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Wayne E. Marshall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An anion exchange resin from Soybean Hulls
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2004Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. WartelleAbstract:Agricultural by-products are generally poor adsorbents of anions in solution. Therefore, modification of the by-product could enhance its anion exchange capabilities. The objective of this study was to increase the anion exchange properties of the agricultural by-product, Soybean Hulls, by chemical modification. Soybean Hulls were quaternized with the quaternizing agent, N-(3-chloro-2- hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride, in the presence of a strongly alkaline environment. This modification increased the amount of positive charge on the Hulls as evidenced by increased nitrogen content and increased uptake of anions compared with the unmodified Hulls. A method to optimize the anion exchange properties of the Hulls was developed. Ion exchange properties of the Hulls toward anions of environmental significance, namely arsenate (As), chromate (Cr), dichromate (Cr2), phosphate (P) and selenate (Se) were determined. The modified Hulls were also compared with commercial cellulose-based and synthetic anion exchange resins in their ability to removethese anions fromsolution. The experimental and commercial resins were also compared for their ability to remove a mixture of arsenate, chromate, dichromate and selenate from laboratory prepared solutions to levels below the maximum contaminant levels for these anions in drinking water as specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Our results demonstrate that the soy hull resin is more efficient in anion removal than the commercial cellulose-based resin but not as effective as the commercial synthetic resin. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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comparison of attrition in citric acid modified Soybean Hulls and commercial cation exchange resins
Industrial Crops and Products, 2001Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. Wartelle, Alexandra Z ChattersAbstract:The integrity of ion exchange media used under conditions of different times of use, temperatures and pH values is important in its selection. This study was conducted to quantify the lack of integrity (attrition) in base-extracted (BE), citric acid (CA)-modified Soybean Hulls, a lignocellulosic cation exchange material and compare its attrition to two synthetic, commercial cation exchange resins. Attrition was determined in both batch and column operations. Batch studies included measuring attrition over a 24 h period under conditions of constant pH, variable pH and at different temperatures. Under conditions of a constant pH of 4.8, 25°C and using a stir bar, modified Hulls had mostly lower attrition than the two commercial products. Under acidic conditions, modified Hulls demonstrated very low (<5%) attrition. At alkaline pH values, modified Hulls had higher attrition than the resins after 24 h of stirring at 25°C. Although attrition increased at alkaline pH, the modified Hulls ability to bind copper ion (Cu2+) was unaffected by pH. After 24 h shaking at 65 and 85°C, modified Hulls also had greater attrition than the synthetic polymers. At these temperatures, a decreased ability of the modified Hulls to bind copper ion was observed compared to the lower temperatures of 25 and 45°C. When the products were compared in column experiments at 25°C, all materials had low (<10%) attrition. Our studies indicate that in terms of product integrity, modified Soybean Hulls could be useful in several applications requiring a metal ion adsorbent, but not necessarily at high temperatures.
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Metal Ion Adsorption by Soybean Hulls Modified with Citric Acid: A Comparative Study
Environmental Technology, 2000Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. Wartelle, D. E. Boler, Christopher A. TolesAbstract:Soybean Hulls, extracted with 0.1 N NaOH (BE) and modified in the presence of 0.6 M citric acid (CA), were compared to similarily treated peanut shells and the Hulls of almonds, cottonseed and macadamia nut for their ability to adsorb copper ion (Cu2+) as a typical metal ion. BE, CA-modified Soybean Hulls had the highest metal ion adsorption but similarly treated almond Hulls had the highest total negative charge. BE, CA-modified Soybean Hulls also were compared to BE Hulls modified in the presence of 0.6 M concentrations of four different dicarboxylic acids (maleic, malic, succinic, tartaric) for their copper ion adsorption potential. Hulls modified with CA had the highest adsorption of copper ion by virtue of their largest total negative charge. Adsorption capacities and affinity constants for the metal ions cadmium (Cd2+), copper (Cu2+), nickel (Ni2+), lead (Pb2+) and zinc (Zn2+) were determined for BE, CA-modified Hulls at pH 4.8. Adsorption capacities for all ions were greater than 1.0 mmol g−1 hull....
