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M J Malakouti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza Soil sterilization and Soil Compaction on wheat triticum aestivum l nutrients uptake
Soil & Tillage Research, 2009Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:The stress of Soil Compaction, because of using agricultural machinery, may provide conditions such as limiting nutrient uptake, not suitable for plant growth. Here we hypothesized that using arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM, plant symbiotic fungi), as a biological method, may overcome the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth by enhancing nutrient uptake. Soil surface layer of the Experimental Research Field of Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj, Iran, was sieved, sterilized, and compacted at 10 kg pots in two experiments. At seeding wheat seeds were inoculated with different species of Glomus fungi with different origins. Shoot nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu was determined. Soil sterilization significantly increased the nutrient uptake of mycorrhizal wheat even at the highest level of Compaction. Even under compacted conditions, increased P uptake, due to AM inoculation had an important role to alleviate the stress. This novel finding may indicate the important role of AM to overcome the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat nutrient uptake, the independency of AM origin on their functionality, and the great importance of managing Soil biological communities in agricultural systems.
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effects of Soil Compaction and arbuscular mycorrhiza on corn zea mays l nutrient uptake
Soil & Tillage Research, 2009Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:Abstract Soil Compaction is of great importance, due to its adverse effects on plant growth and the environment. Mechanical methods to control Soil Compaction may not be economically and environmentally friendly. Hence, we designed experiments to test the hypothesis that use of plant symbiotic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may alleviate the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn ( Zea mays L.) growth through enhancing nutrient uptake. AM continuously interact with other Soil microorganisms and its original diversity may also be important in determining the ability of the fungi to cope with the stresses. Hence, the objectives were: (1) to determine the effects of Soil Compaction on corn nutrient uptake in unsterilized (S1) and sterilized (S2) Soils, and (2) to determine if inoculation of corn with different species of AM with different origins can enhance corn nutrient uptake in a compacted Soil. Using 2 kg weights, Soils (from the field topSoil) of 10 kg pots were compacted at three and four levels (C1, C2, C3 and C4) (C1 = non-compacted control) in the first and second experiment, respectively. Corn (cv. 704) seeds were planted in each pot and were inoculated with different AM treatments including control (M1), Iranian Glomus mosseae (M2), Iranian G. etunicatum (M3), and Canadian G. mosseae , received from GINCO (Glomales In Vitro Collection), Canada (M4). Corn leaf nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were determined. Higher levels of Compaction reduced corn nutrient uptake, however different species of AM and Soil sterilization significantly increased it. The highest increase in nutrient uptake was related to P (60%) and Fe (58%) due to treatment M4S2C3. Although it seems that M3 and M4 may be the most effective species on corn nutrient uptake in a compacted Soil, M2 increased nutrient uptake under conditions (C3 and C4 in unsterilized Soil) where the other species did not. Through increasing nutrient uptake AM can alleviate the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn growth.
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using arbuscular mycorrhiza to alleviate the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat triticum aestivum l growth
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:Since large areas of agricultural fields in the world become compacted every year, much effort has been made to reduce the adverse effects of Soil Compaction on plant growth. Mechanical methods to control Soil Compaction may be laborious and expensive; however, biological methods such as using arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may be more useful, economically and environmentally. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of Soil Compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, and (2) to evaluate if using AM of different origin can reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on wheat growth. Unsterilized and sterilized Soils, different levels of Compaction and three species of arbuscular mycorrhiza were applied in four replicates. The experiments were conducted in the Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined. The AM increased wheat growth in both Soils at different levels of Soil Compaction in both experiments. For root, shoot (P=0.1) and grain (P=0.05) dry weights increases were significant. AM enhanced root growth more than shoot growth under Compaction (AM resulted in significant increase in root/shoot ratios, P=0.1). Due to its unique characteristics, AM may reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on wheat growth, though its effectiveness may decrease with increasing Compaction.
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using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn zea mays l growth
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2007Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J Malakouti, H TorabiAbstract:Soil Compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of Soil Compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of Soil Compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted Soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and Soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted Soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted Soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of Compaction and also to the interaction with other Soil microorganisms.
