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P. K. Nair - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Theoretical analysis of the thermal performance of chemically deposited Solar Control coatings
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 1993Co-Authors: C.a. Estrada-gasca, Gema Álvarez-garcía, P. K. NairAbstract:A mathematical model to predict the shading coefficients (SC) and Solar rejection factor (SRF) of various types of chemically deposited Solar Control coatings is presented. The values of SC and SRF are presented for coatings with soar absorptance in the 50-75% range and Solar reflectance in the 10-25% range for typical exterior temperature of 10-50 degrees C. Chemically deposited Solar Control coatings with a protective polymer coating applied on 6 mm thick sheet glass in architectural windows are seen to provide SC in the 0.3 to 0.75 range depending on the optical characteristics and exterior temperatures. A Solar rejection factor of 33-56% is available from the coatings already reported.
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Thermal performance of an architectural window with chemically deposited SnSCuxS Solar Control coating
Renewable Energy, 1993Co-Authors: C.a. Estrada-gasca, Gema Álvarez-garcía, P. K. NairAbstract:A mathematical model enabling the prediction of the thermal performance of Solar Control glazings employing chemically deposited Solar Control coatings with or without a transparent protective polymer coating is presented. Differential energy balance for the glazing is set up assuming one-dimensional steady state case for normal incidence of air mass 2 Solar radiation and by considering conductive heat transfer within the glazing and convective and radiative heat transfer into the interior and exterior of the building. Using the specific example of the optical properties of the already reported SnSCuxS Solar Control coatings, the redistribution of the absorbed component of the Solar radiation is evaluated for constant convective heat transfer coefficient and temperature in the interior and for exterior temperatures in the 0-50°C range. The results yield shading coefficient versus exterior temperature curves for two specific SnSCuxS coatings without and with a protective transparent varnish and offering transmittance in the visible region of 27 and 21%. © 1993.
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Chemically deposited Bi[sub 2]S[sub 3]-Cu[sub x]S Solar Control coatings
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1993Co-Authors: M. T. S. Nair, C.a. Estrada-gasca, G. Alvarez-garcia, P. K. NairAbstract:Solar Control characteristics are described for chemically deposited thin film coatings consisting of an initial layer of Bi[sub 2]S[sub 3] film of [approximately] 0.05 [mu]m thickness deposited at room temperature (25 C) for 45-76 min from baths containing bismuth nitrate, triethanolamine (TEA) and thioacetamide and a Cu[sub x]S thin film of 0.1-0.25 [mu]m thickness deposited either at room temperature, for 3-6 h, or at 50 C, for 1-2 h using baths consisting of copper(II) chloride, TEA, thioureau (TU), NaOH and NH[sub 3](aq). Air annealing of these films at 150 C for 30 min yield well-desired Solar Control characteristics: sheet resistance in a range which signifies a low thermal emittance; integrated transmittance of 15-32% in the visible region and 11-22% in the near-infrared region; integrated transmittance of [approximately]13-25% for Solar radiation and a range of shades in reflected daylight. Using a mathematical model, the Solar Control performance of these coatings in a 6 mm sheet glass is predicted for an architectural window in a tropical location showing that Solar radiation rejection of [approximately] 50% is obtainable for a integrated transmittance of 17%.
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CHEMICALLY DEPOSITED ZnS-NiS-CuS OPTICAL FILTERS WITH WIDE RANGE Solar Control CHARACTERISTICS
Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 1993Co-Authors: A.m. Fernández, M. T. S. Nair, P. K. NairAbstract:Abstract Successive chemical bath depositions of ZnS (substrate film) with NiS (neutral density absorber film) and CuS (u.v. and i.r. absorber film) on glass substrates are described. These films exhibit a wide range of Solar Control characteristics. The use of such optical filters enable energy saving in space conditioning of buildings and offor visible transmittance of 7% - 28%, depending on the thickness of NiS and CuS films which is Controlled by the durations of deposition
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Metal sulfide thin films on glass as Solar Control, Solar absorber, decorative, and photographic coatings
Reflective and Refractive Optical Materials for Earth and Space Applications, 1991Co-Authors: P. K. Nair, A. Fernandez, V M Garcia, Manisha Nair, Antonio Hernandez BarosioAbstract:An overview of the optical transmittance and reflectance characteristics of selected metal sulfide thin-film coatings obtained on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition is presented. The focus is on their application as Solar Control coatings, Solar absorber coatings, decorative coatings, and as an imaging medium. Coatings of PbS-CuxS, Bi2S3- CuxS, SnS-CuxS, and ZnS-CuxS offer a range of Solar Control characteristics. Depending on the thickness of the individual films, Solar absorptance of approximately equals 90% has been observed for SnS-CuxS and ZnS-CuxS thin films. Pleasant shades of colors observed in reflected daylight due to the thin film interference in these films together with the ease with which chemically deposited coatings can be obtained on cylindrical or planar substrates suggest the use of these films as decorative coatings. An application of these films as a photographic medium is possible based on the photo-accelerated chemical deposition of PbS and Bi2S3 thin films by which a specularly reflective image is obtained.