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enhanced metal adsorption by Soybean Hulls modified with citric acid
Bioresource Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. Wartelle, D. E. Boler, Mitchell M Johns, Christopher A. TolesAbstract:Abstract A method was developed to enhance metal ion adsorption of Soybean Hulls for wastewater treatment using copper ion (Cu2+) as a typical metal ion. Hulls, extracted with 0.1 N NaOH, were modified with different citric acid (CA) concentrations (0.1-1.2 M) at 120°C for 90 min. CA-modified Hulls had adsorption capacities for Cu2+ from 0.68 to 2.44 mmoles/g, which was much higher than for unmodified Hulls (0.39 mmoles/g). The total negative charge for these Hulls also increased with increasing CA concentration and was about twice the copper ion adsorption capacity at all CA concentrations. The need for NaOH (base) extraction (BE) before CA modification was examined. CA-modified, non-extracted (NE) and CA-modified, BE Hulls were compared for adsorption kinetics and adsorption capacity. Base extraction resulted in modified Hulls with faster adsorption kinetics and slightly lower adsorption capacity for copper ion than NE Hulls. For BE, CA-modified Hulls, increasing the temperature from 25°C to 60°C appeared to have no effect on the rate of copper ion removal from solution. CA modification of Soybean Hulls greatly enhanced metal ion removal and resulted in a product with possible commercial potential for metal ion remediation.
Christopher A. Toles - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Metal Ion Adsorption by Soybean Hulls Modified with Citric Acid: A Comparative Study
Environmental Technology, 2000Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. Wartelle, D. E. Boler, Christopher A. TolesAbstract:Soybean Hulls, extracted with 0.1 N NaOH (BE) and modified in the presence of 0.6 M citric acid (CA), were compared to similarily treated peanut shells and the Hulls of almonds, cottonseed and macadamia nut for their ability to adsorb copper ion (Cu2+) as a typical metal ion. BE, CA-modified Soybean Hulls had the highest metal ion adsorption but similarly treated almond Hulls had the highest total negative charge. BE, CA-modified Soybean Hulls also were compared to BE Hulls modified in the presence of 0.6 M concentrations of four different dicarboxylic acids (maleic, malic, succinic, tartaric) for their copper ion adsorption potential. Hulls modified with CA had the highest adsorption of copper ion by virtue of their largest total negative charge. Adsorption capacities and affinity constants for the metal ions cadmium (Cd2+), copper (Cu2+), nickel (Ni2+), lead (Pb2+) and zinc (Zn2+) were determined for BE, CA-modified Hulls at pH 4.8. Adsorption capacities for all ions were greater than 1.0 mmol g−1 hull....
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enhanced metal adsorption by Soybean Hulls modified with citric acid
Bioresource Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. Wartelle, D. E. Boler, Mitchell M Johns, Christopher A. TolesAbstract:Abstract A method was developed to enhance metal ion adsorption of Soybean Hulls for wastewater treatment using copper ion (Cu2+) as a typical metal ion. Hulls, extracted with 0.1 N NaOH, were modified with different citric acid (CA) concentrations (0.1-1.2 M) at 120°C for 90 min. CA-modified Hulls had adsorption capacities for Cu2+ from 0.68 to 2.44 mmoles/g, which was much higher than for unmodified Hulls (0.39 mmoles/g). The total negative charge for these Hulls also increased with increasing CA concentration and was about twice the copper ion adsorption capacity at all CA concentrations. The need for NaOH (base) extraction (BE) before CA modification was examined. CA-modified, non-extracted (NE) and CA-modified, BE Hulls were compared for adsorption kinetics and adsorption capacity. Base extraction resulted in modified Hulls with faster adsorption kinetics and slightly lower adsorption capacity for copper ion than NE Hulls. For BE, CA-modified Hulls, increasing the temperature from 25°C to 60°C appeared to have no effect on the rate of copper ion removal from solution. CA modification of Soybean Hulls greatly enhanced metal ion removal and resulted in a product with possible commercial potential for metal ion remediation.