M Miransari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza Soil sterilization and Soil Compaction on wheat triticum aestivum l nutrients uptake
Soil & Tillage Research, 2009Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:The stress of Soil Compaction, because of using agricultural machinery, may provide conditions such as limiting nutrient uptake, not suitable for plant growth. Here we hypothesized that using arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM, plant symbiotic fungi), as a biological method, may overcome the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth by enhancing nutrient uptake. Soil surface layer of the Experimental Research Field of Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj, Iran, was sieved, sterilized, and compacted at 10 kg pots in two experiments. At seeding wheat seeds were inoculated with different species of Glomus fungi with different origins. Shoot nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu was determined. Soil sterilization significantly increased the nutrient uptake of mycorrhizal wheat even at the highest level of Compaction. Even under compacted conditions, increased P uptake, due to AM inoculation had an important role to alleviate the stress. This novel finding may indicate the important role of AM to overcome the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat nutrient uptake, the independency of AM origin on their functionality, and the great importance of managing Soil biological communities in agricultural systems.
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effects of Soil Compaction and arbuscular mycorrhiza on corn zea mays l nutrient uptake
Soil & Tillage Research, 2009Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:Abstract Soil Compaction is of great importance, due to its adverse effects on plant growth and the environment. Mechanical methods to control Soil Compaction may not be economically and environmentally friendly. Hence, we designed experiments to test the hypothesis that use of plant symbiotic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may alleviate the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn ( Zea mays L.) growth through enhancing nutrient uptake. AM continuously interact with other Soil microorganisms and its original diversity may also be important in determining the ability of the fungi to cope with the stresses. Hence, the objectives were: (1) to determine the effects of Soil Compaction on corn nutrient uptake in unsterilized (S1) and sterilized (S2) Soils, and (2) to determine if inoculation of corn with different species of AM with different origins can enhance corn nutrient uptake in a compacted Soil. Using 2 kg weights, Soils (from the field topSoil) of 10 kg pots were compacted at three and four levels (C1, C2, C3 and C4) (C1 = non-compacted control) in the first and second experiment, respectively. Corn (cv. 704) seeds were planted in each pot and were inoculated with different AM treatments including control (M1), Iranian Glomus mosseae (M2), Iranian G. etunicatum (M3), and Canadian G. mosseae , received from GINCO (Glomales In Vitro Collection), Canada (M4). Corn leaf nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were determined. Higher levels of Compaction reduced corn nutrient uptake, however different species of AM and Soil sterilization significantly increased it. The highest increase in nutrient uptake was related to P (60%) and Fe (58%) due to treatment M4S2C3. Although it seems that M3 and M4 may be the most effective species on corn nutrient uptake in a compacted Soil, M2 increased nutrient uptake under conditions (C3 and C4 in unsterilized Soil) where the other species did not. Through increasing nutrient uptake AM can alleviate the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn growth.
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using arbuscular mycorrhiza to alleviate the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat triticum aestivum l growth
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:Since large areas of agricultural fields in the world become compacted every year, much effort has been made to reduce the adverse effects of Soil Compaction on plant growth. Mechanical methods to control Soil Compaction may be laborious and expensive; however, biological methods such as using arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may be more useful, economically and environmentally. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of Soil Compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, and (2) to evaluate if using AM of different origin can reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on wheat growth. Unsterilized and sterilized Soils, different levels of Compaction and three species of arbuscular mycorrhiza were applied in four replicates. The experiments were conducted in the Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined. The AM increased wheat growth in both Soils at different levels of Soil Compaction in both experiments. For root, shoot (P=0.1) and grain (P=0.05) dry weights increases were significant. AM enhanced root growth more than shoot growth under Compaction (AM resulted in significant increase in root/shoot ratios, P=0.1). Due to its unique characteristics, AM may reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on wheat growth, though its effectiveness may decrease with increasing Compaction.
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using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn zea mays l growth
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2007Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J Malakouti, H TorabiAbstract:Soil Compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of Soil Compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of Soil Compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted Soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and Soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted Soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted Soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of Compaction and also to the interaction with other Soil microorganisms.