Toshikazu Nishide - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of Solar Control glazings on human skin temperature
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1997Co-Authors: Itaru Shibata, Toshikazu NishideAbstract:Human skin temperatures were measured under exposure to near-infrared radiation through Solar Control glazings containing SiWOxfilms as Solar Control materials. It was found that the increase in skin temperature corresponds to the Solar transmittance (Ts) value of the glazings. When the hand was exposed to radiation through a glazing containing Solar Control films, the skin temperature after five minutes was less 0.9-1.8°C lower than when the corresponding glass without the films was used. The Solar Control glazings were effective in reducing the increase in skin temperature.
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Solar Control coatings containing a sputter deposited SiWOx film
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1997Co-Authors: Itaru Shibata, Toshikazu NishideAbstract:Abstract A two-layer SiWOx/Al2O3 film was deposited on a quartz glass substrate by rf reactive sputtering using Si10W90 and Al targets for use as a Solar Control glazing. The resistivity of the SiWOx film is 2.26 Ω·cm, indicating that it allows transmission of radio waves. This film shows wide absorption bands in the 500–1600 nm region and high transmittance in the 300–500 nm region, and its Solar energy and visible transmittances are 50% and 58%, respectively. This film also exhibits good thermal stability. The two-layer film can be used as an effective Solar Control glazing that allows the transmission of radio waves and is thermally stable.
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Measurement of skin temperature under exposure to infrared radiation through Solar Control glazings
Glass Technology, 1997Co-Authors: Itaru Shibata, Toshikazu NishideAbstract:Changes in human skin temperature caused by exposure to infrared radiation through Solar Control glazings were evaluated as colour images using an infrared radiometer. The increase in skin temperature corresponded to the Solar transmittance (T s ) value of the glass; after 5 min radiation the increase in temperature was reduced by 3.1°C when the T s value was lowered from 74 to 60%. The Solar Control glazings were effective in reducing the increase in skin temperature.
M. T. S. Nair - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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CHEMICALLY DEPOSITED ZnS-NiS-CuS OPTICAL FILTERS WITH WIDE RANGE Solar Control CHARACTERISTICS
Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 1993Co-Authors: A.m. Fernández, M. T. S. Nair, P. K. NairAbstract:Abstract Successive chemical bath depositions of ZnS (substrate film) with NiS (neutral density absorber film) and CuS (u.v. and i.r. absorber film) on glass substrates are described. These films exhibit a wide range of Solar Control characteristics. The use of such optical filters enable energy saving in space conditioning of buildings and offor visible transmittance of 7% - 28%, depending on the thickness of NiS and CuS films which is Controlled by the durations of deposition
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Chemically deposited Bi[sub 2]S[sub 3]-Cu[sub x]S Solar Control coatings
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1993Co-Authors: M. T. S. Nair, C.a. Estrada-gasca, G. Alvarez-garcia, P. K. NairAbstract:Solar Control characteristics are described for chemically deposited thin film coatings consisting of an initial layer of Bi[sub 2]S[sub 3] film of [approximately] 0.05 [mu]m thickness deposited at room temperature (25 C) for 45-76 min from baths containing bismuth nitrate, triethanolamine (TEA) and thioacetamide and a Cu[sub x]S thin film of 0.1-0.25 [mu]m thickness deposited either at room temperature, for 3-6 h, or at 50 C, for 1-2 h using baths consisting of copper(II) chloride, TEA, thioureau (TU), NaOH and NH[sub 3](aq). Air annealing of these films at 150 C for 30 min yield well-desired Solar Control characteristics: sheet resistance in a range which signifies a low thermal emittance; integrated transmittance of 15-32% in the visible region and 11-22% in the near-infrared region; integrated transmittance of [approximately]13-25% for Solar radiation and a range of shades in reflected daylight. Using a mathematical model, the Solar Control performance of these coatings in a 6 mm sheet glass is predicted for an architectural window in a tropical location showing that Solar radiation rejection of [approximately] 50% is obtainable for a integrated transmittance of 17%.