Steven S. Dritz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effects of dietary Soybean Hulls particle size and diet form on nursery and finishing pig performance
Translational animal science, 2019Co-Authors: Devin Lynn Goehring, Michael D Tokach, Robert D Goodband, Joel M Derouchey, Jason C Woodworth, Chad B Paulk, Steven S. DritzAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to investigate increasing unground and finely ground Soybean Hulls fed in meal or pelleted form on nursery and finishing pig performance. In experiment 1, 1,100 nursery pigs (initially 6.8 ± 0.1 kg and 28 d of age) were used in a 42-d study with 11 replicates per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of Soybean Hulls (10% vs. 20%), grind type (unground, 617 µ vs. ground, 398 µ), and diet type (pelleted vs. meal form). No three-way or Soybean hull level × grind type interactions were observed. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was increased (P < 0.05) by pelleting, decreased (P < 0.05) by grinding, but unaffected by Soybean hull levels. Grind type × diet form interactions were observed (P < 0.05) for gain:feed ratio (G:F) and a tendency for average daily feed intake (ADFI; P < 0.10). This was because grinding Soybean Hulls decreased (P < 0.05) ADFI and increased (P < 0.05) G:F when fed in meal form; however, grinding did not affect ADFI and decreased (P < 0.05) G:F when diets were pelleted. Increasing Soybean Hulls increased (P < 0.05) ADFI and decreased (P < 0.05) G:F when diets were fed in meal form, but these effects were not observed when diets were pelleted (diet form × Soybean hull level interaction, P < 0.06). In experiment 2, 1,215 pigs (initially 21.1 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 118-d study with nine replications per treatment. Treatments were a corn-Soybean meal-based control diet and four diets arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of Soybean Hulls (7.5% vs. 15%) and grind type (unground, 787 µ vs. ground, 370 µ). All diets were fed in meal form. No Soybean hull level × grind type interactions were observed for any growth or carcass responses. Increasing dietary Soybean Hulls from 0% to 15%, regardless of particle size, did not affect ADG or ADFI, but decreased (linear, P < 0.02) G:F. Carcass yield, hot carcass weight, and backfat depth decreased (linear, P < 0.03) whereas percentage lean increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing Soybean Hulls. Pigs fed ground Soybean Hulls had increased backfat depth (P < 0.01) and decreased (P < 0.01) percentage lean and fat-free lean index. In summary, increasing Soybean Hulls up to 20% decreased G:F in nursery and finishing pigs, whereas pelleting nursery diets improved ADG and eliminated the negative effect of increasing Soybean Hulls on G:F. Grinding Soybean Hulls reduced growth performance in nursery and finishing pigs.
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The effects of Soybean Hulls level, distillers dried grains with solubles, and net energy formulation on nursery pig performance.
Translational animal science, 2019Co-Authors: Devin Lynn Goehring, Michael D Tokach, Robert D Goodband, Joel M Derouchey, Jason C Woodworth, Chad B Paulk, Steven S. DritzAbstract:Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of increasing dietary Soybean Hulls without or with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and net energy (NE) formulation on nursery pig performance. In experiment 1, a total of 210 nursery pigs (initially 6.6 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 34-d study. Pigs were fed one of five diets that contained increasing Soybean Hulls (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Diets were not balanced for NE. Increasing Soybean Hulls decreased (linear, P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio(G:F), and tended to decrease average daily feed intake (ADFI; quadratic, P < 0.10). In experiment 2, 210 nursery pigs (initially 13.6 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 20-d study to determine the effect of equal NE formulation in diets with Soybean Hulls. Pigs were fed one of five diets containing 0% (control), 10%, or 20% Soybean Hulls either balanced to contain equal NE to the control diet or not balanced for energy. Diets containing 10% and 20% Soybean Hulls with balanced NE contained 3.60% and 7.15% added Soybean oil, respectively. Increasing Soybean Hulls decreased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG regardless of formulation method. Pigs fed increasing Soybean Hulls without added fat had decreased (linear, P < 0.01) G:F. Increasing Soybean Hulls in diets with balanced NE decreased (linear, P < 0.02) ADFI, but did not affect G:F. In experiment 3, 600 pigs (initially 6.8 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 42-d study. Pigs were fed 1 of 10 diets containing 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, or 12% Soybean Hulls without or with DDGS (15% from d 0 to 14, 30% from d 15 to 42). Feeding DDGS reduced (P < 0.04) ADG and ADFI, and tended to increase (P < 0.06) G:F. Increasing Soybean Hulls decreased G:F quadratically (P < 0.03) in diets without DDGS, but decreased G:F linearly (P < 0.01) in diets with DDGS (Soybean Hulls × DDGS interaction, P < 0.05). In experiment 4, 304 barrows (initially 11.7 ± 0.2 kg) were used in a 21-d study. Pigs were fed one of eight diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% Soybean Hulls with or without 20% DDGS. No Soybean hull × DDGS interactions were observed. Increasing Soybean Hulls tended to decrease (linear, P < 0.08) G:F. In conclusion, feeding low levels of Soybean Hulls did not affect nursery pig performance but more than 5% Soybean Hulls, with or without DDGS, decreased G:F. Formulating diets containing Soybean Hulls on an equal NE basis eliminated the negative effects on G:F, but the NE (1,003 kcal/kg) of Soybean Hulls used in this study was underestimated.