Guy Richard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Soilflex a model for prediction of Soil stresses and Soil Compaction due to agricultural field traffic including a synthesis of analytical approaches
Soil & Tillage Research, 2007Co-Authors: Thomas Keller, Pauline Defossez, Johan Arvidsson, P Weisskopf, Guy RichardAbstract:Abstract Soil Compaction is one of the most important factors responsible for Soil physical degradation. Soil Compaction models are important tools for controlling traffic-induced Soil Compaction in agriculture. A two-dimensional model for calculation of Soil stresses and Soil Compaction due to agricultural field traffic is presented. It is written as a spreadsheet that is easy to use and therefore intended for use not only by experts in Soil mechanics, but also by e.g. agricultural advisers. The model allows for a realistic prediction of the contact area and the stress distribution in the contact area from readily available tyre parameters. It is possible to simulate the passage of several machines, including e.g. tractors with dual wheels and trailers with tandem wheels. The model is based on analytical equations for stress propagation in Soil. The load is applied incrementally, thus keeping the strains small for each increment. Several stress–strain relationships describing the compressive behaviour of agricultural Soils are incorporated. Mechanical properties of Soil can be estimated by means of pedo-transfer functions. The model includes two options for calculation of vertical displacement and rut depth, either from volumetric strains only or from both volumetric and shear strains. We show in examples that the model provides satisfactory predictions of stress propagation and changes in bulk density. However, computation results of Soil deformation strongly depend on Soil mechanical properties that are labour-intensive to measure and difficult to estimate and thus not readily available. Therefore, prediction of deformation might not be easily handled in practice. The model presented is called SoilFlex, because it is a Soil Compaction model that is flexible in terms of the model inputs, the constitutive equations describing the stress–strain relationships and the model outputs.
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models of Soil Compaction due to traffic and their evaluation
Soil & Tillage Research, 2002Co-Authors: Pauline Defossez, Guy RichardAbstract:Abstract Soil Compaction by wheeling may cause considerable damage to the structure of the tilled Soil and the subSoil and consequently to crop production, workability and the environment. Soil Compaction models are reviewed and their evaluation under laboratory or field conditions is discussed. The development of a Compaction model includes: (i) modelling the propagation of the loading forces within the Soil resulting from forces applied at the Soil surface from farm vehicles; (ii) modelling Soil stress–strain behaviour. Models predict stress distribution in the Soil induced by farm vehicle and change in Soil structure: increase in dry bulk density and rut depth formation. We conclude that models based on Boussinesq equations for stress propagation are useful since they use a small number of parameters. They have been successfully evaluated in field conditions for homogeneous Soil under a wide range of Soil and water conditions. The difference between simulations and observations becomes more apparent when dealing with heterogeneous structures (clods, firm subSoil). The models based on the finite element method (FEM) have been shown to be more adequate for modelling the 3D distribution of stress within the Soil induced by wheeling and the complex stress–strain behaviour of Soil. Nevertheless, these models require more mechanical parameters and have been evaluated under limited conditions in laboratory bins or in the field with low Compaction intensities. This review stresses the need to test FEM Soil Compaction models, so as to extend the range of conditions where these models can be applied.
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field study of Soil Compaction due to traffic in northern france pore space and morphological analysis of the compacted zones
Soil & Tillage Research, 1999Co-Authors: Guy Richard, Hubert Boizard, Jean Rogerestrade, Jean Boiffin, Jerome GuerifAbstract:Abstract Soil Compaction can have important impacts in cropping systems but little is known about the geometry and volumes of compacted zones. This paper examines the change in Soil Compaction due to traffic under a wide range of Soil conditions, describing its intensity and the Soil volumes affected. Soil Compaction after several types of wheeling operations, namely seed-bed preparation, sowing or harvesting, was characterised for a wide range of moisture conditions in a loamy Soil (Haplic Luvisol) in a long-term field experiment in northern France. Soil Compaction was described by pore space and morphological analysis. Pore space analysis was characterised using the structural porosity under wheel tracks estimated from field bulk density measurements and laboratory textural porosity measurements. Morphological analysis was characterised using the relative percentage of the compacted zones (massive zones without visible macropores) of the Soil profile under wheel tracks. Soil compactness varied greatly under wheel tracks, from 0.25 to 0 m 3 m −3 for structural porosity, from 100% to 0% for the percentage of the compacted zones. Structural porosity depended on the type of field operation and the corresponding tractor size: it remained higher after seed-bed preparation (5 Mg tractor with wide tyres inflated to 80 kPa) than after sowing (4 Mg tractor with narrow tyres inflated to 200 kPa) and harvesting (10 Mg harvester with wide tyres inflated to 250 kPa). Structural porosity decreased linearly when the Soil water content at wheeling increased. It increased as the structural porosity before wheeling increased. The same effects of the Soil conditions and the type of field operation were obtained using the percentage of compacted zones to describe Soil Compaction. The percentage of compacted zones increased for Soil moisture >0.15 g g −1 at harvesting, >0.16 g g −1 at sowing, and >0.21 g g −1 at seed-bed preparation. Morphological analysis indicated that the change in the percentage of compacted zones resulted from changes in both their width and depth. The geometry of the compacted zones could be approximated by a half-ellipse. These results show how a morphological method is useful for describing the Soil volumes affected by Soil Compaction under field conditions.