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Optimization of chemically deposited CuxS Solar Control coatings
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 1991Co-Authors: P. K. Nair, A. Fernandez, V M Garcia, H S Ruiz, M. T. S. NairAbstract:CuxS thin films appropriate for use as Solar Control coatings for architectural glazing applications have been deposited from chemical baths constituted from copper(II) nitrate or chloride, NH3(aq), NaOH, triethanolamine and thiourea. At ambient temperature (25 degrees C), the duration of deposition ranges from 2 to 12 h, but at 50 degrees C, deposition can be considerably faster, from 1 h to 2 h 50 min. CuxS films deposited in this manner require air annealing at 150 degrees C for about 10 min, to reduce the integrated infrared transmittance, T*(IR), to about 10%. The corresponding integrated transmittance in the visible region, T*(vis), is about 30% and the integrated transmittance for AM2 Solar spectra is about 20%. The optical transmittance spectra of the annealed films are peaked in the 0.55-0.575 mu m wavelength range, which provides a greenish yellow illumination inside the building under daylight, that corresponds to the peak in the spectral sensitivity curve of the human eye for photopic (daylight) vision. The reduction in sheet resistance of the CuxS films with the air annealing, from about M Omega Square Operator -1 to about 10-100 Omega Square Operator -1, ensures a low thermal emittance which is a requirement for high-efficiency Solar Control coatings. The issues involved in the optimization of the deposition conditions for large-area production of the coatings and the choice of protective polymer coatings are also discussed.
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sns cuxs thin film combination a desirable Solar Control coating for architectural and automobile glazings
Journal of Physics D, 1991Co-Authors: M. T. S. Nair, P. K. NairAbstract:SnS-CuxS thin-film combinations deposited on glass substrates are found to offer sought-after Solar Control characteristics for architectural and automobile glazing applications with a choice of colours in reflection-bluish, greenish yellow, golden purple etc. The coatings were obtained by successive chemical depositions of SnS and CuxS thin films. The nontoxicity of SnS and CuxS films, their stability and the good adhesion of SnS films to glass substrates and that of CuxS films to polymer coatings are attractive features for the production of laminated or other types of Solar Control glazings for architectural and automobile windows which would be acceptable from legal, technical and aesthetic points of view.
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CHEMICALLY DEPOSITED Solar Control COATINGS: AN UPDATE
Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 1991Co-Authors: P. K. Nair, M. T. S. NairAbstract:Abstract Solar Control coatings are required for architectural glazing applications in locations with a warm climate. Their use is particularly vital for energy conservation in buildings when conventional ideas in passive architecture are not acceptable such as in tower-type edifices in urban set up and when windows are required to face east or west in search of scenic beauty. In this paper we present an update on chemically deposited Solar Control coatings for the production of glazing with near ideal and versatile Solar Control characteristics. The coatings are based on single or multilayers of CuxS, Bi2S3, PbS, SnS, NiS etc. The characteristics of these glazings include an integrated transmittance in the visible region of 10 - 35%, integrated transmittance in the infrared region of - 10%. and a range of colors in reflected day light. In addition to Solar Control applications of the above films, their prospects in decorative coatings, image recording using photo-accelerated chemical deposition, low-cost...
Itaru Shibata - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of Solar Control glazings on human skin temperature
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1997Co-Authors: Itaru Shibata, Toshikazu NishideAbstract:Human skin temperatures were measured under exposure to near-infrared radiation through Solar Control glazings containing SiWOxfilms as Solar Control materials. It was found that the increase in skin temperature corresponds to the Solar transmittance (Ts) value of the glazings. When the hand was exposed to radiation through a glazing containing Solar Control films, the skin temperature after five minutes was less 0.9-1.8°C lower than when the corresponding glass without the films was used. The Solar Control glazings were effective in reducing the increase in skin temperature.