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The Effects of Dietary Soybean Hulls, Particle Size, and Diet Form on Nursery Pig Performance1,2
2012Co-Authors: Devin Lynn Goehring, Steven S. Dritz, Michael D Tokach, Jim L Nelssen, Robert D Goodband, Joel M Derouchey, B. W. JamesAbstract:A total of 1,100 nursery pigs (PIC C-29 × 359, initially 15.0 lb BW) were used in a 42-d growth trial to determine the effects of increasing Soybean Hulls (10 or 20%) and Soybean hull particle size (unground or ground) in nursery pig diets fed in both meal and pelleted forms. The average particle size of the unground and ground Soybean Hulls were 617 and 398 μ, respectively. Pens of pigs (5 barrows and 5 gilts) were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 treatments with 11 replications per treatment. A 2-phase diet series was used with treatment diets fed from d 0 to 14 for Phase 1 and d 14 to 42 for Phase 2. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of 10 or 20% unground or finely ground Soybean Hulls with diets in pelleted or meal form. For individual phases and overall (d 0 to 42), no Soybean hull × particle size × diet form or particle size × Soybean hull interactions (P > 0.37 and P > 0.17, respectively) were observed; however, diet form × particle size interactions were observed for F/G and ADFI (P < 0.05 and P < 0.10, respectively). Grinding Soybean Hulls resulted in improved F/G and reduced ADFI when added to meal diets, but did not change F/G and had less effect on ADFI when added to pelleted diets. Diet form × particle size interactions (P < 0.05) also were observed for caloric efficiency on an ME and NE basis. Grinding Soybean Hulls slightly improved caloric efficiency in meal diets but worsened NE and ME caloric efficiency in pelleted diets. There was also a tendency for a diet form × Soybean Hulls interaction (P < 0.06) for ADFI and F/G. Increasing Soybean Hulls from 10 to 20% increased ADFI and worsened F/G in meal diets but resulted in slightly reduced ADFI and no changes to F/G when added to pelleted diets; furthermore, there were tendencies for diet form × Soybean Hulls interactions (P < 0.06) on caloric efficiency on an ME and NE basis in which increasing Soybean Hulls from 10 to 20% improved caloric efficiency to a greater extent in pelleted diets than in meal diets.
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The effects of Soybean Hulls and their particle size on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs.
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 2012Co-Authors: Devin Lynn Goehring, Michael D Tokach, Jim L Nelssen, Robert D Goodband, Joel M Derouchey, Steven S. DritzAbstract:A total of 1,235 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 68.4 lb) were used in a 118-d study to determine the effects of 7.5 and 15% ground or unground Soybean Hulls on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs raised in a commercial environment. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 26 to 28 pigs per pen and 9 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial, and main effects were Soybean hull particle size (unground or ground, 787 and 370 μ, respectively) and amount of Soybean Hulls (7.5 or 15%) in corn-Soybean meal–based diets. The fifth treatment was a positive control, a corn-Soybean meal–based diet. No particle size × Soybean hull interactions (P > 0.18) occurred. Overall (d 0 to 118), increasing Soybean Hulls, regardless of particle size, did not affect ADG but numerically increased (P = 0.11) ADFI, resulting in poorer (linear, P < 0.02) F/G. Although F/G became worse, increasing Soybean Hulls in the diet improved (linear, P < 0.002) caloric efficiency on an ME and NE basis, indicating that published energy values undervalue the energy content of Soybean Hulls. Unexpectedly, grinding Soybean Hulls to a lower particle size worsened F/G (P < 0.04) and caloric efficiencies (P < 0.03).
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The effects of Soybean Hulls on nursery pig growth performance
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 2012Co-Authors: Devin Lynn Goehring, Michael D Tokach, Jim L Nelssen, Robert D Goodband, Joel M Derouchey, Steven S. DritzAbstract:(linear, P 0.23). Despite the linear response, the greatest decreases in pig performance were observed as Soybean Hulls were added at 10% or greater of the diet; those fed only 5% of the diet were similar to control pigs. In Exp. 2, 210 nursery pigs (PIC, 337 × 1050, initially 29.9 lb) were used in a 20-d study. Pigs were fed a common diet for 14 d after weaning. The 5 corn-Soybean meal– based diets were arranged in a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial, including a corn-Soybean meal control diet without Soybean Hulls and diets containing 10 or 20% Soybean Hulls either balanced on an NE basis or not. The diets balanced for NE contained 3.6 and 7.15% added fat (Soybean oil) in the 10 and 20% Soybean hull diets to achieve the same NE value as the control diet. Overall (d 0 to 20), pigs fed increasing Soybean Hulls had decreased ADG (linear, P < 0.01) regardless of formulation method; however, pigs fed increasing amounts of Soybean Hulls without added fat were similar in ADFI but had poorer F/G (linear, P < 0.001). Pigs fed diets containing Soybean Hulls balanced for NE had decreased ADFI (P < 0.001) but improved F/G (P < 0.001) compared with pigs fed Soybean Hulls with no added fat, resulting in F/G similar to the control-fed pigs. In summary, Soybean Hulls can be included in nursery pig diets up to 5% with no negative effects on ADG, ADFI, and F/G. Higher amounts, up to 20% Soybean Hulls, can be included in nursery pig diets with F/G similar to pigs fed corn-Soybean diets if diets are formulated on an NE basis, but there are reductions in ADFI and ADG.