H A Bahrami - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza Soil sterilization and Soil Compaction on wheat triticum aestivum l nutrients uptake
Soil & Tillage Research, 2009Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:The stress of Soil Compaction, because of using agricultural machinery, may provide conditions such as limiting nutrient uptake, not suitable for plant growth. Here we hypothesized that using arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM, plant symbiotic fungi), as a biological method, may overcome the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth by enhancing nutrient uptake. Soil surface layer of the Experimental Research Field of Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj, Iran, was sieved, sterilized, and compacted at 10 kg pots in two experiments. At seeding wheat seeds were inoculated with different species of Glomus fungi with different origins. Shoot nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu was determined. Soil sterilization significantly increased the nutrient uptake of mycorrhizal wheat even at the highest level of Compaction. Even under compacted conditions, increased P uptake, due to AM inoculation had an important role to alleviate the stress. This novel finding may indicate the important role of AM to overcome the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat nutrient uptake, the independency of AM origin on their functionality, and the great importance of managing Soil biological communities in agricultural systems.
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effects of Soil Compaction and arbuscular mycorrhiza on corn zea mays l nutrient uptake
Soil & Tillage Research, 2009Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:Abstract Soil Compaction is of great importance, due to its adverse effects on plant growth and the environment. Mechanical methods to control Soil Compaction may not be economically and environmentally friendly. Hence, we designed experiments to test the hypothesis that use of plant symbiotic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may alleviate the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn ( Zea mays L.) growth through enhancing nutrient uptake. AM continuously interact with other Soil microorganisms and its original diversity may also be important in determining the ability of the fungi to cope with the stresses. Hence, the objectives were: (1) to determine the effects of Soil Compaction on corn nutrient uptake in unsterilized (S1) and sterilized (S2) Soils, and (2) to determine if inoculation of corn with different species of AM with different origins can enhance corn nutrient uptake in a compacted Soil. Using 2 kg weights, Soils (from the field topSoil) of 10 kg pots were compacted at three and four levels (C1, C2, C3 and C4) (C1 = non-compacted control) in the first and second experiment, respectively. Corn (cv. 704) seeds were planted in each pot and were inoculated with different AM treatments including control (M1), Iranian Glomus mosseae (M2), Iranian G. etunicatum (M3), and Canadian G. mosseae , received from GINCO (Glomales In Vitro Collection), Canada (M4). Corn leaf nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were determined. Higher levels of Compaction reduced corn nutrient uptake, however different species of AM and Soil sterilization significantly increased it. The highest increase in nutrient uptake was related to P (60%) and Fe (58%) due to treatment M4S2C3. Although it seems that M3 and M4 may be the most effective species on corn nutrient uptake in a compacted Soil, M2 increased nutrient uptake under conditions (C3 and C4 in unsterilized Soil) where the other species did not. Through increasing nutrient uptake AM can alleviate the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn growth.
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using arbuscular mycorrhiza to alleviate the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat triticum aestivum l growth
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:Since large areas of agricultural fields in the world become compacted every year, much effort has been made to reduce the adverse effects of Soil Compaction on plant growth. Mechanical methods to control Soil Compaction may be laborious and expensive; however, biological methods such as using arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may be more useful, economically and environmentally. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of Soil Compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, and (2) to evaluate if using AM of different origin can reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on wheat growth. Unsterilized and sterilized Soils, different levels of Compaction and three species of arbuscular mycorrhiza were applied in four replicates. The experiments were conducted in the Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined. The AM increased wheat growth in both Soils at different levels of Soil Compaction in both experiments. For root, shoot (P=0.1) and grain (P=0.05) dry weights increases were significant. AM enhanced root growth more than shoot growth under Compaction (AM resulted in significant increase in root/shoot ratios, P=0.1). Due to its unique characteristics, AM may reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on wheat growth, though its effectiveness may decrease with increasing Compaction.
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using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn zea mays l growth
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2007Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J Malakouti, H TorabiAbstract:Soil Compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of Soil Compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of Soil Compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted Soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and Soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted Soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted Soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of Compaction and also to the interaction with other Soil microorganisms.
