated from long-range atmospheric transport from remote areas, while high levels of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in Soil were linked with the use of wide varieties of consumer products. The estimated fugacity fraction (ff) for individual HFR was quite lower (<0.05) than equilibrium value, suggesting that deposition and net transport from Air to the Soil is overwhelming. Soil-Air partitioning study revealed neither octanol-Air partition coefficient (KOA) nor black carbon partition coefficient (KBC-A) is an appropriate surrogate for Soil organic matter (SOM), subsequently, absorption by SOM has no or little role in the partitioning of HFRs.
Riffat Naseem Malik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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organochlorine pesticides ocps in the indus river catchment area pakistan status Soil Air exchange and black carbon mediated distribution
Chemosphere, 2016Co-Authors: Anam Bajwa, Usman Ali, Adeel Mahmood, Muhammad Jamshed Iqbal Chaudhry, Jabir Hussain Syed, Gan Zhang, Kevin C Jones, Riffat Naseem MalikAbstract:Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were investigated in passive Air and Soil samples from the catchment area of the Indus River, Pakistan. ∑15OCPs ranged between 0.68 and 13.47 ng g−1 in Soil and 375.1–1975 pg mˉ3 in Air. HCHs and DDTs were more prevalent in Soil and Air compartments. Composition profile indicated that β-HCH and p,p'-DDE were the dominant of all metabolites among HCHs and DDTs respectively. Moreover, fBC and fTOC were assessed and evaluated their potential role in the distribution status of OCPs. The fTOC and fBC ranged between 0.77 and 2.43 and 0.04–0.30% respectively in Soil. Regression analysis showed the strong influence of fBC than fTOC on the distribution of OCPs in the Indus River catchment area Soil. Equilibrium status was observed for β-HCH, δ-HCH, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, TC, HCB and Heptachlor with ff ranged between 0.3 and 0.59 while assessing the Soil–Air exchange of OCPs.
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assessing the combined influence of toc and black carbon in Soil Air partitioning of pbdes and dps from the indus river basin pakistan
Environmental Pollution, 2015Co-Authors: Usman Ali, Adeel Mahmood, Jabir Hussain Syed, Gan Zhang, Kevin C Jones, Athanasios Katsoyiannis, Riffat Naseem MalikAbstract:Abstract Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DPs) were investigated in the Indus River Basin from Pakistan. Concentrations of ∑PBDEs and ∑DPs were ranged between 0.05 and 2.38 and 0.002–0.53 ng g−1 in the surface Soils while 1.43–22.1 and 0.19–7.59 pg m−3 in the passive Air samples, respectively. Black carbon (fBC) and total organic carbon (fTOC) fractions were also measured and ranged between 0.73 and 1.75 and 0.04–0.2%, respectively. The statistical analysis revealed strong influence of fBC than fTOC on the distribution of PBDEs and DPs in the Indus River Basin Soils. BDE's congener profile suggested the input of penta–bromodiphenylether (DE-71) commercial formulation in the study area. Soil–Air partitioning of PBDEs were investigated by employing octanol-Air partition coefficients (KOA) and black carbon-Air partition coefficients (KBC−A). The results of both models suggested the combined influence of total organic carbon (absorption) and black carbon (adsorption) in the studied area.