Lynda H. Wartelle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An anion exchange resin from Soybean Hulls
Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 2004Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. WartelleAbstract:Agricultural by-products are generally poor adsorbents of anions in solution. Therefore, modification of the by-product could enhance its anion exchange capabilities. The objective of this study was to increase the anion exchange properties of the agricultural by-product, Soybean Hulls, by chemical modification. Soybean Hulls were quaternized with the quaternizing agent, N-(3-chloro-2- hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride, in the presence of a strongly alkaline environment. This modification increased the amount of positive charge on the Hulls as evidenced by increased nitrogen content and increased uptake of anions compared with the unmodified Hulls. A method to optimize the anion exchange properties of the Hulls was developed. Ion exchange properties of the Hulls toward anions of environmental significance, namely arsenate (As), chromate (Cr), dichromate (Cr2), phosphate (P) and selenate (Se) were determined. The modified Hulls were also compared with commercial cellulose-based and synthetic anion exchange resins in their ability to removethese anions fromsolution. The experimental and commercial resins were also compared for their ability to remove a mixture of arsenate, chromate, dichromate and selenate from laboratory prepared solutions to levels below the maximum contaminant levels for these anions in drinking water as specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Our results demonstrate that the soy hull resin is more efficient in anion removal than the commercial cellulose-based resin but not as effective as the commercial synthetic resin. Published in 2004 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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comparison of attrition in citric acid modified Soybean Hulls and commercial cation exchange resins
Industrial Crops and Products, 2001Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. Wartelle, Alexandra Z ChattersAbstract:The integrity of ion exchange media used under conditions of different times of use, temperatures and pH values is important in its selection. This study was conducted to quantify the lack of integrity (attrition) in base-extracted (BE), citric acid (CA)-modified Soybean Hulls, a lignocellulosic cation exchange material and compare its attrition to two synthetic, commercial cation exchange resins. Attrition was determined in both batch and column operations. Batch studies included measuring attrition over a 24 h period under conditions of constant pH, variable pH and at different temperatures. Under conditions of a constant pH of 4.8, 25°C and using a stir bar, modified Hulls had mostly lower attrition than the two commercial products. Under acidic conditions, modified Hulls demonstrated very low (<5%) attrition. At alkaline pH values, modified Hulls had higher attrition than the resins after 24 h of stirring at 25°C. Although attrition increased at alkaline pH, the modified Hulls ability to bind copper ion (Cu2+) was unaffected by pH. After 24 h shaking at 65 and 85°C, modified Hulls also had greater attrition than the synthetic polymers. At these temperatures, a decreased ability of the modified Hulls to bind copper ion was observed compared to the lower temperatures of 25 and 45°C. When the products were compared in column experiments at 25°C, all materials had low (<10%) attrition. Our studies indicate that in terms of product integrity, modified Soybean Hulls could be useful in several applications requiring a metal ion adsorbent, but not necessarily at high temperatures.
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Metal Ion Adsorption by Soybean Hulls Modified with Citric Acid: A Comparative Study
Environmental Technology, 2000Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. Wartelle, D. E. Boler, Christopher A. TolesAbstract:Soybean Hulls, extracted with 0.1 N NaOH (BE) and modified in the presence of 0.6 M citric acid (CA), were compared to similarily treated peanut shells and the Hulls of almonds, cottonseed and macadamia nut for their ability to adsorb copper ion (Cu2+) as a typical metal ion. BE, CA-modified Soybean Hulls had the highest metal ion adsorption but similarly treated almond Hulls had the highest total negative charge. BE, CA-modified Soybean Hulls also were compared to BE Hulls modified in the presence of 0.6 M concentrations of four different dicarboxylic acids (maleic, malic, succinic, tartaric) for their copper ion adsorption potential. Hulls modified with CA had the highest adsorption of copper ion by virtue of their largest total negative charge. Adsorption capacities and affinity constants for the metal ions cadmium (Cd2+), copper (Cu2+), nickel (Ni2+), lead (Pb2+) and zinc (Zn2+) were determined for BE, CA-modified Hulls at pH 4.8. Adsorption capacities for all ions were greater than 1.0 mmol g−1 hull....