Farhad Rejali - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza Soil sterilization and Soil Compaction on wheat triticum aestivum l nutrients uptake
Soil & Tillage Research, 2009Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:The stress of Soil Compaction, because of using agricultural machinery, may provide conditions such as limiting nutrient uptake, not suitable for plant growth. Here we hypothesized that using arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM, plant symbiotic fungi), as a biological method, may overcome the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth by enhancing nutrient uptake. Soil surface layer of the Experimental Research Field of Soil and Water Research Institute in Karaj, Iran, was sieved, sterilized, and compacted at 10 kg pots in two experiments. At seeding wheat seeds were inoculated with different species of Glomus fungi with different origins. Shoot nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu was determined. Soil sterilization significantly increased the nutrient uptake of mycorrhizal wheat even at the highest level of Compaction. Even under compacted conditions, increased P uptake, due to AM inoculation had an important role to alleviate the stress. This novel finding may indicate the important role of AM to overcome the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat nutrient uptake, the independency of AM origin on their functionality, and the great importance of managing Soil biological communities in agricultural systems.
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effects of Soil Compaction and arbuscular mycorrhiza on corn zea mays l nutrient uptake
Soil & Tillage Research, 2009Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:Abstract Soil Compaction is of great importance, due to its adverse effects on plant growth and the environment. Mechanical methods to control Soil Compaction may not be economically and environmentally friendly. Hence, we designed experiments to test the hypothesis that use of plant symbiotic fungi, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may alleviate the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn ( Zea mays L.) growth through enhancing nutrient uptake. AM continuously interact with other Soil microorganisms and its original diversity may also be important in determining the ability of the fungi to cope with the stresses. Hence, the objectives were: (1) to determine the effects of Soil Compaction on corn nutrient uptake in unsterilized (S1) and sterilized (S2) Soils, and (2) to determine if inoculation of corn with different species of AM with different origins can enhance corn nutrient uptake in a compacted Soil. Using 2 kg weights, Soils (from the field topSoil) of 10 kg pots were compacted at three and four levels (C1, C2, C3 and C4) (C1 = non-compacted control) in the first and second experiment, respectively. Corn (cv. 704) seeds were planted in each pot and were inoculated with different AM treatments including control (M1), Iranian Glomus mosseae (M2), Iranian G. etunicatum (M3), and Canadian G. mosseae , received from GINCO (Glomales In Vitro Collection), Canada (M4). Corn leaf nutrient uptake of N, P, K, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu were determined. Higher levels of Compaction reduced corn nutrient uptake, however different species of AM and Soil sterilization significantly increased it. The highest increase in nutrient uptake was related to P (60%) and Fe (58%) due to treatment M4S2C3. Although it seems that M3 and M4 may be the most effective species on corn nutrient uptake in a compacted Soil, M2 increased nutrient uptake under conditions (C3 and C4 in unsterilized Soil) where the other species did not. Through increasing nutrient uptake AM can alleviate the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn growth.
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using arbuscular mycorrhiza to alleviate the stress of Soil Compaction on wheat triticum aestivum l growth
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J MalakoutiAbstract:Since large areas of agricultural fields in the world become compacted every year, much effort has been made to reduce the adverse effects of Soil Compaction on plant growth. Mechanical methods to control Soil Compaction may be laborious and expensive; however, biological methods such as using arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) may be more useful, economically and environmentally. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effects of Soil Compaction on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth, and (2) to evaluate if using AM of different origin can reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on wheat growth. Unsterilized and sterilized Soils, different levels of Compaction and three species of arbuscular mycorrhiza were applied in four replicates. The experiments were conducted in the Soil and Water Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Soil physical and chemical properties were determined. The AM increased wheat growth in both Soils at different levels of Soil Compaction in both experiments. For root, shoot (P=0.1) and grain (P=0.05) dry weights increases were significant. AM enhanced root growth more than shoot growth under Compaction (AM resulted in significant increase in root/shoot ratios, P=0.1). Due to its unique characteristics, AM may reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on wheat growth, though its effectiveness may decrease with increasing Compaction.
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using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn zea mays l growth
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2007Co-Authors: M Miransari, H A Bahrami, Farhad Rejali, M J Malakouti, H TorabiAbstract:Soil Compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of Soil Compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of Soil Compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of Soil Compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted Soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and Soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted Soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted Soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of Compaction and also to the interaction with other Soil microorganisms.