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Solar Control coatings containing a sputter deposited SiWOx film
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 1997Co-Authors: Itaru Shibata, Toshikazu NishideAbstract:Abstract A two-layer SiWOx/Al2O3 film was deposited on a quartz glass substrate by rf reactive sputtering using Si10W90 and Al targets for use as a Solar Control glazing. The resistivity of the SiWOx film is 2.26 Ω·cm, indicating that it allows transmission of radio waves. This film shows wide absorption bands in the 500–1600 nm region and high transmittance in the 300–500 nm region, and its Solar energy and visible transmittances are 50% and 58%, respectively. This film also exhibits good thermal stability. The two-layer film can be used as an effective Solar Control glazing that allows the transmission of radio waves and is thermally stable.
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Measurement of skin temperature under exposure to infrared radiation through Solar Control glazings
Glass Technology, 1997Co-Authors: Itaru Shibata, Toshikazu NishideAbstract:Changes in human skin temperature caused by exposure to infrared radiation through Solar Control glazings were evaluated as colour images using an infrared radiometer. The increase in skin temperature corresponded to the Solar transmittance (T s ) value of the glass; after 5 min radiation the increase in temperature was reduced by 3.1°C when the T s value was lowered from 74 to 60%. The Solar Control glazings were effective in reducing the increase in skin temperature.
C.a. Estrada-gasca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Theoretical analysis of the thermal performance of chemically deposited Solar Control coatings
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 1993Co-Authors: C.a. Estrada-gasca, Gema Álvarez-garcía, P. K. NairAbstract:A mathematical model to predict the shading coefficients (SC) and Solar rejection factor (SRF) of various types of chemically deposited Solar Control coatings is presented. The values of SC and SRF are presented for coatings with soar absorptance in the 50-75% range and Solar reflectance in the 10-25% range for typical exterior temperature of 10-50 degrees C. Chemically deposited Solar Control coatings with a protective polymer coating applied on 6 mm thick sheet glass in architectural windows are seen to provide SC in the 0.3 to 0.75 range depending on the optical characteristics and exterior temperatures. A Solar rejection factor of 33-56% is available from the coatings already reported.
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Thermal performance of an architectural window with chemically deposited SnSCuxS Solar Control coating
Renewable Energy, 1993Co-Authors: C.a. Estrada-gasca, Gema Álvarez-garcía, P. K. NairAbstract:A mathematical model enabling the prediction of the thermal performance of Solar Control glazings employing chemically deposited Solar Control coatings with or without a transparent protective polymer coating is presented. Differential energy balance for the glazing is set up assuming one-dimensional steady state case for normal incidence of air mass 2 Solar radiation and by considering conductive heat transfer within the glazing and convective and radiative heat transfer into the interior and exterior of the building. Using the specific example of the optical properties of the already reported SnSCuxS Solar Control coatings, the redistribution of the absorbed component of the Solar radiation is evaluated for constant convective heat transfer coefficient and temperature in the interior and for exterior temperatures in the 0-50°C range. The results yield shading coefficient versus exterior temperature curves for two specific SnSCuxS coatings without and with a protective transparent varnish and offering transmittance in the visible region of 27 and 21%. © 1993.
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Chemically deposited Bi[sub 2]S[sub 3]-Cu[sub x]S Solar Control coatings
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 1993Co-Authors: M. T. S. Nair, C.a. Estrada-gasca, G. Alvarez-garcia, P. K. NairAbstract:Solar Control characteristics are described for chemically deposited thin film coatings consisting of an initial layer of Bi[sub 2]S[sub 3] film of [approximately] 0.05 [mu]m thickness deposited at room temperature (25 C) for 45-76 min from baths containing bismuth nitrate, triethanolamine (TEA) and thioacetamide and a Cu[sub x]S thin film of 0.1-0.25 [mu]m thickness deposited either at room temperature, for 3-6 h, or at 50 C, for 1-2 h using baths consisting of copper(II) chloride, TEA, thioureau (TU), NaOH and NH[sub 3](aq). Air annealing of these films at 150 C for 30 min yield well-desired Solar Control characteristics: sheet resistance in a range which signifies a low thermal emittance; integrated transmittance of 15-32% in the visible region and 11-22% in the near-infrared region; integrated transmittance of [approximately]13-25% for Solar radiation and a range of shades in reflected daylight. Using a mathematical model, the Solar Control performance of these coatings in a 6 mm sheet glass is predicted for an architectural window in a tropical location showing that Solar radiation rejection of [approximately] 50% is obtainable for a integrated transmittance of 17%.