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enhanced metal adsorption by Soybean Hulls modified with citric acid
Bioresource Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Wayne E. Marshall, Lynda H. Wartelle, D. E. Boler, Mitchell M Johns, Christopher A. TolesAbstract:Abstract A method was developed to enhance metal ion adsorption of Soybean Hulls for wastewater treatment using copper ion (Cu2+) as a typical metal ion. Hulls, extracted with 0.1 N NaOH, were modified with different citric acid (CA) concentrations (0.1-1.2 M) at 120°C for 90 min. CA-modified Hulls had adsorption capacities for Cu2+ from 0.68 to 2.44 mmoles/g, which was much higher than for unmodified Hulls (0.39 mmoles/g). The total negative charge for these Hulls also increased with increasing CA concentration and was about twice the copper ion adsorption capacity at all CA concentrations. The need for NaOH (base) extraction (BE) before CA modification was examined. CA-modified, non-extracted (NE) and CA-modified, BE Hulls were compared for adsorption kinetics and adsorption capacity. Base extraction resulted in modified Hulls with faster adsorption kinetics and slightly lower adsorption capacity for copper ion than NE Hulls. For BE, CA-modified Hulls, increasing the temperature from 25°C to 60°C appeared to have no effect on the rate of copper ion removal from solution. CA modification of Soybean Hulls greatly enhanced metal ion removal and resulted in a product with possible commercial potential for metal ion remediation.
Devin Lynn Goehring - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effects of dietary Soybean Hulls particle size and diet form on nursery and finishing pig performance
Translational animal science, 2019Co-Authors: Devin Lynn Goehring, Michael D Tokach, Robert D Goodband, Joel M Derouchey, Jason C Woodworth, Chad B Paulk, Steven S. DritzAbstract:Two experiments were conducted to investigate increasing unground and finely ground Soybean Hulls fed in meal or pelleted form on nursery and finishing pig performance. In experiment 1, 1,100 nursery pigs (initially 6.8 ± 0.1 kg and 28 d of age) were used in a 42-d study with 11 replicates per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of Soybean Hulls (10% vs. 20%), grind type (unground, 617 µ vs. ground, 398 µ), and diet type (pelleted vs. meal form). No three-way or Soybean hull level × grind type interactions were observed. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) was increased (P < 0.05) by pelleting, decreased (P < 0.05) by grinding, but unaffected by Soybean hull levels. Grind type × diet form interactions were observed (P < 0.05) for gain:feed ratio (G:F) and a tendency for average daily feed intake (ADFI; P < 0.10). This was because grinding Soybean Hulls decreased (P < 0.05) ADFI and increased (P < 0.05) G:F when fed in meal form; however, grinding did not affect ADFI and decreased (P < 0.05) G:F when diets were pelleted. Increasing Soybean Hulls increased (P < 0.05) ADFI and decreased (P < 0.05) G:F when diets were fed in meal form, but these effects were not observed when diets were pelleted (diet form × Soybean hull level interaction, P < 0.06). In experiment 2, 1,215 pigs (initially 21.1 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 118-d study with nine replications per treatment. Treatments were a corn-Soybean meal-based control diet and four diets arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of Soybean Hulls (7.5% vs. 15%) and grind type (unground, 787 µ vs. ground, 370 µ). All diets were fed in meal form. No Soybean hull level × grind type interactions were observed for any growth or carcass responses. Increasing dietary Soybean Hulls from 0% to 15%, regardless of particle size, did not affect ADG or ADFI, but decreased (linear, P < 0.02) G:F. Carcass yield, hot carcass weight, and backfat depth decreased (linear, P < 0.03) whereas percentage lean increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing Soybean Hulls. Pigs fed ground Soybean Hulls had increased backfat depth (P < 0.01) and decreased (P < 0.01) percentage lean and fat-free lean index. In summary, increasing Soybean Hulls up to 20% decreased G:F in nursery and finishing pigs, whereas pelleting nursery diets improved ADG and eliminated the negative effect of increasing Soybean Hulls on G:F. Grinding Soybean Hulls reduced growth performance in nursery and finishing pigs.
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The effects of Soybean Hulls level, distillers dried grains with solubles, and net energy formulation on nursery pig performance.
Translational animal science, 2019Co-Authors: Devin Lynn Goehring, Michael D Tokach, Robert D Goodband, Joel M Derouchey, Jason C Woodworth, Chad B Paulk, Steven S. DritzAbstract:Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of increasing dietary Soybean Hulls without or with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and net energy (NE) formulation on nursery pig performance. In experiment 1, a total of 210 nursery pigs (initially 6.6 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 34-d study. Pigs were fed one of five diets that contained increasing Soybean Hulls (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). Diets were not balanced for NE. Increasing Soybean Hulls decreased (linear, P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG) and gain:feed ratio(G:F), and tended to decrease average daily feed intake (ADFI; quadratic, P < 0.10). In experiment 2, 210 nursery pigs (initially 13.6 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 20-d study to determine the effect of equal NE formulation in diets with Soybean Hulls. Pigs were fed one of five diets containing 0% (control), 10%, or 20% Soybean Hulls either balanced to contain equal NE to the control diet or not balanced for energy. Diets containing 10% and 20% Soybean Hulls with balanced NE contained 3.60% and 7.15% added Soybean oil, respectively. Increasing Soybean Hulls decreased (linear, P < 0.01) ADG regardless of formulation method. Pigs fed increasing Soybean Hulls without added fat had decreased (linear, P < 0.01) G:F. Increasing Soybean Hulls in diets with balanced NE decreased (linear, P < 0.02) ADFI, but did not affect G:F. In experiment 3, 600 pigs (initially 6.8 ± 0.1 kg) were used in a 42-d study. Pigs were fed 1 of 10 diets containing 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, or 12% Soybean Hulls without or with DDGS (15% from d 0 to 14, 30% from d 15 to 42). Feeding DDGS reduced (P < 0.04) ADG and ADFI, and tended to increase (P < 0.06) G:F. Increasing Soybean Hulls decreased G:F quadratically (P < 0.03) in diets without DDGS, but decreased G:F linearly (P < 0.01) in diets with DDGS (Soybean Hulls × DDGS interaction, P < 0.05). In experiment 4, 304 barrows (initially 11.7 ± 0.2 kg) were used in a 21-d study. Pigs were fed one of eight diets containing 0%, 5%, 10%, or 15% Soybean Hulls with or without 20% DDGS. No Soybean hull × DDGS interactions were observed. Increasing Soybean Hulls tended to decrease (linear, P < 0.08) G:F. In conclusion, feeding low levels of Soybean Hulls did not affect nursery pig performance but more than 5% Soybean Hulls, with or without DDGS, decreased G:F. Formulating diets containing Soybean Hulls on an equal NE basis eliminated the negative effects on G:F, but the NE (1,003 kcal/kg) of Soybean Hulls used in this study was underestimated.
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THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY Soybean Hulls, WHEAT, CRYSTALLINE AMINO ACIDS AND HIGH PROTEIN CORN DRIED DISTILLER'S GRAINS ON NURSERY AND/OR FINISHING PIG GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
2013Co-Authors: Devin Lynn GoehringAbstract:Six experiments using 3,659 nursery and finishing pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Soybean Hulls and ingredient processing in corn-Soybean meal or corn-Soybean meal-DDGS diets on nursery and finishing performance. Experiment 1 tested increasing Soybean Hulls (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) and increasing Soybean Hulls decreased ADG and G:F. Experiment 2 evaluated increasing Soybean Hulls (0, 10, and 20%) in diets balanced or not for NE and showed reduced performance with increasing Soybean Hulls. Balancing for NE resulted in G:F similar to pigs fed the control. Experiments 3 and 4 evaluated increasing dietary Soybean Hulls in corn-Soybean meal and corn-Soybean meal-DDGS diets. Soybean Hulls in either diet worsened G:F and improved caloric efficiency, suggesting current INRA (2004) values for Soybean Hulls underestimate their energy value. Experiment 5 evaluated 10 and 20% ground or unground Soybean Hulls in meal and pelleted diets. Caloric efficiency improved with high levels of Soybean Hulls. Pelleting improved ADG and eliminated negative effects on G:F with increasing Soybean Hulls, while grinding Soybean Hulls reduced performance. Experiment 6 tested increasing ground and unground Soybean Hulls (0, 7.5, and 15%). Increasing Soybean Hulls worsened G:F, carcass yield, and hot carcass weight. Grinding Soybean Hulls to finer particle sizes did not improve ADG and worsened G:F. Experiments 7 and 8 evaluated the replacement of corn with wheat and crystalline amino acids in nursery and finishing pig diets. Replacing 50% of corn with wheat did not affect growth performance in either nursery or finishing; however 100% replacement of corn with wheat reduced performance. In addition, feeding wheat improved carcass fat IV, while use of high levels of crystalline amino acids in wheat-based diets did not influence performance in either study. Experiment 9 evaluated the replacement of Soybean meal with high-protein dried distiller’s grains with solubles and crystalline amino acids. High-protein DDGS and crystalline AA can replace 50% of the SBM in finishing diets without negatively affecting performance or carcass yield. Replacing 100% of SBM with high-protein DDGS reduced growth rate, but increasing crystalline AA levels can help mitigate negative effects on carcass yield and fat IV.
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The Effects of Dietary Soybean Hulls, Particle Size, and Diet Form on Nursery Pig Performance1,2
2012Co-Authors: Devin Lynn Goehring, Steven S. Dritz, Michael D Tokach, Jim L Nelssen, Robert D Goodband, Joel M Derouchey, B. W. JamesAbstract:A total of 1,100 nursery pigs (PIC C-29 × 359, initially 15.0 lb BW) were used in a 42-d growth trial to determine the effects of increasing Soybean Hulls (10 or 20%) and Soybean hull particle size (unground or ground) in nursery pig diets fed in both meal and pelleted forms. The average particle size of the unground and ground Soybean Hulls were 617 and 398 μ, respectively. Pens of pigs (5 barrows and 5 gilts) were balanced by initial BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 treatments with 11 replications per treatment. A 2-phase diet series was used with treatment diets fed from d 0 to 14 for Phase 1 and d 14 to 42 for Phase 2. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of 10 or 20% unground or finely ground Soybean Hulls with diets in pelleted or meal form. For individual phases and overall (d 0 to 42), no Soybean hull × particle size × diet form or particle size × Soybean hull interactions (P > 0.37 and P > 0.17, respectively) were observed; however, diet form × particle size interactions were observed for F/G and ADFI (P < 0.05 and P < 0.10, respectively). Grinding Soybean Hulls resulted in improved F/G and reduced ADFI when added to meal diets, but did not change F/G and had less effect on ADFI when added to pelleted diets. Diet form × particle size interactions (P < 0.05) also were observed for caloric efficiency on an ME and NE basis. Grinding Soybean Hulls slightly improved caloric efficiency in meal diets but worsened NE and ME caloric efficiency in pelleted diets. There was also a tendency for a diet form × Soybean Hulls interaction (P < 0.06) for ADFI and F/G. Increasing Soybean Hulls from 10 to 20% increased ADFI and worsened F/G in meal diets but resulted in slightly reduced ADFI and no changes to F/G when added to pelleted diets; furthermore, there were tendencies for diet form × Soybean Hulls interactions (P < 0.06) on caloric efficiency on an ME and NE basis in which increasing Soybean Hulls from 10 to 20% improved caloric efficiency to a greater extent in pelleted diets than in meal diets.
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The effects of Soybean Hulls and their particle size on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs.
Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports, 2012Co-Authors: Devin Lynn Goehring, Michael D Tokach, Jim L Nelssen, Robert D Goodband, Joel M Derouchey, Steven S. DritzAbstract:A total of 1,235 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050; initially 68.4 lb) were used in a 118-d study to determine the effects of 7.5 and 15% ground or unground Soybean Hulls on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs raised in a commercial environment. Pens of pigs were balanced by initial weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 26 to 28 pigs per pen and 9 replications per treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial, and main effects were Soybean hull particle size (unground or ground, 787 and 370 μ, respectively) and amount of Soybean Hulls (7.5 or 15%) in corn-Soybean meal–based diets. The fifth treatment was a positive control, a corn-Soybean meal–based diet. No particle size × Soybean hull interactions (P > 0.18) occurred. Overall (d 0 to 118), increasing Soybean Hulls, regardless of particle size, did not affect ADG but numerically increased (P = 0.11) ADFI, resulting in poorer (linear, P < 0.02) F/G. Although F/G became worse, increasing Soybean Hulls in the diet improved (linear, P < 0.002) caloric efficiency on an ME and NE basis, indicating that published energy values undervalue the energy content of Soybean Hulls. Unexpectedly, grinding Soybean Hulls to a lower particle size worsened F/G (P < 0.04) and caloric efficiencies (P < 0.03).